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PubMed1975

[The ultrastructure of the cellular elements of granulation tissue].

Electron-microscopy studies of the granulation tissue cells in an experimental wound in mice during one week after its infliction were carried out. Twenty four hours following the trauma neutrophilic leucocytes were found to be predominant in the wound. Disintegrating, they were utilized by macrophages, the latter being numerous in the granulation tissue on the 2nd-3rd day. Their protoplasm was found to contain multitude of various vacuoles and inclusions, which testified to a high phagocytic activity of these cells, whose main function in the wound process is purification of the wound. Evolution of the ultrastructural changes in fibroblasts of the granulation tissue was followed up. On the 5th-7th day they showed a pronounced hyperplasia of the granulation endoplasmic reticulum and an increased number of ribosomes. These changes in fibroblasts reflect their high synthetic activity and represent a structural base of the intensive collagenformation.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Inhibition of delayed hypersensitivity reactions by colchicine. II. Colchicine inhibits interferon-gamma induced expression of HLA-DR on gut epithelial cell line.

The effects of colchicine and vinblastine on interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) induced expression of HLA-DR antigens on the HT-29 colonic carcinoma cell line was investigated in vitro. Both drugs prevented the expression of HLA-DR only if applied before or together with IFN-gamma. Methotrexate, an antimitotic drug, failed to inhibit DR expression by these cells. Colchicine and vinblastine, but not methotrexate, act on the cellular microtubules, interfering with the transport of proteins from the protoplasm to the cell surface and thus preventing the appearance of HLA-DR antigens. The reported findings may explain the role of colchicine in preventing delayed hypersensitivity reactions.

Cell Line↗
PubMed2002

[Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on water imbibition, cooking times and microstructure of Phaseolus vulgaris].

The effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on water imbibition, cooking times, and microstructure of cotyledons and seed coats of black beans was evaluated. High pressure treatments at 275, 410, 550 or 690 MPa and 25 degrees C for 5 min increased the rate of water imbibition of black beans. The saturation degree of HHP treated black beans was reached 50% faster than the saturation degree of untreated black beans. High hydrostatic pressure treatments reduced the cooking times (CT) of unsoaked black beans by 25% to 39%, similar to black beans soaked for 3 h. The microstructure of HHP treated beans exhibited protein aggregation in cell protoplasm and swelling of cell walls and starch granules. Seed coats of HHP treated black beans were less smooth than seed coats of untreated black beans. The swelling of palisade, hourglass, and parenchyma cells was also observed in HHP treated black beans such as soaked beans. High hydrostatic treatment is an alternative for reducing the preparation long times of Phaseolus vulgaris.

Absorption↗
PubMed1976

Microspectrophotometric quantitation of nucleic acid and protein in irradiated epidermis.

Nucleic acid and proteins of newborn rat tail subjected to local X-irradiation were microspectrophotometrically studied. Feulgen, gallocyanine chrom-alum and naphthol yellow S methods were performed for demonstration of DNA, total nucleic acid and proteins respectively. The amount of proteins and total nucleic acid increases concomitantly with reactional acanthosis. However, the proteins and nucleic acid decrease as from day 3 post-irradiation. A tentative interpretation of the results would point to a giantization of the epidermic cells not only caused by aqueous imbition but also by an actual increase of the cellular protoplasm.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ultrastructure of carp Cyprinus carpio permatozoa after cooling, dilution and freeze-thawing.

Dilution of the carp spermatozoa with a cryoprotective medium was shown to inflict serious injuries to the fine structures of some spermatozoa. The amount of the injured spermatozoa increases after cryopreservation. Examination of the freeze-fracture micrographs of the heads of the carp spermatozoa, showed that their protoplasmic faces were covered with the particles in high concentrations. These particles do not form clusters after cooling the spermatozoa down to +5 degrees C and dilution with a cryoprotective medium. For the first time the authors observed the particles to form geometrically shaped regular formations on the outer membranes of the carp spermatozoa[pf1]. On the basis of the results obtained the authors propose that high susceptibility of the carp spermatozoa to osmotic exposures is apparently due to some particular features of the fine structures of their membranes and to their expected probably low heterogeneity.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Electrophoretic analysis of Salmonella typhi and other bacteria.

