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At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

The effect of the stabilization splint on the TMJ closed lock.

The mandibular manipulation technique and anterior repositioning splint are considered acceptable conservative therapies for an acute temporomandibular joint (TMJ) closed lock. However, an anterior repositioning splint will result in a corresponding change in occlusion, such as posterior open-bite. Furthermore, invasive treatments such as surgery have many complications. This article describes the effect of the stabilization splint with more conservative therapies, including the manipulation technique, wherein the complications are minimal. In this study, the authors used the stabilization splint instead of the anterior repositioning splint. They obtained acceptable results, including the increase of interincisal distance, a decrease in Fricton's craniomandibular index, and a decrease in Helkimo's clinical dysfunction index. Therefore, the treatment method that is composed of a stabilization splint, manipulation, moist heat, and exercise should be considered as the first choice of treatment for TMJ closed lock, as opposed to a repositioning splint.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Skeletal and dento-alveolar changes as a result of headgear activator therapy related to different vertical growth patterns.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dental and skeletal effect of the headgear activator according to Van Beek (1981). Special emphasis is put on the changes in vertical position of the incisors after treatment. The material for this study consists of pre- and post-treatment cephalograms of 43 girls and 35 boys with severe Class II malocclusions. Changes due to treatment were compared with two control groups: the series of Riolo et al. (1984), and 50 Austrian children with Class II malocclusions who did not receive treatment during the observation period. The headgear activator was found to be an effective treatment tool in the correction of Class II division 1 malocclusions. The observed skeletal changes were limited to minor growth stimulation of the mandible, while an orthopaedic effect on the maxilla could not be established. The dento-alveolar changes due to headgear activator treatment were most obvious in the upper incisor area resulting in an intrusion and a retroclination of these teeth. Moreover, vertical control of the lower anterior facial height in open bite growth patterns was observed in the sample investigated.

Activator Appliances↗
PubMed1992

Craniofacial morphology in children with cystic fibrosis.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a hereditary metabolic disorder with clinical symptoms of abnormal mucus production. This blocks the airways, gives pancreatic insufficiency, and increases sweat electrolytes. The progressive respiratory disease often leads to respiratory insufficiency and cor pulmonale. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the facial morphology in children with cystic fibrosis. The sample comprised 11 children with cystic fibrosis, who were divided in two groups, one with gastrointestinal disorders and the other with predominantly respiratory insufficiency. Eleven healthy children with normal occlusions were selected as controls. Lateral skull radiographs obtained in natural head posture were digitized, and linear and angular variables for the different groups calculated and compared statistically. The cystic fibrosis group showed open bite, decreased posterior facial height, increased mandibular and craniocervical inclination. Additionally, within the CF-group, the children with respiratory insufficiency differed more from the controls than the children with gastrointestinal disorders. Despite the small number of subjects, the facial morphology of the CF children showed a similar pattern to that of children with nasal respiratory obstruction due to enlarged adenoids or tonsils.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Effect of the vertical force component of Class II elastics on the anterior intrusive force of maxillary archwire.

Class II elastics are usually employed in the treatment of excessive overbite and overjet with the Begg technique. The effect of Class II elastics on bite opening and the extent of such an effect is uncertain. This article, based on measurements of 30 cases, illustrates that the effect of the vertical component of force from Class II elastics in reducing the intrusive force generated by the anchor bands in the upper archwire is less than previously believed. The position of the circles in the archwire for intermaxillary elastics has the greatest influence on the anterior intrusive force of the upper archwire. The direction of the Class II elastics and the length of the dental arch (a negative correlation) came second, while the force actually exerted by the elastics had the smallest influence. It is, therefore, suggested that the position of the intermaxillary elastic circles should be located according to the differing clinical objectives.

Dental Stress Analysis↗
PubMed1994

Juvenile chronic arthritis: a cephalometric analysis of the facial skeleton.

