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PubMed1966

Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase found in human liver.

Starch-gel electrophoresis of extracts of human liver revealed the presence of a new hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase that was slower-moving at pH 8.6 than the sex-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. When the gel plate was stained, galactose-6-phos phate being used as a substrate, this enzyme band stained intensely, but the sex-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydro genase failed to stain. This new human enzyme may well be homologous with the autosomally inherited glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), re ported by Shaw and Barto.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1967

Mice: individual recognition by olfactory cues.

Mice discriminated between two male mice of the same inbred strain on the basis of olfactory cues. Mice could also discriminate by olfactory cues between two different species, C3H Mus musculus and Peromyscus maniculatus, and between males and females.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Melatonin: identification of sites of antigonadal action in mouse brain.

Long-term implants releasing a small quantity of melatonin (45 nanograms per day) were used to determine the brain sites of the hormone's antigonadal action in a photoperiodic species, the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus). Implants in the medial preoptic and supra- and retrochiasmatic areas elicited completed gonadal regression after 7 weeks. Implants in other brain regions had little effect on the animals' reproductive state.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Human babesiosis: reservoir in infection on Nantucket Island.

Examination of blood films from six species of rodents and lagomorphs on Nantucket Island disclosed infections with Babesia microti in all of five Microtus pennsylvanicus (field mice) and 31 of 39 Peromyscus leucopus (white-footed or deer mice). Six human cases of clinical babesiosis have recently been diagnosed on the island.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Cryptosporidium parvum infection involving novel genotypes in wildlife from lower New York State.

Cryptosporidium, an enteric parasite of humans and a wide range of other mammals, presents numerous challenges to the supply of safe drinking water. We performed a wildlife survey, focusing on white-tailed deer and small mammals, to assess whether they may serve as environmental sources of Cryptosporidium. A PCR-based approach that permitted genetic characterization via sequence analysis was applied to wildlife fecal samples (n = 111) collected from September 1996 to July 1998 from three areas in lower New York State. Southern analysis revealed 22 fecal samples containing Cryptosporidium small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA; these included 10 of 91 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) samples, 3 of 5 chipmunk (Tamias striatus) samples, 1 of 2 white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) samples, 1 of 2 striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) samples, 1 of 5 racoon (Procyon lotor) samples, and 6 of 6 muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) samples. All of the 15 SSU PCR products sequenced were characterized as Cryptosporidium parvum; two were identical to genotype 2 (bovine), whereas the remainder belonged to two novel SSU sequence groups, designated genotypes 3 and 4. Genotype 3 comprised four deer-derived sequences, whereas genotype 4 included nine sequences from deer, mouse, chipmunk, and muskrat samples. PCR analysis was performed on the SSU-positive fecal samples for three other Cryptosporidium loci (dihydrofolate reductase, polythreonine-rich protein, and beta-tubulin), and 8 of 10 cloned PCR products were consistent with C. parvum genotype 2. These data provide evidence that there is sylvatic transmission of C. parvum involving deer and other small mammals. This study affirmed the importance of wildlife as potential sources of Cryptosporidium in the catchments of public water supplies.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Experimental infection with western equine encephalomyelitis virus in wild rodents indigenous to Kern County, California.

Six species of rodents from Kern County, California, were inoculated subcutaneously with western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus to determine their susceptibility to infection and their potential as natural hosts. Ammospermophilus nelsoni, Citellus beecheyi, Dipodomys heermanni, Dipodomys nitratoides, Peromyscus maniculatus, and Sciurus griseus were readily infected. Infection was usually fatal in Dipodomys species, C. beecheyi, and S. griseus, but was clinically inapparent in other species. Viremic responses varied greatly in magnitude and duration in different species and with different viral strains. Viremic animals that survived developed high titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody. Hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing antibodies persisted at high titers for at least 8 to 58 weeks after infection, except in P. maniculatus. If animals died during or shortly after the viremic phase of infection, the virus usually was recoverable from numerous organs. Long-term survival of virus could not be demonstrated in A. nelsoni and Dipodomys species. It is concluded that A. nelsoni and P. maniculatus are not important natural hosts of WEE virus; they are susceptible to infection and develop antibodies, but serological surveys of the same species rarely reveal evidence of infection. S. griseus, D. heermanni, D. nitratoides, and possibly C. beecheyi are aberrant hosts of WEE virus since most of them died when infected. Two species of ticks that are ectoparasitic on rodents in Kern County were evaluated as vectors of WEE virus. Dermacentor parumapertus failed to become infected after feeding on viremic hosts, and Ornithodorus parkeri became infected but failed to transmit virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Susceptibility of Various Species of Rodents to the Relapsing Fever Spirochete, Borrelia hermsii.

