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At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Antibiotic susceptibility of potentially probiotic Bifidobacterium isolates from the human gastrointestinal tract.

Sixteen Bifidobacterium isolates from the human gastrointestinal tract were assayed for susceptibility to 44 antibiotics by soft agar overlay disc diffusion on TPY agar. Five isolates (3/7 B. bifidum and 2/3 B. breve) exhibited atypical antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Poor growth in the agar overlay accounted for susceptibility of B. bifidum but not B. breve isolates. All other isolates were resistant to cefoxitin (30 micrograms), aztreonam (30 micrograms), vancomycin (30 micrograms), amikacin (30 micrograms), gentamicin (10 micrograms), kanamycin (30 micrograms), streptomycin (10 micrograms), fusidic acid (10 micrograms), trimethoprim (5 micrograms), norfloxacin (10 micrograms), nalidixic acid (30 micrograms), metronidazole (5 micrograms), polymyxin B (300 micrograms) and colistin sulphate (10 micrograms), and they were susceptible to the six penicillins studied, cephalothin (30 micrograms), cefuroxime (30 micrograms), cefaclor (30 micrograms), ceftizoxime (30 micrograms), cefotaxime (30 micrograms), bacitracin (10 micrograms), chloramphenicol (30 micrograms), erythromycin (15 micrograms), clindamycin (2 micrograms), rifampicin (5 micrograms) and nitrofurantoin (300 micrograms). In addition, they varied in their susceptibility to cephradine (30 micrograms), cephazolin (30 micrograms), cefoperazone (75 micrograms), ceftriaxone (30 micrograms), ofloxacin (5 micrograms) and furazolidone (15 micrograms). They were resistant, or only marginally moderately susceptible, to ceftazidime (30 micrograms), netilmicin (10 micrograms), sulphamethoxazole (100 micrograms), cotrimoxazole (25 micrograms) and ciprofloxacin (5 micrograms), and susceptible or marginally moderately susceptible to tetracycline (30 micrograms). All B. bifidum isolates were susceptible to cefixime (5 micrograms). Four microorganism-drug combinations were evaluated for beta-lactamase activity but its absence suggested that cell wall impermeability was responsible for cephalosporin resistance among bifidobacteria. The antibiotic susceptibility of B. animalis 25527T was similar to that of the human isolates.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1995

[Iatrogenic esophageal perforation in inoperable esophageal carcinoma. Its therapy with a plastic-coated metal stent].

A 60-year-old man was admitted to hospital because of severely impaired swallowing, retrosternal pain and marked weight loss. History and physical examination of the patient, whose general condition was obviously much reduced, pointed to carcinoma of the oesophagus. Contrast-medium swallow demonstrated subtotal stenosis in the oesophagus. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a space-occupying mass originating from the oesophagus, in close relationship to the trachea, main bronchi and descending aorta. Biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of oesophagus carcinoma and exploratory thoracotomy excluded curative surgical treatment. An attempt was made to introduce a feeding tube endoscopically to provide nutritional palliation. But the oesophagus was perforated during this manoeuvre and resulted in an oesophagobronchial fistula with subsequent mediastinitis and mediastinal emphysema. Using a self-expandable plastic-covered metal stent it was possible to cover the perforation and overcome the patient's dysphagia. The mediastinitis healed under intravenous administration of cefotaxim (2 g three times daily), netilmicin (400 mg daily) and metronidazole (500 mg three times daily), for 5 days.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1995

[T-cell lymphoma under immunosuppressive treatment in minimal change glomerulopathy with nephrotic syndrome].

HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGS: A 43-year-old woman was admitted for treatment of a nephrotic syndrome with increasing oedema, ascites, dyspnoea and nausea during the preceding 2 weeks. INVESTIGATIONS: There was a proteinuria of 25 g daily. Renal biopsy (seven glomeruli) showed a minimal-change glomerulopathy. TREATMENT AND COURSE: Prednisone administration (1 mg/kg daily) achieved complete remission. In the course of this treatment the patient contracted listeriosis with encephalitis, which quickly responded to ampicillin and netilmicin. When the glucocorticoid dosage was reduced or the drug discontinued, the nephrotic syndrome recurred. Cyclosporin treatment was begun (5 mg/kg daily) and quickly led to another remission. 4 weeks after start of the treatment a reddish-blue nodule, about 2 cm in diameter, was noted on the right upper arm. Histologically it showed cutaneous infiltration of a medium-sized T-cell lymphoma. Other efflorescences were found on the trunk and the limbs. Cyclosporin treatment was at once discontinued and the cutaneous changes gradually regressed. There were no other manifestations of a lymphoma. A further recurrence of the nephrotic syndrome responded well to a short course of chlorambucil (cumulative dose 420 mg) and of prednisone with slow dose reduction. There has been no recurrence in the last year.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Presacral phlegmons and meningitis as the complications of a foreign body in the rectosigmoid].

A 24-year-old patient presented with severe back pain in the lumbar and sacral regions and septic temperatures up to 40 degrees C. Lasègue's sign was bilaterally positive. An enhanced cell count was seen in the CSF (1877 cells/microliters, erythrocytes 1024/microliters). Total protein concentration was 4440 mg/dl. The patient also suffered from granulocytic pleocytosis. X-ray as well as scintigrams revealed inflammation of the presacral soft parts involving the os sacrum and bone marrow. Treatment with doxycycline (200 mg/d), fosfomycin (5 g/d), netilmicin (400 mg/d) and ofloxacin (200 mg/d) succeeded in curing the meningitis, whereas the presacral phlegmon persisted. Endoscopic examination showed a rod-shaped foreign body in the rectum that had penetrated deeply into the mucosa and required deformation and removal by laser. The plastic rod of 10 cm length was probably a liquorice stick. The patient denied introducing it per anum; he suspected having swallowed it while drunk. The inflammation subsided rapidly after removal of the foreign body.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Cancellous bone as an antibiotic carrier.