A comparative study involving SDS-PAGE of Salmonella typhi and other Bacteria was conducted. Protoplasmic antigens of Salmonella typhi. Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus sp, Klebsiellas sp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus were separated and compared on SDS-PAGE followed by checking of their cross reactivity by gel diffusion using antisera raised against whole cell and lysates of Salmonella typhi. Lines of identity between Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A and Salmonella typhimurium were observed. No lines of identity were seen among Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Sfaphylococcus aureus.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1992

Distribution of filipin-sterol complexes in the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.

The polyene antibiotic, filipin, was used as a probe for demonstrating sterols in the plasma membrane of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Three different regions of the continuous plasma membrane over the cell body proper, flagellar pocket, and flagellum, were compared as to density and distribution of the filipin-sterol complexes by freeze-fracture method. The density of the complexes was highest in the cell body membrane and lowest over the flagellar pocket. The filipin-sterol complexes in the cell body membrane were distributed homogeneously on both the protoplasmic and exoplasmic faces except in the zone of flagellar attachment. This junctional zone showed a linear, complex-poor region. In the flagellar membranes, a line of complex-poor regions was observed along the juncture of the flagellum to the cell body. At the neck of the flagellar pocket, the membranes of the flagellar pocket and flagellum were closely opposed, with few filipin-sterol complexes on either membrane. At the base of the flagellar shaft, the complexes were completely lacking on both faces. Based on these observations, the zones of juncture observed in T.b. gambiense seems to be similar in ultrastructure to mammalian cell junctions, such as tight, gap, septate junctions and desmosomes, which show a nearly complete absence of the filipin-sterol complexes.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Hippocampal damage in vitro after different periods of oxygen deprivation.

The dynamics and pattern of postanoxic ultrastructural changes in organotypic culture of rat hippocampus was studied. The experiments were performed on 14-day-old cultures of rat hippocampus exposed to pure nitrogen atmosphere for 10- and 20-minutes and processed for electron microscope 2 and 24 h, 3 and 7 days post anoxia. The earliest changes following 10-min anoxia consisted of marked swelling of mitochondria and Golgi complex of neurons. The presynaptic terminals were preferentially affected. The protoplasmic astrocytes revealed swelling of the cytoplasm whereas the fibrous ones were relatively well preserved. Longer, 20-min anoxia resulted in profound ultrastructural changes even after short survival time. The tissue culture model of anoxia allow to study the direct effect of oxygen deprivation on cell morphology independently of any vascular and/or vasogenic factors.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Protodyne: an immunostimulatory protein component, prepared from gram-positive Bacillus subtilis.

A protein component derived from bacterial protoplasm, called Protodyne, increases the non-specific resistance to infections by bacteria and viruses. Here we show that Protodyne can be prepared not only from Gram-negative bacteria, but also from Gram-positive bacilli. Several preparations of Protodyne, prepared from Bacillus subtilis by phenol extraction or by ammonium sulfate precipitation, were evaluated for immunomodulatory activities in a variety of assays. Protodyne had a marked mitogenic activity on mouse spleen cells; it was a potent inducer of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and stimulated production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells; it increased the capacity of activated macrophages to undergo a respiratory burst, to produce intracellular killing of leishmanial parasite and extracellular lysis of mastocytoma cells; it also stimulated phagocytosis of latex particles, and prolonged survival of immunosuppressed mice infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These activities were not inhibited by polymyxin B, indicating that the activity of Protodyne is not the result of contamination with exogenous lipopolysaccharide. It appears that Protodyne exerts its many immunomodulatory actions by inducing the release of soluble mediators, including TNF and IL-1.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2003

[Histological observation on programmed cell death in wheat--leaf rust fungus intreactioin].

