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PubMed1998

On modelling personality disorders: are personality style and disordered functioning independent or interdependent constructs?

Current descriptors of personality disorder (PD) are an amalgam of two constructs, personality style and/or disorder. We seek to determine whether their intrinsic personality style descriptors are proxy measures of, or independent of, disordered personality functioning. In a sample of depressed patients, psychiatrists rated 16 differing PD personality style vignettes and assessed eight differing manifestations of disordered functioning. When "personality" vignettes and identified personality clusters were intercorrelated with "disorder" variables, interdependence was generally evident, suggesting that the personality descriptors underpinning current definition of the PDs actually act as proxy criteria for assessing disorder because they are, in and of themselves, descriptors of pathological functioning. The obsessional personality vignette provided an exception, seeming to be independent of disordered function. Such results assist consideration of how best to model, define and measure the personality disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Prevalence and visual consequences of macular changes in a population aged 70 years and older.

In a population based study on 500 persons aged 70 years and older, photographic and/or ophthalmoscopic evaluation of the macula at least in one eye was possible for 478 persons (96%). No macular pathology in either eye was observed in 46%, signs of age-related maculopathy in one eye or both eyes occurred in 41% and other pathology in 16%. Early age-related maculopathy was diagnosed in 32%, geographic atrophy in 4.4% and disciform degeneration in 3.8%. Geographic atrophy was most common in persons aged 90 years and older (36%), and the highest prevalence of disciform degeneration was found in the age group of 85-89 years (17%). Of the 155 eyes with low vision or blindness and visible fundus, early age-related maculopathy was found in 35%, geographic atrophy occurred in 14% and disciform degeneration in 14%. Age-related maculopathy was considered the main cause for low vision and blindness in 4.7% of the 468 persons in whom visual acuity and information on fundus could be obtained, and in 3.6% it was one of the causes, usually together with cataract. The other macular disorders caused 1.5% of low vision and blindness.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

[Psychopathological phenomena and personality disorders (the issue of dynamic aspects of psychopathologies)].

An analysis of the interaction between pathocharacterological and psychopathological (affective, anxious-phobic and hysterical) phenomena within "borderline psychiatry" (reactions, phases, development) gives evidence to the existence of 2 clinically heterogeneous variations of comorbid interactions. The first variation: primary psychopathological syndromes manifesting without any significant correlation with personality disorders and transform into pathocharacterological ones (neurotic, postreactive) personality development by means of "amalgamating" mechanism. The second variation: secondary (in regard to personality disorders) psychopathological phenomena forming on the basis of constitutional personality traits by means of "splitting off" mechanism and are defined as personality disorders with predisposition to manifest positive psychopathological symptomatology. Formation of isolated obsessive and dissociative disorders within the structure of "basic" pathocharacterological phenomena (variation 2) predicts a future absence of growing severity of personality disorders (i.e. a dynamics traditionally defined as the development--variation 1) and stabilization of psychopathic traits with features of compensation of the latter. The possibilities of pathological dynamics in psychopathic personality with a "splitting off" of the isolated psychopathological syndromes exhausted; for decades neither growing severity of personality disorders, nor an exacerbation of those psychopathological complexes which provided a primary base for manifestation of positive symptomatology may be observed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Private practitioner & clinical laboratory physicians].

The clinical(laboratory) examiner should know how to accommodate clinical necessity. Instead of the real necessity(patient's needs), the clinical examination is dependent on the physician's own clinical skill. That is clinical laboratory examinations are ordered by the doctor's own clinical experiments and data is judged and analyzed by the mass standardized levels. Each patient's own bias must be ignored. From the medical practitioner's viewpoint(who is running his own clinic), it is desirable to have personal laboratory levels to have person-to-person and tailor-made medical management. Above all, for the futuristic medical examiner, we suggest urgent development of several parameters which will easily describe personal basic laboratory levels. (We applied for the patient of "Vessel Age" as for the new personal basic laboratory level to show atherosclerotic degeneration.)

Health Services Needs and Demand↗
PubMed2005

Being at the right place, at the right time, for the right reasons--plant pathology.

This article relates some personal history and influences leading to becoming a plant pathologist. Next a summary of my research experiences on rice and barley diseases and the effect of regulatory changes on efforts to manage rice diseases in California. I conclude with an invitation to consider the opportunities and obligations of plant pathologists to return to the field and for individual introspection regarding attitudes and behavior toward colleagues and factors affecting our profession.

Botany↗
PubMed1992

[Antibody avidity in candidiasis patients].

