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At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed1974

Production of coenzyme A by Sarcina lutea.

To develop an efficient method for the production of coenzyme A (CoA), optimal conditions for its formation from pantothenic acid, cysteine, and adenine were studied. A number of microorganisms were screened for production of CoA. Strains belonging to the genera Sarcina, Bacillus, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, and Serratia accumulated CoA. Among these, Sarcina lutea was selected as the best organism, and the culture conditions for the production of CoA were investigated with this organism. Under optimal conditions, 600 mug of CoA per ml was accumulated in the culture broth. CoA was readily isolated in high purity by the use of charcoal, diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, Sephadex G-25, and Dowex-50. Yields of isolated CoA were over 33% from culture broth.

Adenine↗
PubMed2000

Nutritional status of patients in a long-stay hospital for people with mental handicap.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the general nutritional status of patients in Alexandra Hospital, Cape Town, and to determine whether dietary copper deficiency was causing anaemia in hospital patients. DESIGN: Descriptive and cross-sectional analytical studies. SETTING: A long-stay hospital for people with mental handicap. SUBJECTS: Information was obtained from the total hospital population. In addition, groups of 15 patients were selected from each of two specific wards, one with active and the other inactive patients. To determine whether copper deficiency was causing anaemia, a sample of 30 patients, divided into three groups (a hypochromic microcytic, a normochromic anaemic and a non-anaemic group) was studied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Body mass indices (BMI) and daily dietary intakes were compared with Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) values. Serum copper and serum caeruloplasmin levels were used to detect possible copper deficiency. RESULTS: A considerable number of patients were found to be underweight (32% of males and 26% of females had BMIs < 20). A smaller number were obese (6% of males and 17% of females had BMIs > 30). Poor nutrition was more common in severely handicapped patients and those with acquired causes of their mental handicap. Subjects with Down syndrome were generally well nourished and occasionally obese. Poor dietary intakes of biotin, pantothenic acid, vitamin D and copper were encountered. The serum copper and caeruloplasmin values were found to be within normal limits. Patients with hypochromic, microcytic anaemia had higher serum copper and caeruloplasmin levels than those with normochromic anaemia and the control group. CONCLUSIONS: A number of nutritional problems among the inpatient population were found. Many were undernourished, while a smaller number of patients were overweight. In both the active and inactive wards macronutrient intakes were generally within normal limits. However, some micronutrient nutritional deficiencies were encountered. We were unable to establish that dietary copper deficiency was the cause of anaemia in our patients. Elevated serum copper and caeruloplasmin levels found in hypochromic, microcytic patients were thought to result from the existence of low-grade infection, associated with elevation of the acute-phase protein, caeruloplasmin.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Characterization of the 5' regulatory region of the human sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter, hSMVT.

We cloned and functionally characterized the 5' regulatory region of the human sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (hSMVT) gene, a remarkably versatile carrier responsible for uptake of biotin, pantothenic acid and lipoate. Two potential transcriptional start sites were determined by 5'-RACE and found to be at -4603, and -4303. Two distinct promoters (P1 and P2) were identified. Both putative promoter sequences were TATA-less, CAAT-less, contained highly GC-rich sites, and had multiple putative regulatory cis-elements (e.g., AP1, AP2, C/EBP, SP1, NF1, and GATA). The activities of the putative promoters were confirmed using a firefly luciferase reporter gene assay system following transient transfection into three cultured human cell lines: Caco-2, HEK293, and vascular smooth muscle cells. The minimal region required for basal activity of the hSMVT promoter was also determined by generating a series of deletion constructs and found to be encoded by a sequence between -5846 to -5313 for P1 and between -4417 to -4244 for P2 relative to the translation initiation codon. These results demonstrate the first molecular characterization of the regulatory region of this important human gene.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Regulation of early enzymes of ergosterol biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