The ultrastructural features of mesophyll cell surrounding the fungus in different interaction between wheat and Puccinia recondita f. sp tritici were observed with transmission electron microscopy. In incompatible combination(cv. lorvin 10 x race 162), the nuclei gradually became irregular with highly condensed chromatin towards the nuclear envelope, while the chloroplast became swelling since 12 h to 24 h after inoculation(a.i.). At 48 h a.i., the condensation of the chromatin became more prominent and the chloroplast began to disintegrate. Finally, when some mitochondria started to degrade at 72 h a.i., the nuclei and the chloroplast became disruption completely. During the process, endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles did play a vital role in the further degeneration of other organelles and protoplasmic components just similar to the lysosome acting in the animal cells. These results suggest that the ultrastructural feature of cell death is a form of programmed cell death (PCD). In compatible combination (cv. lorvin 10 x race 165), ultrastructural of mesophyll cell exhibited different features from incompatible combination. At 24 h a.i., the plasmic membrane showed sunken and the chloroplast slightly exhibited swelling. Since 48 h to 72 h a.i., most of the swelling chloroplasts were observed while the other organelles still remained unaltered. At the same time, the hypha and haustorium mother cell in the intracellular space also could be observed.

Apoptosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody that selectively marks the astrocyte population in the central nervous system].

The development of a monoclonal antibody that selectively labels the astrocitic population of the central nervous system in the three species tested (human, monkey and rat) is described. The tissue used as immunogen consisted in a sector of the human hippocampus (CA1) from a brain removed shortly after death. The neuropathological examination in this case revealed an congophilic angiopathy. The tissue was frozen until homogenezation and intraperitoneal injection in 8 weeks old BALB/C mice, after which lymphocytes from the spleen were fused with NS-1 myeloma cells devoid of the enzyme Hypoxantine Guanine Phosphoribosyl Transferase (HPGT (-)) following standard procedures. The resulting hybridomas were tested by ELISA assays, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical (PAP and ABC) techniques. The monoclonal antibody obtained was identified as an IgM and the Western blot analysis indicated that it recognizes a protein of 43,000 dalton. Immunohistochemistry was performed in 30 or 50 microns sections of human temporal lobe perfused through the carotid arteries with a mixture of 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.02% picric acid. Monkey tissue (sectioned at 50 microns) was obtained from a brain with the same fixation. Rat tissue followed the same protocol, although better results were seen after shifting to 1% paraformaldehyde and 1.25% glutaraldehyde (sections were 30 microns thick). Paraffin embedded human tissue (fixed in either 10% buffered formalin or in 4% paraformaldehyde) was also tested. All immunoreactions were intensified in a solution of osmium tetroxide and thiocarbohydrazide. The monoclonal antibody gave best results at a dilution of 1:50-100, where it gave a sharp labeling of both fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes up to the most delicate processes, both in white and the grey matter. Rat tissue fixed in only 4% paraformaldehyde resulted in less optimal labeling, mostly restricted to limiting glia and Bergmann glia. The other fixation protocol (1% paraformaldehyde and 1.25% glutaraldehyde) gave a labeling comparable to monkey and human tissue. Paraffin embedded tissue was positive and similar to that obtained in frozen tissue, only when used the 4% paraformaldehyde fixation, but not when it was fixed in 10% formalin. Therefore, this monoclonal antibody has high specificity for the astrocitic population in the nervous system of mammals and it can be useful in a variety of studies of the normal and pathological situations of the nervous system.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

[The quantitative analysis of protein particles of erythrocyte membrane from Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and the gene carriers].

OBJECTIVE: To study the changes of the intramembrane protein particles of erythrocyte from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients and the gene carriers and to explore the pathogenesis of DMD and the diagnostic value of erythrocyte freeze-fracture technology. METHODS: The fixed erythrocyte mass was treated to form replica membrane by means of the freeze-fracture technology. Then the replica membrane was observed and a picture was taken under electron microscope. The protein particles of extracellular face(EF) and protoplasmic face(PF) per square were counted. The statistical comparative analysis was performed. RESULTS: The protein particle counts of EF face and PF face of erythrocyte membrane from DMD patients and DMD carriers decreased obviously in comparison with the normal control group (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The erythrocyte freeze-fracture electron microscopic technology may serve as a method for accessory examination of diagnosing DMD patients and a method for detecting DMD carriers. This investigation material supplies reliable evidence for the theory of the systemic membrane defect of DMD.

