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At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

[Clinico-genealogic study of schizophrenia with a predominantly obsessive course].

A clinico-genealogic study of 66 patients with neurosis-like schizophrenia showed a certain genetic heterogeneity of schizophrenia with obsessions. In cases of an unfavourable course of the schizophrenic process in a proband (a malignant disease of obsessions), the familial background was largely determined by disturbances of the schizophrenic spectrum. In cases of a slow progression of the disease (slowly progressive pseudoneurotic schizophrenia), the hereditary background was characterized by a great variability of psychopathological manifestations. Along with schizophrenia-related abnormalities, the families of such patients featured the accumulation of constitutional anomalies, neurotic disturbances and subclinical affective disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Effect of 5-[3-[((2S)-1,4-benzodioxan-2-ylmethyl)amino]propoxy]-1,3-benzodioxole HCl (MKC-242), a novel 5-HT1A-receptor agonist, on aggressive behavior and marble burying behavior in mice.

Behavioral effects of 5-[3-[((2S)-1,4-benzodioxan-2-ylmethyl)amino]propoxy]-1,3-be nzodioxole HCl (MKC-242), a novel 5-HT1A-receptor agonist, were evaluated using animal models of anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder and compared against reference compounds. MKC-242 suppressed foot shock-induced fighting behavior without loss of motor coordination in mice as the reference compounds did. The ED50 values of MKC-242, buspirone, tandospirone and diazepam were 1.7, 42, 80 and 2.0 mg/kg, p.o., respectively. The duration of the suppression of fighting by MKC-242 was longer than those of buspirone and tandospirone and comparable to that of diazepam. Similar results were also obtained with the water-lick conflict test in rats. The plasma concentration of MKC-242 in rats was much higher than the reported value of buspirone during 0.25-6 hr after oral administration. In addition, MKC-242 reduced marble burying behavior without reduction of motor activity. Fluoxetine, tandospirone and diazepam also reduced the behavior at non-sedative doses. These findings indicate that MKC-242 possesses a longer-lasting anxiolytic effect than azapirones. This might be due to the high concentration of the compound in plasma. In addition, it is also suggested that MKC-242 possesses an antiobsessional effect.

Aggression↗
PubMed2003

Buddhism, behavior change, and OCD.

For individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), the difficulty of their situation comes as no surprise. But what might be less expected is how directly their situation is spoken to in Buddhist teachings. Still, in nearly all mainstream discussions of psychiatric disorders, including OCD, the rich philosophical and spiritual dimensions of these conditions and the related treatment and care tend to be either ignored or disguised in euphemisms and vague explanations. This article sheds light on this hidden aspect of psychiatry and psychiatric nursing through a philosophical analysis of one of the most popular approaches to treating OCD, Schwartz's four-step method from Brain Lock. In so doing, the argument is made that sharing the philosophical and spiritual foundations of treatment and care promises not only to deepen the insights and skills of clinicians but also to empower clients as participants in their own journeys toward wellness and beyond.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2001

[Medical treatment of fragile X syndrome].

There is still no medication for fragile X syndrome (FXS) which acts directly on the genetic mechanisms or on the immediate result of the genetic defect. However, behavioral and cognitive manifestations can be approached from both the psychological/educational and pharmacological sides. Both approaches are not mutually exclusive but are complementary and synergic. There are currently potent drugs which can improve important symptoms of the FXS, behavioral disorders, hyperactivity, attention deficit, obsessive disorders and anxiety. Pharmacological treatment can be useful: CNS stimulants, clonidine, folic acid, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and atypical antipsychotics. Pharmacological treatment of epilepsy is needed whenever epilepsy occurs. There is no specific antiepileptic for FXS, so action must be taken with the most efficient antiepileptic according to the crisis type, evaluating tolerance and possible effects on behavior. Insomnia is also of interest in children with FXS. In this case the use of melatonin can be of great help.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed2003