In order to determine the regulation mechanisms of ergosterol biosynthesis in yeast, we developed growth conditions leading to high or limiting ergosterol levels in wild type and sterol-auxotrophic mutant strains. An excess of sterol is obtained in anaerobic sterol-supplemented cultures of mutant and wild type strains. A low sterol level is obtained in aerobic growth conditions in mutant strains cultured with optimal sterol supplementation and in wild type strain deprived of pantothenic acid, as well as in anaerobic cultures without sterol supplementation. Measurements of the specific activities of acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA) synthase and HMG-CoA reductase (the first three enzymes of the pathway), show that in cells deprived of ergosterol, acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and HMG-CoA synthase are generally increased. In an excess of ergosterol, in anaerobiosis, the same enzymes are strongly decreased. A 5-10-fold decrease is observed for acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and HMG-CoA synthase. In contrast, HMG-CoA reductase is only slightly affected by these conditions. These results show that ergosterol could regulate its own synthesis, at least partially, by repression of the first two enzymes of the pathway. Our results also show that exogenous sterols, even if strongly incorporated by auxotrophic mutant cells, cannot suppress enzyme activities in aerobic growth conditions. Measurement of specific enzyme activities in mutant cells also revealed that farnesyl pyrophosphate thwarts the enhancement of the activities of the two first enzymes.

Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[New stimulants of corneal reparative regeneration].

The efficacy of corneregel, a drug containing pantothenic acid, a component of coenzyme A, in healing of corneal wounds has been evaluated. The study was carried out on 19 rabbits (38 eyes) with standard corneal defect made with a 5-mm trephine for lamellar transplantation of the cornea, divided into 2 groups: 1) instillations of corneregel (10 eyes) and 0.25% levomycetin solution (10 eyes) and 2) 20% solcoseryl gel (9 eyes) and 0.25% levomycetin (9 eyes). Time course of changes were evaluated by biomicroscopy (fluorescent test), histologically (hematoxylin-eosin staining), and immunohistochemically after 1, 2, 4, 7, 30, and 90 days. Proliferative activity was studied by expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen and the migration capacity of cells by expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin. The terms of epithelialization were as follows: corneregel 10 +/- 7 h, 20% solcoseryl gel 108 +/- 10 h, levomycetin 124 +/- 6.93 h. Earlier epithelialization in the corneregel group was apparently due to increased expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and increase in the cell migration capacity. Hence, corneregel is recommended for practical use as a stimulant of reparative regeneration of the cornea.

Actihaemyl↗
PubMed1994

[Postoperative management after cesarean section--infusion therapy and role of intestinal stimulation with parasympathomimetic drugs and dexpanthenon].

In the last decade the incidence of cesarean section has raised worldwide to 15-30% of all deliveries. A standardized postoperative protocol can be applied to most cases and it should be easy to handle and at low costs. In the present randomized, prospective study 76 consecutive patients who hat a cesarean section were investigated. Two different infusion therapy protocols were compared and the role of prophylactic stimulation of peristalsis by parasympathometic drugs and by the pantothenic acid derivative dexpanthenon was evaluated. In group A patient (n = 36) were treated postoperatively with intravenous glucose 5% plus electrolytes and received routinely neostigmine and dexpanthenon, while patients in group B (n = 40) were treated with standardized commercially available solutions without intravenous stimulation of the bowel. Both groups were similar in terms of age, parity, gestational age, past medical history and previous abdominal surgery. The volume of urine and the serum electrolyte levels were similar in both groups postoperatively. The first evacuation of the bowel occurred in most cases on day 3 (A = 69.5%, B = 82.5% of the patients). 50% of the patients in group A complained of abdominal discomfort and pain postoperatively and needed some therapy, while in group B only 22.5% of the cases hat similar complaints. This difference was statistically significant (chi 2 Test: p < 0.02). The present data suggest that prophylactic postoperative stimulation of the peristalsis after cesarean section increases the incidence of abdominal discomfort significantly without influencing the bowel function. Standardized solutions can be used mostly for immediate intravenous fluid replacement and oral intake can be started after 2-6 hours.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A pantothenate kinase from Staphylococcus aureus refractory to feedback regulation by coenzyme A.