A retrospective cross-sectional cephalometric investigation was undertaken to examine the facial form of a group of Finnish children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). Following digitization, the radiographs were divided into three age groups, and according to whether or not 'bird-face' deformity was present. From a total of 67 cases (39 females and 28 males) 19 per cent were judged to be 'affected'. Analyses were carried out and the groups compared using t-tests. The mandible was found to be smaller both in ramal height and body length in the affected sample, with reduction in posterior face height being only partly compensated by increase in bony apposition at the angle producing antegonial notching. There was posterior rotation of the mandible with a reduction in angles S-N-B and S-N-Pog, and an increase in the gonial angle, the angle between the mandibular plane and S-N, maxillary, and occlusal planes. The changes in the maxilla were less marked. Although S-N-A was reduced in all three age groups, it was not significantly so. Maxillary length (ANS-PNS) was significantly smaller in the two younger age groups. In the vertical plane maxillary dimensions were reduced in the two younger age groups. A highly significant increase in the occlusal to maxillary planes angle was observed in all groups. There was, however, no difference in S-N to maxillary planes angle, indicating a more steeply inclined occlusal plane due to subnormally erupted maxillary molars. Although the inter-incisal angle was reduced there was no significant difference in the incisor inclinations in relation to the jaws and despite the posterior rotation of the mandible there was no significant increase in size of overjet or in the frequency of anterior open bite.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Morphological characteristics of dentitions developing excessive root resorption during orthodontic treatment.

The present study focuses on orthodontically provoked, excessive root resorption. The purpose was to identify in these cases common morphological features in radiographic diagnostic material taken before treatment. The material was submitted by 35 Danish orthodontists. The goal was to improve the future orthodontic diagnostics of the dentition in order to prevent severe root resorption during treatment. The study indicates that: (1) there is a strong connection between various dental morphological characteristics, such as invagination, length of root, and root shapes, especially taurodontism, and the tendency to root resorption during orthodontic treatment; (2) there is a connection between anomalies in the dentition, particularly ectopia and agenesis, and the tendency to root resorption during orthodontic treatment; (3) there seems to be a connection between the pattern of resorption in the primary dentition and the tendency to root resorption in the permanent dentition following orthodontic treatment; (4) girls are more susceptible to root resorption during orthodontic treatment than boys; (5) one ought to be on the lookout for connections between condylar changes, root resorptions, and anterior open bites in connection with orthodontic treatment. The observation regarding root resorption in dentitions in which invaginations and taurodontic root shapes occur has not previously been reported. Also, the findings of deviant resorption patterns in both the primary and permanent dentitions in a considerable number of patients are new observations, which ought to be incorporated into orthodontic treatment planning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Electromagnetic articulography as a method for detecting the influence of spikes on tongue movement.

In orthodontics dysfunctions of the tongue are discussed as a factor in the development of malocclusion. A new objective method for examining tongue movement is the electromagnetic articulography (EMA). This enables movements of the tongue to be followed using the principle of inductive distance measurements. A helmet made of acrylic material serves as a carrier for three transmitter coils. These are located in front of the forehead, in front of the chin, and at the back of the neck. Receiver coils are fixed to the tip of the tongue and at two points on the dorsum of the tongue. The distance between the receiver and the transmitter coils is calculated by means of a personal computer. The movement trajectories are displayed on a computer screen in x-y-coordinates. Tongue movements of one patient with an anterior open bite are shown during characteristic test sounds and during swallowing. The first examination took place without any orthodontic appliance. In a second series in the same session, tongue movement was recorded under the influence of an orthodontic appliance with spikes. While the patient shows vertical combined with sagittal components in the movement pattern of the tongue without an orthodontic appliance, the same patient, under the influence of an orthodontic appliance with spikes, shows a change of the rest and work position of the tongue and in the pattern of tongue movement with a more posterior position of the tongue, and with an increase in the vertical and a decrease in the sagittal components of the movement pattern.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1996

Occlusal morphology in Turner syndrome.

The prevalence of malocclusion in 32 Turner syndrome patients, age 7-16.7 years, was investigated. The sample was subdivided according to karyotype, and 72 normal girls, aged 7.1-16.1 years, served as controls. Compared with normal girls overjet did not differ significantly while overbite was significantly reduced in 45X patients. The prevalence of distal molar occlusion, anterior and lateral open bite and lateral crossbite was significantly increased. Most significant differences were found between 45X patients and controls. Mosaic and isochromosome for the long arm of X karyotypes showed the same pattern of malocclusion, but with greater variation. No significant differences were found comparing 45X patients with mosaic and isochromosome for the long arm of X karyotypes. The results indicate that patients with structural and/or numerical aberration of the X chromosome, develop a specific pattern of malocclusion with deviations in sagittal, vertical and transversal directions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Clinical application of magnets in orthodontics and biological implications: a review.