Group behavioral therapy for adolescents with tic-related and non-tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Prior research supports the distinction between tic-related and non-tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) based on phenomenologic, etiologic, and neurobehavioral data. The present study examines whether response to psychosocial treatment differs in adolescents, depending on the presence of comorbid tics. Nineteen adolescents, 12-17 years of age, participated in 7-week, uncontrolled trial of group cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for OCD. Eight of the patients had tic-related and eleven had non-tic-related OCD. The group CBT program included psycho-education, exposure and response prevention, cognitive strategies, and family involvement. Significant improvement was observed for all subjects on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale ratings of obsessions, compulsions, and total OCD symptoms. Outcomes were similar for subjects with tic-related and non-tic-related OCD. These preliminary results suggest that the presence of comorbid tic disorders may not attenuate response to behavioral group treatment among adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Sexual offenders against children: the influence of personality and obsessionality on cognitive distortions.

Sexual offenders against children are generally inadequate in their social functioning and diverse in their psychopathology. The degree to which this inadequate functioning and psychopathology influences therapeutic interventions brings into question the belief that generic nonclinical programmatic treatment work is always appropriate for such a cohort. The Sex Offenders Assessment Package (SOAP) measures inadequate social functioning and sexual deviance, but has not been linked to broader individual differences and generic psychopathology. We collected information examining the relationship between the SOAP and standard measures of personality (the NEO-FFI) and obsessive-compulsiveness (MOCI) in a sample of 200 sexual offenders against children seen by the Probation Service. Factor analysis was used to reduce the SOAP to three reliable factors: emotional distress, cognitions supporting sex with children, and concern for others. These factors correlated respectively with higher Neuroticism and lower Extroversion; greater obsessive-compulsiveness on the MOCI, and trait Agreeableness, irrespective of whether or not one corrected for socially desirable responding. When partial correlation controlled for the influence of Neuroticism on the correlation between cognitions supporting sex with children and the MOCI, there was no change in the association between these variables. These results show that negative affect and obsessional tendencies are important underlying influences on the feelings and behavior of sexual offenders, that the obsessionality of the group is not attributable to Neuroticism, and suggest useful additional foci to enhance the treatment of this diverse clinical group.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Are "obsessive" beliefs specific to OCD?: a comparison across anxiety disorders.

Cognitive models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) assign a central role to maladaptive beliefs about threat, uncertainty, importance and control of thoughts, responsibility, and perfection. Previous research has demonstrated that such beliefs relate to specific OCD symptoms in a theoretically meaningful way. The aim of the present study was to determine whether these beliefs are endorsed more strongly by OCD patients than by those with other anxiety disorders. Eighty-nine adult OCD patients, 72 anxious control (AC) patients, and 33 nonclinical control (NCC) participants completed a measure of obsessive beliefs as well as measures of depression and trait anxiety. Compared to NCCs and ACs, OCD patients more strongly endorsed beliefs related to threat estimation, tolerance of uncertainty, importance and control of thoughts, and perfectionism, but not inflated responsibility. Using revised, condensed subscales, OCD patients differed from ACs on beliefs about perfectionism and certainty and about importance and control of thoughts, but not on beliefs about threat estimation and inflated responsibility. When controlling for depression and trait anxiety, the OCD and AC group did not differ on most belief domains, except for a belief that it is possible and necessary to control one's thoughts. Results are discussed in light of evolving cognitive-behavioral theories that highlight appraisals of thought control and the use and effectiveness of varying thought control strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The structure of obsessionality among young adults.

Although the phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is well understood, less is known about the structure of obsessive symptoms in non-clinical populations. The present study examines the factorial structure of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory short form (LOI-SF) in a sample of 1,015 undergraduate college students. Four factors were extracted describing concerns about contamination (labeled the Contamination factor); repeating behaviors or uncomfortable thoughts or doubts (labeled the Doubts/Repeating factor); checking behaviors, too much attention to detail, honesty concerns, strict conscience and strict routine (labeled the Checking/Detail factor); and taking a long time to dress and to hang up and put away clothing, as well as belief in extremely unlucky numbers (labeled Worries/Just Right factor). Self-report measures of anxiety and ADHD symptoms were correlated positively with these factors, particularly with the checking/detail factor. The prevalence, symptom structure, and patterns of comorbidity seen in this sample of unselected college students are similar to the patterns seen in adolescents with OCD, suggesting that obsessional symptoms and OCD may exist along a continuum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Behavioural treatment of urinary incontinence and encopresis in children with learning disabilities: transfer of stimulus control.