Erythrocyte Membrane↗
PubMed2004

[Trace elements and endemic goiter].

The effects of xenobiotics on morphological structure and function of the thyroid gland (TG) were analysed. Salts of heavy metals (zink, lead, copper, cadmium, surma etc.) were measured in TG of 152 citizens of Kama region who had died of trauma in the 1960s (n = 73), 1990s (n = 20) and 2000s (n = 52). TG is shown to accumulate xenobiotics. As the examinees had no occupational contact with heavy metal salts (HMS), their deposits in TG is explained by anthropogenic pollution of the environment. HMS in the thyroid tissue was much lower than in later decades indicating aggravation of environmental pollution in the Urals. Being protoplasmic poisons, HMS bind proteins and provoke immune reaction. All the examinees who died after 2000 had histologically proved deposits of immunocompetent cells in TG tissue--lymphoid and plasmic TG infiltration. In the 1960s these TG alterations were absent. Goiter endemia can be stopped by improvement of environmental protection in each ecopolluted region and mass iodine prophylaxis.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Age-related morphometric changes occurring in the somata of astrocytes of the granular layer of rat neocerebellar cortex (Crus I and Crus II).

A quantitative study concerning the age-related changes occurring in the cell body and somatic organelles of neocerebellar astrocytes is carried out, using rats aged 2 to 24 months. Manual stereological techniques are used to determine the following parameters on electron micrographs: the somatic volume, the volume density and the absolute volume of the protoplasmic structures as well as the mean surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae per cell. None of the parameters reveals any clear-cut general temporal pattern. The soma and the cell components show statistically significant differences in the parameters with ageing, excepting the dense bodies (relative and absolute volumes) and the Golgi apparatus (relative volume). There are significant positive linear trends between, on the one hand, the somatic volume and, on the other hand, the absolute volume of either of the following structures: nucleus, glial filaments, ground substance and dense bodies. Some linear correlations between the absolute volumes of organelles are also found. Despite the ability for karyokinesis, it is concluded that astrocytes do undergo changes with ageing.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

3-D physical models of mitosis (with asters) and cytokinesis.

First, we define new concepts of Life Objects, Informative Objects and Virtual Objects, Discrete Chromosome Rings (DCR); we introduce a mathematical concept of meridian plane (MP) in a three dimensional (3-D) cylindrical coordinate system (CCS). Based on these concepts, classic mechanics, classic electromagnetism and published biological data, we develop our 3-D physical models of natural and normal mitosis (with asters) and cytokinesis, for animal cells in M phase. We propose following hypotheses: Chromosomes Exclusion: No normally and naturally replicated chromosomes can occupy the same nucleus without growing sizes of the nucleus and the cell. Spontaneous and strong electromagnetic fields (EMF) forces among chromosomes, centrosomes and microtubules split the nucleus and separate the two sets of sister chromatids when they are strong enough. Nuclei Exclusion: No normally and naturally doubled nuclei can occupy the same cell if the doubled size of nuclei is not far smaller than size of the cell. The spontaneous and strong EMF forces in protoplasm (or cortex), separate two sets of chromosomes, spindles and poles, drive contractile proteins to the equator in cell cortex, and continue to guide and to transport free charged objects until complete the cytokinesis. Centrioles Exclusion: No naturally and normally doubled centrioles can occupy the same centrosome. The spontaneous and strong repulsive EMF forces are the primary cause for the exclusions. The principles of our models are also applied to mitosis and cytokinesis for lower plant cells, to that of multiple nuclei or mutant chromosomes, and to meiosis, for both animal cells and lower plant cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Acute phenol poisoning].