The key regulatory step in CoA biosynthesis in bacteria and mammals is pantothenate kinase (CoaA), which governs the intracellular concentration of CoA through feedback regulation by CoA and its thioesters. CoaA from Staphylococcus aureus (SaCoaA) has a distinct primary sequence that is more similar to the mammalian pantothenate kinases than the prototypical bacterial CoaA of Escherichia coli. In contrast to all known pantothenate kinases, SaCoaA activity is not feedback-regulated by CoA or CoA thioesters. Metabolic labeling of S. aureus confirms that CoA levels are not controlled by CoaA or at steps downstream from CoaA. The pantothenic acid antimetabolite N-heptylpantothenamide (N7-Pan) possesses potent antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and has multiple cellular targets. N7-Pan is a substrate for SaCoaA and is converted to the inactive butyldethia-CoA analog by the downstream pathway enzymes. The analog is also incorporated into acyl carrier protein and D-alanyl carrier protein, the prosthetic groups of which are derived from CoA. The inactivation of acyl carrier protein and the cessation of fatty acid synthesis are the most critical causes of growth inhibition by N7-Pan because the toxicity of the drug is ameliorated by supplementing the growth medium with fatty acids. The absence of feedback regulation at the pantothenate kinase step allows the accumulation of high concentrations of intracellular CoA, consistent with the physiology of S. aureus, which lacks glutathione and relies on the CoA/CoA disulfide reductase redox system for protection from oxidative damage.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2007

The protective effect of dexpanthenol on testicular atrophy at 60th day following experimental testicular torsion.

Despite the prompt diagnosis and treatment of testicular torsion (TT), there are problems with fertility and atrophy after testicular salvage. Dexpanthenol (Dxp) is the biologically active alcohol of pantothenic acid (PA). Dxp is converted to PA in tissues. PA increases the content of reduced glutathione (GSH), Coenzyme A and ATP synthesis in cells. GSH and glutathione-dependent peroxidases (GPX) are the major defense systems against oxidative stress. GPX-4 is the major antioxidant in testicular tissue. However, the activity of GPX-4 appeared and increased only after puberty. We investigated the effect of Dxp on testicular atrophy after TT at the 60th day. Rats were separated randomly into four groups. Group C: control group, group Td: torsion + detorsion, group Sal: torsion + saline + detorsion, group Dxp: torsion + Dxp + detorsion. The left testis was rotated 720 degrees for 2 h. In group Sal, normal saline and in group Dxp, Dexpanthenol were injected intraperitonally, 30 min before detorsion. After 60 days, the testicular weights and volumes were measured. Histopathology of the left testis was evaluated with mean seminiferous tubular diameter (MSTD) and mean testicular biopsy score (MTBS). The left (torsed) testicular weight and volume of groups Td and Sal were significantly lower compared to group Dxp. The MSTD and MTBS of group Td and Sal were significantly lower than group Dxp. Contralateral testicular weight and volume of groups Td, Sal and Dxp had no significant difference compared to the control group. Dxp significantly prevented testicular atrophy after 60 days of TT. Dxp has FDA approval, is safe, cost effective and readily available. Its relevance for clinical trials may especially be for the problem of testicular atrophy catastrophe, seen very frequently following testicular salvage.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Facilitatory effect of calcium hopantenate on amygdaloid kindling in rats].

Calcium hopantenate (HOPA-Ca), which is obtained by substituting the beta-alanine of pantothenic acid for gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), is a therapeutic drug for mental retardation and cerebrovascular dementia. HOPA-Ca is known to produce convulsive seizures in some patients although it is also true that this improves EEG abnormalities and suppresses epileptic seizures. Thus, clinical observations suggest that HOPA-Ca exerts a paradoxical influence on epilepsy. In order to gain further insight into the influence of HOPA-Ca on epilepsy, we examined its effects on the generalized seizure-triggering threshold (GST) of kindled amygdaloid (AM) seizure and on the rate of AM kindling in rats. Male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were used. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, a bipolar electrode, made of twisted stainless steel wire 0.2 mm in diameter, was stereotaxically implanted into the left AM. Daily electrical stimulation was given at the intensity of afterdischarge threshold (ADT). Electrical stimulation was continued until at least five consecutive generalized convulsions were evoked. Subsequently, the stimulus intensity was daily lowered by 20-microA steps and the last stimulus intensity for evoking generalized convulsion was designated as the GST. Experiment 1. Influence of HOPA-Ca on the GST; HOPA-Ca was dissolved in saline as a vehicle. Injections of 50, 100, 250, 500 mg/kg HOPA-Ca were given intraperitoneally 60 min before the stimulation at the GST. The GST never changed with vehicle injection. The GST increase was never observed with any amount of HOPA-Ca. However, the GST dropped flowing HOPA-Ca infection independent of its amount. The GST reduction was always 20-microA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amygdala↗
PubMed1972