Urinary and faecal incontinence present a considerable problem in people with learning disabilities, despite the general effectiveness of behavioural techniques in continence training. Children with learning disabilities and obsessional behaviour may be particularly resistant to toilet training, even where relatively cognitively able, and often despite a substantial degree of control over their eliminatory functions. Their resistance may be more appropriately regarded as a challenging behaviour and their incontinence better explained by factors other than a simple failure to learn. A 'stimulus-control' hypothesis proposes that the child's nappy (diaper)/potty/underwear has developed strong stimulus control over the elimination response. This report describes three case studies in which treatment-resistant children, aged between 8 and 12 years, with mild or moderate learning disabilities, were successfully treated for nappy-dependent nocturnal encopresis or diurnal urinary incontinence. The children were routine case referrals for whom previous attempts to train bowel or bladder control had failed. Behavioural techniques, such as 'shaping' (gradually increasing the proximity to the toilet), 'fading' (reducing the presence of the nappy), and rewards for eliminating, effected successful transfer of stimulus control over elimination from nappy to toilet. Treatment times varied, depending on the degree of the child's obsession and resistance to change.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1989

'Not everything that shakes is epilepsy'. The differential diagnosis of paroxysmal nonepileptiform disorders.

Many infants, children, and adolescents exhibit unusual mannerisms, behaviors, and spells. These events cause concern to parents and are frequently brought to the attention of physicians. If the spells are infrequent and do not interfere with function, no intervention may be necessary. If they are severe and recurrent, however, diagnostic evaluation is necessary. This article has reviewed the most common spells that can be misdiagnosed as epilepsy by pediatricians. Other spells such as head banging, head rolling, body rocking, enuresis, nightmares, bruxism, obsessions, compulsions, self-injurious behavior, self-stimulating behavior, and stereotypies are reviewed elsewhere. Emphasis is placed on the importance of a thorough history, a complete general physical and neurologic examination, and the judicious use of laboratory testing. The diagnostic methodologies currently available, including cardiac evaluation, video-EEG monitoring, and polysomnography, will frequently result in a specific diagnosis, and allow appropriate treatment. In many cases, however, even after the above diagnostic tests have been utilized, no diagnosis is forthcoming, but reassurance and follow-up can be of help to the young patient and the family.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗
PubMed1995

Trichotillomania and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Trichotillomania, a disorder characterized by repetitive hair pulling, has been only recently systemically investigated. Such research was encouraged by data that showed obsessive-compulsive disorder, which is also characterized by ritual behaviors, responds selectively to serotonin reuptake inhibitors. In this review, we consider similarities and contrasts in the diagnosis, demographics, phenomenology, neurochemistry, neuropsychiatry, and treatment of trichotillomania and obsessive-compulsive disorder. We argue that a view of trichotillomania as an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder that may involve disturbances in grooming behaviors comprises a useful clinical and research heuristic. Nevertheless, there may also be important differences between the two disorders; in particular, trichotillomania has a number of characteristics in common with impulsive disorders. Further empirical investigation is necessary to determine the nature of these complex disorders and their relationship to one another.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The relationship among guilt, dysphoria, anxiety and obsessions in a normal population.

Seventy-six college students reported intrusive thoughts and impulses on a checklist. These students also completed questionnaires assessing depression, trait anxiety and perceived guilt. Results indicated for this normal population that intrusive thoughts were more distressful, more difficult to dismiss and occur with a greater variety of content compared to intrusive impulses. Multiple regression analysis showed that guilt was the best predictor of intrusive thoughts and impulses. Self-reported depression and anxiety were not strong predictors with respect to nonclinical obsessions and impulses. Discussion focuses on the utility of assessing guilt with obsessional disorders, the lack of a relationship between self-report trait anxiety and nonclinical obsessions, and the need to examine the relationship between guilt and anxiety with clinically obsessional subjects.

Adolescent↗