In a study to determine susceptibility to Borrelia hermsii of various rodents commonly found in or near places where human cases of relapsing fever occurred, chipmunks (Eutamias amoenus), pine squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus richardsoni), flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus), Columbian ground squirrels (Spermophilus columbianus columbianus), golden-mantled ground squirrels (S. lateralis tescorum), wood rats (Neotoma cinerea cinerea), white-footed deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) were exposed to spirochetes either by bites of infected Ornithodoros hermsi or by injection of infectious tick suspensions. Daily microscopic examination of blood samples revealed that pine squirrels, chipmunks, and meadow voles responded with spirochetemias of various degrees and length. Pine squirrels were most susceptible and experienced long-lasting and severe spirochetemias accompanied by typical signs of illness. Flying squirrels, Columbian ground squirrels, golden-mantled ground squirrels, wood rats, and white-footed deer mice did not develop demonstrable spirochetal infection.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Changes in infectivity and plasmid profile of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, as a result of in vitro cultivation.

In vitro cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme spirochetosis, allows for the isolation and growth of this bacterium from infected tissues. However, continuous cultivation in modified Kelly medium causes a reduction in the number of detectable plasmids and the loss of infectivity in the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus. In an unpassaged culture of B. burgdorferi, nine plasmids were present, including seven linear plasmids ranging in size from 49 to 16 kilobases (kb) and two circular plasmids of 27 and 7.6 kb. The 7.6-kb circular and 22-kb linear plasmids were no longer detectable in spirochetes noninfective in white-footed mice, suggesting that a gene(s) encoding for factors responsible for infection may be present on one or more of these extrachromosomal elements. Furthermore, changes in spirochetal proteins and lipopolysaccharide-like material were observed also during early cultivation and may be related to loss of infectivity.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Antibody response of the mouse reservoir of Borrelia burgdorferi in nature.

To determine whether the white-footed mouse reservoir host (Peromyscus leucopus) of the agent of Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) naturally mounts an immune response against the full range of antigens expressed by this zoonotic pathogen, we analyzed the pattern of immunoreactivity of these rodents at sites in which the intensity of transmission differs. Although the incidence of seroconversion within the reservoir population relates proportionally to the density of subadult deer ticks (Ixodes dammini), seroprevalence appears constant. About a fifth as many juvenile mice recognize spirachete antigens as do adult mice. Virtually all reservoir mice in nature recognize the p20, p35.5, p39, and p58 antigens, regardless of the intensity of transmission. Seropositive mice retain reactivity to a wide range of spirochetal antigens. Few mice recognize flagellin, OspB, and OspC. Although a third of serum samples include reactivity to a 31-kDa band, this reaction is irregular and may represent an uncharacterized antigen that comigrates with OspA. Mice captured where transmission is intense recognize the same spectrum of antigens as do mice captured where vector ticks are scarce.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Population dynamics of a naturally occurring heterogeneous mixture of Borrelia burgdorferi clones.