INTRODUCTION: Phenol (carbolic acid) is one of the oldest antiseptic agents. Currently it is used as a disinfectant, chemical intermediate and nail cauterizer. Phenol is a general protoplasmic poison (denatured protein) with corrosive local effects. Phenol derivates are less toxic than pure phenol. The lethal dose is between 3 to 30 g, but may be as little as 1 g. Phenol is well absorbed by inhalation, dermal application, and ingestion. MANIFESTATIONS OF ACUTE POISONING: Local manifestations. Dermal exposure produces lesions which are initially painless white patches and later turn erythematous and finally brown. Phenol produces mucosal burns and coagulum. They cause eye irritation and corneal damage. When ingested, it causes extensive local corrosions, pain, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and diarrhea. Severe gastrointestinal burns are uncommon and strictures are rare. Inhalation produces respiratory tract irritation and pneumonia. Systemic manifestations develop after 5 to 30 minutes postingestion or post dermal application, and may produce nausea, vomiting, lethargy or coma, hypotension, tachycardia or bradycardia, dysrhythmias, seizures, acidosis, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, and shock. MANAGEMENT: Phenol poisoning requires immediate medical evaluation, in cases of significant phenol ingestion (more than 1 g for adults or 50 mg for infants) or symptomatic intoxication. It is necessary to establish and maintain vital functions and establish vascular access. Treatment includes the following: shock (fluids and dopamine), arrhythmias (lidocaine) and convulsions (diazepam). Health personnel should use gowns and rubber gloves. Inhalation of 100% oxygen is recommended. Intubate and assisted ventilation might be necessary. Metabolic acidosis should be managed by 1 to 2 mEq/kg of sodium bicarbonate. Methemoglobinemia should be treated if greater than 30%, or in cases of respiratory distress, with methylene blue 1 to 2 mg/kg of 1% solution, slowly i.v. If phenol is ingested, avoid emesis, alcohol and oral mineral oil and dilution, because they may increase absorption. Gastric lavage is usually not recommended. Immediate administration of olive oil and activated charcoal by small bore nasogastric tube is necessary. CONCLUSION: Apart from the abovementioned, immediately decontaminate the skin with copious amounts of water followed by undiluted polyethylene glycol. Wash the area thoroughly with soap and water after treatment. Immediately decontaminate the eyes with copious amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. Follow up examination using fluorescein stain of eyes for corneal abrasion is recommended

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The NMR spin-echo method is used for measurements of the translational water diffusion selectively along the apoplast and the vacuolar and cytoplasmic symplasts of plant tissue].

Simple methods for the registration of translational diffusion of water in apoplast and vacuolar and cytoplasmic symplasts were developed. The methods are based on spin-echo NMR with a pulsed magnetic field gradient and are realized by preliminary inversion of magnetization and the use of paramagnetic doping. It was shown that the diffusion of a part of root water in segments of mais roots is more enhanced than that for the bulk water. The results are explained by the appearance of the rotational movement of the protoplasm and in terms of the hypothesis of water transfer along the apoplast, which balances the cytoplasmic symplast.

Biological Transport↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ganglioside (GD2) expression and intermediary filaments in astrocytic tumors.

The search of proliferation markers in astrocytic tumors that may serve as targets for therapeutic interventions, is in full progress. Membrane-bound signal transducers for growth factors are amongst the substances of interest. Gangliosides are lipid-sugar compounds localized on the cell membrane that are thought to modify pertinent signals and, therefore, may influence a variety of functions in normal and pathologic conditions including those that act upon tumor growth. Intracranial supratentorial astrocytic gliomas of the adult represent a tumor group, that may be divided into three grades of malignancy, the most anaplastic member being the glioblastoma. A stepwise anaplasia is assumed and accompanied by genetic events that are partly specific for these grades. In earlier investigations, it had been shown that there is a tendency towards formation of more simple members of the ganglioside family with ongoing malignancy of those tumors. Yet, the results were only partly congruent and the correlation to tumor grades rather loose. We, therefore, investigated the occurrence of triaose gangliosides within these tumors in situ by immunohistochemistry. In this paper, we corroborate our earlier observation that triaose gangliosides preferentially occur within the cytoplasm of large protoplasmic and gemistocytic astrocytes. The potency of the expression of GD2 is calculated and plotted against the expression of two markers of intermediate glial filaments, namely GFAP (glial fibrillary acid protein) and vimentine. A high interdependence of the three compounds could be demonstrated by correlation analysis. Thus, the conclusion must be drawn that the correlation of ganglioside patterns to the proliferation of astrocytic tumors is as poor as that of GFAP or vimentin expression, respectively.

Aged↗