The properties of antibodies to Candida albicans in healthy persons, candidiasis patients and patients with somatic pathology of nonmycotic genesis were studied. Healthy persons were found to have the highest avidity of antibodies at the minimal neutralizing dose of the antigen. In all groups the titers of antibodies were inversely related to their avidity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Clinical phenomenology of narcissistic pathology.

The phenomenology of some persons with narcissistic personality disorders has been discussed in four categories: phenomena (signs and symptoms), recurrent distressing states of mind, recurrent maladaptive views of self and others, and irrational or hyper-defensive processing of emotional themes. Although no one person will fit the prototype described the overall gestalt may help the clinician recognize variations in individual cases.

Arousal↗
PubMed1978

[The cardiovascular risk profile of subjects with normal, marginally disordered and proven pathological glucose tolerance].

In 1.035 persons with reduced glucose tolerance (borderline diabetics, diabetic biophan G test admissions, spontaneous admissions and diabetics treated already for a longer time) the cardiovascular factors of risk over-weight (Broca-weight greater than or equal to 110%), hypertension (RR greater than or equal to 160/and/or 95 Torr), hypertriglyceridaemia (greater than or equal to 200 mg/100 ml), hypercholesterolaemia (greater than or equal to 300 mg/100 ml) and hyperuricaemia (greater than or equal to 6.5 mg/100 ml in males and 6.0 mg/100 ml in females) were determined and compared with the frequency of the same danger indicators of 255 persons with certainly normal glucose tolerance. Taking into consiteration the reduction of the glucose tolerance as cardiovascular factor of risk the glucosuria test admissions with 3.48 factor of risk/proband had no less factors of risk than the spontaneous diabetic admissions (3.29 factor of risk/proband). Already the borderline diabetic differed in the frequency of overweight, hypertension and hypertriglyceridaemia significantly (p less than 0.01) from the normal case of the same age. Thus the glucose tolerance disturbed in its limit deserves increased consideration from the diabetological as well as from the cardiological point of view.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Identity integration and ego pathology in disturbed adolescents.

Utilizing the Rorschach and the Wechsler, groups of borderline adolescents (n = 26) and adolescents with other personality disorders (n = 26) were compared to determine whether there were differences in magnitude and type of disturbances in ego functioning. The specific aspects of ego functioning that were studied included disturbances in identity integration, reliance on primitive defensive operations, vulnerability to regressive thinking, and lapses in reality appreciation. Results indicated that during adolescence the borderline personality represents a more severe form of character pathology than other personality disorders, as revealed by more disturbances in identity integration, a greater regression to primary-process thinking in unstructured settings, and more frequent lapses in reality testing. This contrast was most striking in the area of identity integration, where identity disturbances tended to be associated with lapses in reality testing in borderline adolescents, while there was essentially no relationship between these two indicators of ego pathology in non-borderline adolescents. This supports the notion that disturbances in identity integration, or the sense of self, form an important part of the borderline diagnosis, even during adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Impulsivity and compulsivity in bulimia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: A primary objective of the current article is to investigate the relationship between impulsivity and compulsivity in patients with bulimia nervosa (BN). A second goal is to explore the relationship between impulsivity and compulsivity and related psychiatric problems. METHOD: Two-hundred four females with BN completed several measures of impulsivity and compulsivity as well as measures of personality, substance use, eating pathology, and depression. RESULTS: Participants reported considerable variability on measures of impulsivity and compulsivity and these scores were positively correlated with each other. Impulsive-compulsive groups differed in personality, substance use, eating, and depression. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that impulsivity and compulsivity can coexist in BN patients and that both traits may provide useful information about comorbid problems in women with BN.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Philosophical anthropology and psychiatry: typus melancholicus as a human disposition.

Key ideas of philosophical anthropology furnish the framework for a description of the personality type, typus melancholicus. These key ideas are: (1) all living beings are related to and interact with their environments, (2) all living beings must maintain their identities in distinction from their environments, (3) the biological constitution of human beings leaves them instinct-deficient, (4) the human-world relationship must therefore be partially determined by cultural shaping, and (5) social roles and norms determine the consciousness and behavior of human beings. "Dispositional vectors" are basic tendencies within human beings that move them toward particular forms of world-relatedness. These dispositional vectors are: over-identification with social norms (hypernomia), struggle with social norms (agonomia), under-identification with social norms (hyponomia), and over-identification with personal norms (idionomia). When the dispositional vector of hypernomia moves in a pathological direction, it becomes the personality type, typus melancholicus. The two fundamental features of typus melancholicus are hypernomia and intolerance of ambiguity.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Genotoxic risk assessment of pathology and anatomy laboratory workers exposed to formaldehyde by use of personal air sampling and analysis of DNA damage in peripheral lymphocytes.