Semiautomated method for microbiological vitamin assays.

A semiautomated method for microbiological vitamin assays is described, which includes separate automated systems for the preparation of the cultures and for the measurement of turbidity. In the dilution and dosage unit based on the continuous-flow principle, vitamin samples were diluted to two different dose levels at a rate of 40 per hr, mixed with the inoculated test broth, and dispensed into culture tubes. After incubation, racks with culture tubes were placed on the sampler of an automatic turbidimeter. This unit, based on the discrete-sample system, measured the turbidity and printed the extinction values at a rate of 300 per hr. Calculations were computerized and the results, including statistical data, are presented in an easily readable form. The automated method is in routine use for the assays of thiamine, riboflavine, pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin, calcium pantothenate, nicotinic acid, pantothenol, and folic acid. Identical vitamin solutions assayed on different days gave variation coefficients for the various vitamin assays of less than 10%.

Acetobacter↗
PubMed2004

Are WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF-recommended replacement milks for infants of HIV-infected mothers appropriate in the South African context?

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the nutritional adequacy and feasibility of breastmilk replacement options recommended by WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF. The study aim was to explore suitability of the 2001 feeding recommendations for infants of HIV-infected mothers for a rural region in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa specifically with respect to adequacy of micronutrients and essential fatty acids, cost, and preparation times of replacement milks. METHODS: Nutritional adequacy, cost, and preparation time of home-prepared replacement milks containing powdered full cream milk (PM) and fresh full cream milk (FM) and different micronutrient supplements (2 g UNICEF micronutrient sachet, government supplement routinely available in district public health clinics, and best available liquid paediatric supplement found in local pharmacies) were compared. Costs of locally available ingredients for replacement milk were used to calculate monthly costs for infants aged one, three, and six months. Total monthly costs of ingredients of commercial and home-prepared replacement milks were compared with each other and the average monthly income of domestic or shop workers. Time needed to prepare one feed of replacement milk was simulated. FINDINGS: When mixed with water, sugar, and each micronutrient supplement, PM and FM provided <50% of estimated required amounts for vitamins E and C, folic acid, iodine, and selenium and <75% for zinc and pantothenic acid. PM and FM made with UNICEF micronutrient sachets provided 30% adequate intake for niacin. FM prepared with any micronutrient supplement provided no more than 32% vitamin D. All PMs provided more than adequate amounts of vitamin D. Compared with the commercial formula, PM and FM provided 8-60% of vitamins A, E, and C, folic acid, manganese, zinc, and iodine. Preparations of PM and FM provided 11% minimum recommended linoleic acid and 67% minimum recommended alpha-linolenic acid per 450 ml mixture. It took 21-25 minutes to optimally prepare 120 ml of replacement feed from PM or commercial infant formula and 30-35 minutes for the fresh milk preparation. PM or FM cost approximately 20% of monthly income averaged over the first six months of life; commercial formula cost approximately 32%. CONCLUSION: No home-prepared replacement milks in South Africa meet all estimated micronutrient and essential fatty acid requirements of infants aged <6 months. Commercial infant formula is the only replacement milk that meets all nutritional needs. Revisions of WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF HIV and infant feeding course replacement milk options are needed. If replacement milks are to provide total nutrition, preparations should include vegetable oils, such as soybean oil, as a source of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids, and additional vitamins and minerals.

HIV Infections↗
PubMed1976

One-step purification and properties of a two-peptide fatty acid synthetase from the uropygial gland of the goose.