Two unique isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi, differing in plasmid content and outer surface protein C expression, were cultured on sequential captures of a single free-living Peromyscus leucopus mouse and were examined for differences in transmissibility. Both isolates were transmissible from inoculated C.B-17 mice to larval Ixodes scapularis ticks and, subsequently, from infected nymphal ticks to C3H/HeJ mice. Plasmid and protein analyses suggested that the original isolates were a mixed population of B. burgdorferi, and cloning by limiting dilution resulted in the identification of two clonal groups. In addition to being heterogeneous in plasmid and genomic macrorestriction analyses, the clones varied with respect to the electrophoretic mobilities and antigenicity of their OspC proteins, as shown by their reactivity to a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Plasmid analysis of sequential isolates from C3H mice experimentally infected with the primary isolate or various mixtures of its subclones showed an apparently random fluctuation in clonal dominance in the majority of mice. Surprisingly, mice infected with each subclone were permissive to superinfection with the heterologous subclone, despite the presence of anti-B. burgdorferi antibodies at the time of the secondary challenge. These results show conclusively that mice captured at Lyme disease enzootic sites may be infected by mixed populations of genetically and antigenically distinct B. burgdorferi clones and that these infections can be acquired by coinfection or by sequential infection. The lack of cross-immunization between clones existing within a naturally occurring population may play a role in the maintenance of the genetic heterogeneity of B. burgdorferi in nature.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1969

Yersinia philomiragia sp. n., a new member of the Pasteurella group of bacteria, naturally pathogenic for the muskrat (Ondatra zibethica).

A bacterium experimentally pathogenic for muskrats (Ondatra zibethica), white mice, mountain voles (Microtus montanus), and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) was isolated from the tissues of a sick muskrat captured on the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge (Brigham City, Utah) and from four surface water samples collected within 15 miles of that point. In culture, the cells are chiefly coccoid, but in the tissues of muskrats and voles they resemble the bizarre forms of Yersinia pestis, except for their smaller size. The characteristics of the organism are described and the name Yersinia philomiragia sp. n. is proposed.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Babesia microti, human babesiosis, and Borrelia burgdorferi in Connecticut.

Babesia microti was isolated from a white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) that was captured in southeastern Connecticut in 1988, when the first human case of babesiosis acquired in Connecticut was recognized. To date, 13 cases of babesiosis have been reported in Connecticut, the largest number of human cases reported on the mainland United States. Two of nine patients quiried remembered a prior tick bite. Since Babesia parasites are known to be vectored only by ticks, we surmise that 12 of these infections were acquired via tick bites; 1 was obtained by blood transfusion (the patient was 46 years of age) from an endemically infected donor. The ages of the patients with tick-acquired babesiosis ranged from 61 to 95 years. Two patients died with active infections, and one patient died from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease soon after treatment with clindamycin and quinine. Indirect fluorescent-antibody titers of blood samples drawn at the time of hospitalization for 11 patients and at the time of active infection for 1 asymptomatic person ranged from 1:1,024 to 1:4,096. Five of eight patients with babesiosis also had significant immunoglobulin G or immunoglobulin M titers (1:640 to 1:5,120) to Borrelia burgdorferi. B. microti was isolated in Syrian hamsters inoculated with blood from 7 of 12 patients tested and was also isolated from mice captured in six towns. The peridomestic nature of the disease was demonstrated by isolating the parasite from white-footed mice captured in or near the yards of eight different patients. Of 59 mice tested, 27 were positive and 25 were coinfected with B. burgdorferi. The isolation of B. microti from a white-footed mouse captured in north-central Connecticut (West Hartford), away from the focus of human infections in southeastern Connecticut, suggests that this pathogen may spread into other areas where Ixodes dammini, the tick vector, becomes established.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Isolation and characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi from blood of a bird captured in the Saint Croix River Valley.

Field investigations were conducted to further evaluate the role of birds in the maintenance and dissemination of Borrelia burgdorferi. Blood specimens were taken from 39 passerine birds of 17 species captured during June 1991 at the Saint Croix National Riverway in Wisconsin, and one isolate, WI91-23, was cultured from an adult song sparrow (Melospiza melodia). This isolate was shown to be infectious for Peromyscus leucopus and Mesocricetus auratus (golden hamster). Isolate WI91-23 was confirmed as B. burgdorferi by immunofluorescence assay by using species-specific anti-OspA monoclonal antibodies H3TS and H5332 and anti-OspB antibody H5TS. Isolate WI91-23 was compared with Borrelia anserina Es, Borrelia hermsii MAN-1, and other B. burgdorferi strains (ATCC 53210, CT-1, and Catharus fuscescens [veery] liver 10293). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of in situ-lysed spirochetes revealed that the DNA plasmid profile of WI91-23 was most similar to those of plasmids from B. burgdorferi and most different from those of plasmids from B. anserina and B. hermsii. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that the protein profile of WI91-23 was like that of other B. burgdorferi strains studied, with dominant proteins corresponding to OspA and OspB, and that it differed from the protein profiles of B. anserina and B. hermsii. These findings indicate that passerine birds may serve as reservoirs for B. burgdorferi.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Natural infection of small mammal species in Minnesota with the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis.