A study was conducted to evaluate the genotoxic effect of occupational exposure to formaldehyde on pathology and anatomy laboratory workers. The level of exposure to formaldehyde was determined by use of passive air-monitoring badges clipped near the breathing zone of 59 workers for a total sampling time of 15 min or 8 h. To estimate DNA damage, a chemiluminescence microplate assay was performed on 57 workers before and after a 1-day exposure. Assessment of chromosomal damage was carried out by use of the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay (CBMN) in peripheral lymphocytes of 59 exposed subjects in comparison with 37 controls matched for gender, age, and smoking habits. The CBMN assay was combined with fluorescent in situ hybridization with a pan-centromeric DNA probe in 18 exposed subjects and 18 control subjects randomized from the initial populations. Mean concentrations of formaldehyde were 2.0 (range <0.1-20.4 ppm) and 0.1 ppm (range <0.1-0.7 ppm) for the sampling times of 15 min and 8 h, respectively. No increase in DNA damage was detected in lymphocytes after a one-workday exposure. However, the frequency of binucleated micronucleated cells was significantly higher in pathologists/anatomists than in controls (16.9‰±9.3 versus 11.1‰±6.0, P=0.001). The frequency of centromeric micronuclei was higher in exposed subjects than in controls (17.3‰±11.5 versus 10.3‰±7.1) but the difference was not significant. The frequency of monocentromeric micronuclei was significantly higher in exposed subjects than in controls (11.0‰±6.2 versus 3.1‰±2.4, P<0.001), while that of the acentromeric micronuclei was similar in exposed subjects and controls (3.7‰±4.2 and 4.1‰±2.7, respectively). The enhanced chromosomal damage (particularly chromosome loss) in peripheral lymphocytes of pathologists/anatomists emphasizes the need to develop safety programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Ultrasonic dopplerography in the diagnosis of occlusive lesions of the vertebral arteries].

Examinations of the blood flow in the vertebral arteries were carried out in 105 patients with circulatory disorders in the vertebrobasilary system. For this purpose the method of ultrasonic dopplerography with subsequent bilateral axillar cerebral angiography was used. The examinations were performed by the transcutaneous method in the author's modification. This made it possible to evaluate reliably the hemodynamics in the vertebral arteries in each patient using the asymmetry coefficient related to the linear speed of the blood flow in the vessels. It was found that in increase of the asymmetry coefficient by 50% or more was, as a rule, associated with an occluding process in one of the vertebral arteries. The agreement between the dopplerographic and the angiographic findings was observed in 80% of the cases of occlusions, and in 85,7% of the cases of vertebral artery stenoses. This makes it possible to recommend the ultrasonic dopplerography method for broad use in polyclinic conditions for examining patients with vertebrobasilar pathology, and for screening persons with an increased risk of cerebrovascular diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase: role in angiogenesis.

Since the initial report of nitric oxide (NO) activity, enormous progress has been made over the last two decades in the field of NO research. Whereas most physiological responses triggered by moderate concentrations of NO are mediated by soluble guanylate cyclase activation and the subsequent production of cyclic GMP as the major signaling messenger, recent studies have provided evidence of alternative signaling pathways triggered by high concentrations of NO. These signals operate in part through redox-sensitive regulation of transcription factors, gene expression, transcription, cellular activation, proliferation, and cell death. Numerous results converge to indicate a role for NO in physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Experimental data indicate that NO synthase, depending on the isoforms, the timing, and the degree of activation, may display contradictory effects, expressed during both physiological and pathological angiogenesis. The dual personality of NO will be reviewed in the context of the angiogenesis process.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Symptoms of DSM IV borderline personality disorder in a nonclinical population of adolescents: study of a series of 35 patients].