Cell-free extracts from the uropygial gland of goose catalyzed the incorporation of malonyl-CoA into normal fatty acids and methylmalonyl-CoA into multimethyl branched acids with NADPH as the preferred reductant (J. S. Buckner and P.E. Kolattukudy (1975), Biochemistry 14, 1771). Purification of fatty acid synthetase from this extract was accomplished in one step by gel filtration with Sepharose 4B. Homogeneity of the fatty acid synthetase was shown by analytical ultracentrifugation, immunodiffusion assays, polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. At a pH of 7.0, apparent Km values of 3.6 X 10(-5) M and 1.5 X 10(-5) M were calculated for malonyl-C0A and NADPH, respectively. The major products synthesized by the enzyme from malonyl-CoA and methylmalonyl-C0A were free hexadecanoic acid and free 2, 4, 6, 8-tetramethyldecanoic acid, respectively, with acetyl-CoA as primer. A molecular weight value of 547 000 was determined for the goose fatty acid synthetase by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. The purified enzyme had an s20,w of 13.5S and was partially dissociated in low-ionic strength buffer into a 9.3S species, and this dissociation was accompanied by a corresponding partial inactivation of the enzymatic activity. Reassociation and reactivation of the partially dissociated fatty acid synthetase were accomplished in either 0.2 M KCl or 200 muM NADPH. These properties of the goose enzyme are similar to those of other animal fatty acid synthetases, as was the amino acid composition. Dissociation of the purified enzyme with sodium dodecyl sulfate resulted in only two equal molecular weight polypeptides (269 000), as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Injection of labeled pantothenic acid into the uropygial gland resulted in the synthesis of labeled fatty acid synthetase in which the label appeared to be located exclusively in the 4'-phosphopantotheine moiety. Analysis of the labeled enzyme by gel filtration and polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate showed that the labeled pantothenate was contained exclusively in the half molecular weight moiety. The enzyme contained one 4'-phosphopantetheine residue per subunit (269 000), as determined by measurement of the taurine generated by hydrolysis of performic acid-treated enzyme. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-activated proteolytic activity was shown to be associated with goose fatty acid synthetase, and this proteolysis was shown to result in the formation of small-molecular-weight protein fragments (less than 200 000) during treatment of the enzyme with sodium dodecyl sulfate. This proteolysis could be prevented by diisopropyl fluorophosphate and p-chloromercuribenzoate. These results strongly suggest that the goose uropygial gland fatty acid synthetase consists of two multifunctional polypeptide subunits, each containing one covalently linked 4'-phosphopantetheine.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1980

[Effect of nitrite on the nutritional state of germ-free weaning rats (author's transl)].

For 14 days 2 groups of 10 young male Wistar rats in the germ-free state were fed on a chow ration, and to drink they were given either de-ionized water or a solution of sodium nitrite, 0.3 g per litre. At the end of the experiment thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B6, niacin, biotin and pantothenic acid were estimated in various tissues (liver, kidneys, encephalon, heart, spleen, testes and muscle); nitrogen and phosphorus were estimated in the liver only. There was no difference between the groups in changes in body weight or fluid intake. But in the animals given sodium nitrite the liver weight was higher and there was an increase in kidney riboflavin content (+41 p. 100), and a decrease in heart riboflavin and vitamin B6 contents (-17 p. 100 and -10 p. 100, respectively) and liver pantothenic concentration (-26 p. 100). These results are different from those obtained with older S.P.F. rats [5], but are partially the same as those obtained with young S.P.F. rats [4].

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Nutritive value of different grape musts (Vitis vinifera L.).

Musts of 11 different grape sorts were analyzed for titratable acids, total sugars, nitrogen, vitamin B group (B1, B2, B6, pantothenic acid) and macro- and micro elements (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo). Analyses were done on samples collected in 1983 and 1984. The nutritive value of each sample was characterised by indices based on the nutrient concentrations and recommended dietary allowances (RDA). The nutritive values of the various grape must sorts were generally similar to those of the following vintage. Favourable climatic conditions had a positive effect on the nutritive values.

Fruit↗