Over the last decade magnets have been used in orthodontic and dentofacial orthopaedics and attempts have been made to evaluate the biological implications of magnets and magnetic fields during clinical application. This review aims to indicate the advantages and disadvantages of magnets in orthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics over traditional techniques, and update related clinical experiences. The treatment of impacted teeth and Class II malocclusions by means of magnetic force is favoured and the correction of Class III and open bite malocclusions involving the use of magnets also appears promising. The advantages of magnets over traditional force delivery systems are: frictionless mechanics, when the magnets are in attractive configuration; predictable force levels, no force decay over time and less patient co-operation. However, the size of the magnets can increase the bulk of the appliance and three-dimensional control is limited when the magnets are in a repulsive configuration. In addition magnets used in vivo require a coating to prevent corrosion and the possible side effects of corrosive products.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Contribution of interdigitation to the occlusal development of the dentition in Macaca fascicularis.

The contribution of interdigitation to the development of the dentition of juvenile Macaca fascicularis was studied on a series of dental casts and at the histological level by the use of vital staining. Fourteen laboratory-born monkeys were allocated to a control group (n = 7) or an experimental group (n = 7). They were followed from 31 to 152 weeks of age. In the animals of the experimental group, interdigitation was eliminated by gradually grinding the cusps of the molars and canines in both dental arches as soon as possible after emergence. Silicone impressions of the dental arches of each monkey were taken at regular intervals. Two experimental and two control animals received vital staining at regular intervals and were processed for histological evaluation at the end of the experimental period. Changes over time in the dimensions of the dentition were analysed. Locally, the maxillary dental arch in the experimental group broadened significantly faster than in the control group. No significant differences between the experimental and the control group were found for any of the mandibular parameters. The experimental intervention also led to less prevalence of anterior open bite in the experimental group than in the control group. It is concluded that interdigitation plays a role in the development of the maxillary dental arch and does not seem to affect mandibular dental arch development.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The Denture Frame Analysis: an additional diagnostic tool.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Denture Frame Analysis. This adjunctive cephalometric analysis of the lateral headfilm was introduced in Japan, but no data exist for the Caucasian population at present. One-hundred-and-six Caucasians were randomly selected and assigned to one of four groups, according to their malocclusion: Angle Classes I, II, and III, and anterior open bite. Statistical testing showed significant differences among the four groups for most of the measurements investigated. The Denture Frame Analysis distinguished the different types of malocclusion, and evaluated skeletal and dental relationships. The occlusal plane aids in the determination of the objectives and limits of orthodontic therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in children and adolescents in Bogota, Colombia. An epidemiological study related to different stages of dental development.

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of malocclusion in a population of Bogotanian children and adolescents in terms of different degrees of severity in relation to sex and specific stages of dental development, in order to evaluate the need for orthodontic treatment in this part of Colombia. A sample of 4724 children (5-17 years of age) was randomly selected from a population that attended the Dental Health Service; none had been orthodontically treated. Based on their dental stages the subjects were grouped into deciduous, early mixed, late mixed and permanent dentition. The registrations were performed according to a method by Björk et al. (1964). The need for orthodontic treatment was evaluated according to an index used by the Swedish National Board of Health. The results showed that 88 per cent of the subjects had some type of anomaly, from mild to severe, half of them recorded as occlusal anomalies, one-third as space discrepancies, and one-fifth as dental anomalies. No clear sex differences were noted, except for maxillary overjet, spacing, tooth size (all more frequent in boys), and crowding (more frequent in girls). Occlusal anomalies and space discrepancies varied in the different dental developmental periods, as did tipped and rotated teeth. Little need for orthodontic treatment was found in 35 per cent and moderate need in 30 per cent. A great need was estimated in 20 per cent, comprising children with prenormal occlusion, maxillary overjet, or overbite (> 6 mm), posterior unilateral crossbite with midline deviation (> 2 mm), severe crowding or spacing, congenitally missing maxillary incisors, impacted maxillary canines or anterior open bite (> 3 mm in the permanent dentition). Urgent need for treatment was estimated to be 3 per cent, comprising subjects with extreme post- and pre-normal occlusion, impacted maxillary incisors or extensive aplasia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A longitudinal evaluation of craniofacial growth in a patient with Kabuki make-up syndrome: a case report.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the craniofacial growth of a patient diagnosed with Kabuki make-up syndrome (KMS). Craniofacial growth was assessed by analysing lateral cephalometric radiographs with an interval of 12-15 months. They were taken from 6 years 9 months to 14 years 2 months. Angular and linear measurement analyses of the craniofacial complex showed a hypoplastic maxilla and a constricted maxillary basal arch width. The mandibular size was relatively large and had started to increase from 13 years 4 months. This resulted in a prognathic face caused by forward growth of the mandible and insufficient growth of the maxilla. The skeletal pattern was Class III. Open bite morphology with a steep mandibular plane (SN-MP), a relatively short ramus, and a large gonial angle were also observed. In this subject, the facial dysmorphism found in the maxilla and mandible may have been influenced by several factors. Connective tissue disorder, macroglossia, lower tongue posture, and tongue thrust swallowing have been identified as possible aetiological factors that may determine dysmorphism in the craniofacial complex in this KMS patient.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of malocclusions in the early mixed dentition and orthodontic treatment need.