1,363 high school students were solicited to complete a personality disorder questionnaire and were encouraged to continue in the study by signing up for interviews with Master's level psychology students. 107 students (7.8%, 34 males, 73 females, mean age = 16.7 +/- 1.8) manifested themselves for the interview and were assessed by using structured diagnostic interviews for borderline personality disorder and major depressive disorder (DIB-R, Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines; MINI, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview). The interviews were audiotaped. Interrater reliability was determined by independent ratings of 12 borderline subjects and 12 non-borderline subjects (kappa: 0.795). The distribution of the 107 subjects based on the number of DSM IV borderline personality disorder criteria indicated a gradual dispersion suggesting a continuum from normality to borderline personality disorder: 8% of the subjects met none of the criteria; 16% met one criterion; 17% met two; 12.5%, three; 13.7%, four; 8.4%, five; 5.6%, six; 9.3%, seven; 4.6%, eight; 4.6%, nine. Thirty-five of these 107 subjects (32.7%, 6 males, 29 females, mean age = 16.7 +/- 1.7) received a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder according to DSM IV criteria. The most frequent symptoms were paranoid ideation or dissociative symptoms (97.1%), affective instability (88.6%), inappropriate, intense anger (85.6%), suicidal gestures or automutilation (82.9%), followed by frantic efforts to avoid abandonment (77%), impulsivity (65.7%), unstable and intense relationships (62.9%), identity disturbance (60%), and emptiness (57.1%). The comparison between borderline and non-borderline subjects showed that all borderline personality disorder criteria discriminated significantly between the two groups. The high incidence of paranoid ideation (97.1%) and dissociative experiences (65.7%) in the borderline group suggests the pertinence of criterion 9 in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder in adolescents. Two criteria of schizotypal personality disorder were also frequent in this group: 68.6% of the borderline group reported odd beliefs or magical thinking, in particular beliefs in clairvoyance or telepathy and 88.6% reported unusual perceptual experiences, in particular sensing the presence of a force or person and bodily illusions. Moreover, 31.4% of the borderline group reported transient "quasi" psychotic experiences, mainly "quasi" visual hallucinations. Auditory hallucinations or delusional ideas were not observed. This symptomatology suggests a "quasi" psychotic dimension of adolescent borderline personality disorder. Affective instability was the next most frequent symptom which was usually marked by a cyclothymic appearance. Comorbidity with major depressive disorder was high: 85.7% of the borderline subjects had a concurrent diagnosis of major depression versus 45.8% of the non-borderline subjects. Thus, major depression is more frequent than most of the borderline personality disorder criteria, with the exception of the already noted paranoid ideation and affective instability. Hypomanic symptoms were frequent in the borderline group (65.7%) as well as in the non-borderline group (38.8%). This symptomatology suggests that adolescent borderline personality disorder is linked to an attenuated bipolar spectrum characterised by major depressive episodes and soft signs of bipolarity. However, hypomanic symptoms, which were quite frequent in non-borderline subjects, might also be due to a mechanism of defence, i.e. the denial of depression. Comorbidity with anxiety disorders appeared also to be high: anxiety symptoms were found in 91.4% of the borderline subjects who reported symptoms of generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and somatoform disorders. The overall clinical appearance of these borderline adolescents not referred for treatment seemed to be quite similar to that of borderline adolescents in clinical samples. This study shows that adolescent borderline personality disorder in non-clinical population is a serious disorder characterised by the importance of mental suffering and behavioural disturbances the disorganising power of which may fix the developmental process in a pathological pathway. Adolescent borderline personality disorder appears in this study to be strongly associated with major depressive disorder and at-risk behaviours linked to impulsivity, affective instability, and suicidal ideation. However, this study found an absence of precise cut-off between borderline and non-borderline subjects. Two factors might have contributed to the appearance of a continuum. First, some degree of impulsivity and instability in affectivity, self-images and interpersonal relationships is part of normal adolescence. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Role of oncoproteomics in the personalized management of cancer.

Oncoproteomics is the term used to describe the application of proteomic technologies in oncology and parallels the related field of oncogenomics. It is now contributing to the development of personalized management of cancer. Proteomic technologies are used for the identification of biomarkers in cancer, which will facilitate the integration of diagnosis and therapy of cancer. Molecular diagnostics, laser capture microdissection and protein biochips are among the technologies that are having an important impact on oncoproteomics. The discovery of protein patterns developed by the US Food and Drug Administration/National Cancer Institute Clinical Proteomics Program is capable of distinguishing cancer and disease-free states with high sensitivity and specificity and will also facilitate the development of personalized therapy of cancer. Examples of application are given for breast and prostate cancer and a selection of companies and their collaborations that are developing application of proteomics to personalized treatment of cancer are discussed. Continued refinement of techniques and methods to determine the abundance and status of proteins in vivo holds great promise for the future study of normal cells and the pathology of associated neoplasms. Personalized cancer therapy is expected to be in the clinic by the end of the first decade of the 21st century.

Computational Biology↗