The natural reservoirs for the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) are suspected to be the small mammals that host immature stages of Ixodes scapularis ticks. To determine if such small mammals are naturally infected, we collected blood and serum samples from small mammal species in rural and suburban areas of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn. Samples were collected from white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus), southern red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi), and insectivorous shrews (Blarina brevicauda and Sorex cinereus). Blood samples were tested by PCR for active infection with the HGE agent, and sera from P. leucopus mice were tested for serologic evidence of infection by indirect immunofluorescence. PCR analyses revealed the presence of HGE agent DNA in 20 of the 190 samples (10.5%) tested. Of the 119 P. leucopus mouse serum samples that were analyzed, 12 (10.1%) contained Ehrlichia equi antibodies. In 3 of 119 (2.5%) P. leucopus mice from which both blood and serum were collected. HGE agent DNA and antibodies against E. equi were present. Animals with evidence of infection with the HGE agent are widely distributed around the Minneapolis-St. Paul area in regions with known I. scapularis tick activity. Small mammals that are frequent hosts for larval I. scapularis ticks and that are found in areas where HGE occurs are likely to be a major reservoir from which infected ticks that bite humans are derived.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Genetic heterogeneity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the southern United States based on restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis.

Fifty-six strains of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, isolated from ticks and vertebrate animals in Missouri, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Texas, were identified and characterized by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of rrf (5S)-rrl (23S) intergenic spacer amplicons. A total of 241 to 258 bp of intergenic spacers between tandemly duplicated rrf (5S) and rrl (23S) was amplified by PCR. MseI and DraI restriction fragment polymorphisms were used to analyze these strains. PCR-RFLP analysis results indicated that the strains represented at least three genospecies and 10 different restriction patterns. Most of the strains isolated from the tick Ixodes dentatus in Missouri and Georgia belonged to the genospecies Borrelia andersonii. Excluding the I. dentatus strains, most southern strains, isolated from the ticks Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes affinis, the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus), and cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus) in Georgia and Florida, belonged to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. Seven strains, isolated from Ixodes minor, the wood rat (Neotoma floridana), the cotton rat, and the cotton mouse in South Carolina and Florida, belonged to Borrelia bissettii. Two strains, MI-8 from Florida and TXW-1 from Texas, exhibited MseI and DraI restriction patterns different from those of previously reported genospecies. Eight Missouri tick strains (MOK-3a group) had MseI patterns similar to that of B. andersonii reference strain 21038 but had a DraI restriction site in the spacer. Strain SCGT-8a had DraI restriction patterns identical to that of strain 25015 (B. bissettii) but differed from strain 25015 in its MseI restriction pattern. Strain AI-1 had the same DraI pattern as other southern strains in the B. bissettii genospecies but had a distinct MseI profile. The taxonomic status of these atypical strains needs to be further evaluated. To clarify the taxonomic positions of these atypical Borrelia strains, the complete sequences of rrf-rrl intergenic spacers from 20 southeastern and Missouri strains were determined. The evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships of these strains were compared with those of the described genospecies in the B. burgdorferi sensu lato species complex. The 20 strains clustered into five separate lineages on the basis of sequence analysis. MI-8 and TXW-1 appeared to belong to two different undescribed genospecies, although TXW-1 was closely related to Borrelia garinii. The MOK-3a group separated into a distinct deep branch in the B. andersonii lineage. PCR-RFLP analysis results and the results of sequence analyses of the rrf-rrl intergenic spacer confirm that greater genetic heterogeneity exists among B. burgdorferi sensu lato strains isolated from the southern United States than among strains isolated from the northern United States. The B. andersonii genospecies and its MOK-3a subgroup are associated with the I. dentatus-cottontail rabbit enzootic cycle, but I. scapularis was also found to harbor a strain of this genospecies. Strains that appear to be B. bissettii in our study were isolated from I. minor and the cotton mouse, cotton rat, and wood rat. The B. burgdorferi sensu stricto strains from the south are genetically and phenotypically similar to the B31 reference strain.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

A newly recognized virus associated with a fatal case of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Louisiana.