Early interceptive treatment for the elimination of factors inhibiting dental arch development and mandibular and maxillary growth is applied varyingly by orthodontists, possibly because there is little scientific evidence that such interventions are of actual benefit. The aim of this study was to determine specific factors for treatment need in the early mixed dentition period in order to obtain basic data to support early intervention. The study was part of a larger survey of 8768 children aged between 6 and 17 years. From this sample, 1975 children aged between 6 and 8 years were used to estimate the prevalence of malocclusions using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) during the early mixed dentition period. The results showed that deep overbite and overjet, both more than 3.5 mm, were the most frequent discrepancies, affecting 46.2 and 37.5 per cent of patients, respectively. An anterior open bite was registered in 17.7 per cent, crossbite in 8.2 per cent, and a reverse overjet in 3.2 per cent. A tooth width to arch length discrepancy was recorded in 12 per cent of teeth in the upper arch and in 14.3 per cent in the lower arch. The proportion of children estimated using the Dental Health Component of the IOTN to have a great or very great treatment need (grades 4 and 5) was 26.2 per cent. The higher values of treatment need during the mixed dentition period may account for temporary changes in the dentition and for the discrepancy in overjet and overbite. These discrepancies will be compensated in part during mandibular growth and development of the dental arch. Nevertheless, the findings indicate the early development of progressive malocclusion symptoms which are evidenced in the IOTN and concur with the acronym 'MOCDO' hierarchy (missing, overjet, crossbite, displacement, overbite). This early formation of progressive symptoms inhibiting or disturbing mandibular or maxillary growth or the development of the normal dental arch, i.e. crossbite, reverse overjet and increased overjet with myofunctional disorders, should be treated at an early stage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of intra-oral and study cast measurements in the assessment of malocclusion.

Malocclusion assessment methods are based on registrations and measurements made on study casts, which requires that impressions be taken. In addition to being costly and time-consuming, this process can be unpleasant for very young children. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of intra-oral measurements that compute a malocclusion index score to determine malocclusion severity in the mixed dentition. The research was part of a longitudinal study in Slovenia on a sample of 530 3-year-old children. At 8 years of age (mean 8.5 years, standard deviation 0.2), a cohort of 101 children (44 boys, 57 girls) was randomly selected in a cross-sectional study. Quantitative registrations of space and occlusal anomalies were performed intra-orally as well as on study casts. Kappa (kappa) statistics were used to evaluate the agreement between clinical and study cast malocclusion assessments. Systematic bias of measurements was tested using Wilcoxon's signed rank test. The results showed complete agreement between the two measurements for anterior crossbite, anterior open bite and overjet scores (kappa = 1); excellent reliability for the buccal segment relationship (kappa = 0.93), transverse occlusion of posterior teeth (kappa = 0.87); and substantial agreement for overbite (kappa = 0.79) and midline deviation (kappa = 0.71). For the remainder of the traits the agreement was moderate: rotation of incisors (kappa = 0.58), crowding of upper incisors (kappa = 0.51), axial inclination of teeth (kappa = 0.44) and lower incisor crowding (kappa = 0.41). Intra-orally small, but statistically significant scoring of lower incisor rotation and crowding was identified. On the study casts the most favourable axial inclination was found for buccal segment occlusion. Overall classification into severity grades, based on the total malocclusion score, showed excellent agreement between the two methods (kappa = 0.89), without statistically significant bias. Malocclusion assessment, recorded and measured intra-orally, is as reliable as assessment on study casts. The proposed method can be used in screening, in epidemiological studies and in clinical orthodontic assessment.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Foetal alcohol syndrome: a cephalometric analysis of patients and controls.

Foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) consists of multi-system abnormalities and is caused by the excessive intake of alcohol during pregnancy. The teratogenic effect of alcohol on the human foetus has now been established beyond reasonable doubt and FAS is the most important human teratogenic condition known today. The purpose of this study was to analyse the craniofacial parameters of children with FAS and compare them with matched controls. Ninety children diagnosed with FAS (45 males, 45 females) and 90 controls were matched for age, gender, and social class. The mean age of the FAS children was 8.9 years with the controls slightly older at 9.1 years. This age difference was not significant (P = 0.34). A standard lateral cephalometric radiograph of each subject was taken. The radiographs were digitized for 20 linear and 17 angular measurements. These 37 variables were formulated to assess the size, shape, and relative position of three craniofacial complexes: (1) the cranial base, (2) midface, and (3) mandible. In addition, nine variables were computed to compare the soft tissue profiles. The study showed that measurements related to face height and mandibular size appear to be the most important features when distinguishing FAS children. Overall, the FAS children in the present study presented with vertically and horizontally underdeveloped maxillae, together with features of long face syndrome with large gonial angles and a short ramus in relation to total face height. There was also a tendency for the development of an anterior open bite, which appears to be compensated for by an increase in the vertical dimension of the anterior alveolar process to bring the incisor teeth into occlusion. The latter adaptation occurred mainly in the mandible.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Long-term follow-up of orthodontically treated deep bite patients.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term stability of corrected deep bite and mandibular anterior crowding in a sample of 62 subjects (30 patients and 32 controls). The patients began treatment at a mean age of 12.2 years (SD 1.56). The treatment consisted of non-extraction and fixed appliances in 23 subjects and functional appliances in seven. The treatment group was compared with the control group with normal molar occlusion, normal overjet and overbite, no crowding, and without an orthodontic treatment need. The registrations were made on four occasions: before treatment (T1), after treatment (T2), and at two long-term follow-ups (T3 and T4). Four registrations were also made in the control group. All measurements were undertaken on plaster models and lateral cephalograms. Treatment was found to have normalized the overbite and overjet and to have eliminated the space deficiency in the mandibular anterior region. At T4, there was a minor relapse in overbite in the treatment group (mean 0.8 mm). In the control group, the overbite underwent reverse development (bite opening by 0.7 mm) during the same period. The available mandibular incisor space, however, was -0.9 mm in the treatment group and -1.8 mm in the control group. The long-term stability of the treatment results was thus good.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Dentoskeletal morphology in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis compared with healthy children.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the dentoskeletal relationships in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) compared to healthy children without significant differences in relation to age and sex, by means of lateral cephalometric radiographs. Cephalometric, as well as dental panoramic radiographs were taken of 66 JIA children (27 males and 39 females; age range: 6-19 years; mean age: 11.9 years). The control group consisted of 37 healthy children unaffected by JIA seeking orthodontic treatment, with Class I occlusion (17 males and 20 females; age range: 7.5-17 years; mean age: 11.9 years). All cephalometric landmarks were identified and digitized, and calculations were performed by means of a computerized cephalometric system. The cephalometric findings indicated a tendency towards retrognathism with a short mandible. The lower facial height was increased and the growth pattern of the face was biased towards the vertical direction (clockwise, i.e. with a tendency to open bite) and the interincisal angle was less in the JIA children compared to the healthy children. These findings were in general more pronounced by the JIA children with polyarticular type of the disease as well as with affected condyles. Our study indicated that the dentoskeletal morphology in children with JIA presented some special characteristics when compared to healthy children, which could be attributed to the effects of the disease.

Adolescent↗