Genetic analysis of virus detected in autopsy tissues of a fatal hantavirus pulmonary syndrome-like case in Louisiana revealed the presence of a previously unrecognized hantavirus. Nucleotide sequence analysis of PCR fragments of the complete S and M segments of the virus amplified from RNA extracted from the tissues showed the virus to be novel, differing from the closest related hantavirus, Sin Nombre virus, by approximately 30%. Both genome segments were unique, and there was no evidence of genetic reassortment with previously characterized hantaviruses. The primary rodent reservoir of Sin Nombre virus, the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus, is absent from Louisiana. Thus, the virus detected in Louisiana, referred to here as Bayou virus, must possess a different rodent reservoir.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Temporal and spatial analysis of Sin Nombre virus quasispecies in naturally infected rodents.

Sin Nombre virus (SNV) is thought to establish a persistent infection in its natural reservoir, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), despite a strong host immune response. SNV-specific neutralizing antibodies were routinely detected in deer mice which maintained virus RNA in the blood and lungs. To determine whether viral diversity played a role in SNV persistence and immune escape in deer mice, we measured the prevalence of virus quasispecies in infected rodents over time in a natural setting. Mark-recapture studies provided serial blood samples from naturally infected deer mice, which were sequentially analyzed for SNV diversity. Viral RNA was detected over a period of months in these rodents in the presence of circulating antibodies specific for SNV. Nucleotide and amino acid substitutions were observed in viral clones from all time points analyzed, including changes in the immunodominant domain of glycoprotein 1 and the 3' small segment noncoding region of the genome. Viral RNA was also detected in seven different organs of sacrificed deer mice. Analysis of organ-specific viral clones revealed major disparities in the level of viral diversity between organs, specifically between the spleen (high diversity) and the lung and liver (low diversity). These results demonstrate the ability of SNV to mutate and generate quasispecies in vivo, which may have implications for viral persistence and possible escape from the host immune system.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

MysTR: an endogenous retrovirus family in mammals that is undergoing recent amplifications to unprecedented copy numbers.

A large percentage of the repetitive elements in mammalian genomes are retroelements, which have been moved primarily by LINE-1 retrotransposons and endogenous retroviruses. Although LINE-1 elements have remained active throughout the mammalian radiation, specific groups of endogenous retroviruses generally remain active for comparatively shorter periods of time. Identification of an unusual extinction of LINE-1 activity in a group of South American rodents has opened a window for examination of the interplay in mammalian genomes between these ubiquitous retroelements. In the course of a search for any type of repetitive sequences whose copy numbers have substantially changed in Oryzomys palustris, a species that has lost LINE-1 activity, versus Sigmodon hispidus, a closely related species retaining LINE-1 activity, we have identified an endogenous retrovirus family differentially amplified in these two species. Analysis of three full-length, recently transposed copies, called mysTR elements, revealed gag, pro, and pol coding regions containing stop codons which may have accumulated either before or after retrotransposition. Isolation of related sequences in S. hispidus and the LINE-1 active outgroup species, Peromyscus maniculatus, by PCR of a pro-pol region has allowed determination of copy numbers in each species. Unusually high copy numbers of approximately 10,000 in O. palustris versus 1,000 in S. hispidus and 4,500 in the more distantly related P. maniculatus leave open the question of whether there is a connection between endogenous retrovirus activity and LINE-1 inactivity. Nevertheless, these independent expansions of mysTR represent recent amplifications of this endogenous retrovirus family to unprecedented levels.

Animals↗