We compared the release characteristics of antibiotics from in vivo and in vitro processed morselized cancellous bone. The bone was impregnated with 7 antibiotics and compressed into a wire-mesh cylinder. In vitro, the bone was processed by daily transfer of the cylinder with its contents into test tubes with broth. The amount of antibiotic eluted from the bone was measured after 1, 3 and 7 days. In vivo, the cylinder was implanted intramuscularly in the interscapular region in rats. After 1, 3 and 7 days, the cylinder was removed and the amount of antibiotic eluted in broth was measured. The results showed that morselized cancellous bone can act as a carrier of antibiotics in vitro and in vivo. The elution profiles of netilmicin-, vancomycin-, clindamycin- and rifampicin-impregnated cancellous bone processed in vitro and in vivo were similar.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Presence of strA-strB gene within a streptomycin-resistance operon in a clinical isolate of Shigella flexneri.

Three aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) were produced by a clinical isolate of Shigella flexneri which was resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, kanamycin, sisomicin and streptomycin: acetyltransferase (AAC) (3)-II-type, and phosphotransferase (APH) (3")- and (6)-type enzymes. The aminoglycoside-resistance genes were located on a 75-Kb plasmid. Two genes, strA-HK and strB-HK, in a transcriptional unit were found to code for streptomycin-resistance. The genetic organization and sequence of this transcriptional unit were identical to those of strA and strB in plasmid RSF1010. strA-HK and strB-HK when expressed separately produced functional enzymes. Our substrate profile study on the crude extracts of StrA-HK and StrB-HK proteins confirmed that StrA-HK was an APH(3")-type and showed that StrB-HK was a member of the APH(6) family.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed2002

Antibiotics differ in their tendency to cause infusion phlebitis: a prospective observational study.

Intravenous administration of antibiotics is a known risk factor for infusion phlebitis. We have previously demonstrated differences in cell toxicity for 4 antibiotics. Clinical experience indicates that antibiotics differ in their tendency to cause phlebitis. The present study was done prospectively on 550 patients with 1386 peripheral venous catheters. The incidence of phlebitis was 18.5% with antibiotics and 8.8% without (odds ratio 2.34). Dicloxacillin (odds ratio 5.74) and erythromycin (odds ratio 5.33) had the greatest tendency to cause phlebitis in univariate, multivariate and Cox regression analyses. Benzylpenicillin, cefuroxime and cloxacillin were also associated with a greater risk of phlebitis, whereas ampicillin, imipenem/cilastatin, clindamycin, netilmicin and vancomycin were not. Other risk factors were the site of insertion and age 51-60 y. Medication with warfarin was found to be protective, but not with aspirin. Treatment with low molecular weight heparin reduced the risk of phlebitis, but the difference was not significant. With regard to when antibiotics were given, the day-specific risk increased between Days 1 and 2, but no further on subsequent days. The hypothesis that antibiotics differ in their tendency to cause phlebitis was confirmed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

High antibiotic susceptibility among bacterial pathogens in Swedish ICUs. Report from a nation-wide surveillance program using TA90 as a novel index of susceptibility.

Local infection control measures, antibiotic consumption and patient demographics from 1999-2000 together with bacteriological analyses were investigated in 29 ICUs participating in the ICU-STRAMA programme. The median antibiotic consumption per ICU was 1147 (range 605-2143) daily doses per 1000 occupied bed d (DDD1000). Antibiotics to which > 90% of isolates of an organism were susceptible were defined as treatment alternatives (TA90). The mean number of TA90 was low (1-2 per organism) for Enterococcus faecium (vancomycin:VAN), coagulase negative staphylococci (VAN), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ceftazidime:CTZ, netilmicin: NET) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (CTZ, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: TSU), but higher (3-7) for Acinetobacter spp. (imipenem:IMI, NET, TSU), Enterococcus faecalis (ampicillin:AMP, IMI, VAN), Serratia spp. (ciprofloxacin:CIP, IMI, NET), Enterobacter spp. (CIP, IMI, NET, TSU), E. coli (cefuroxime:CXM, cefotaxime/eftazidime:CTX/CTZ, CIP, IMI, NET, piperacillin-tazobactam:PTZ, TSU), Klebsiella spp. (CTX/CTZ CIP, IMI, NET, PTZ, TSU) and Staphylococcus aureus (clindamycin, fusidic acid, NET, oxacillin, rifampicin, VAN). Of S. aureus isolates 2% were MRSA. Facilities for alcohol hand disinfection at each bed were available in 96% of the ICUs. The numbers of TA90 available were apparently higher than in ICUs in southern Europe and the US, despite a relatively high antibiotic consumption. This may be due to a moderate ecological impact of the used agents and the infection control routines in Swedish ICUs.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Incidence of antibiotic resistance in blood and urine isolates from hospitalized patients. Report from a European collaborative study. European Study Group on Antibiotic Resistance (ESGAR).

During 1992-93, 2544 isolates from blood cultures, comprising 52% gram-negative bacilli, 24% Staphylococcus aureus, 15% other staphylococci, 7% Enterococcus faecalis and 2% E. faecium, were consecutively collected and identified in 30 laboratories in 21 European countries. In addition 2512 urine isolates, comprising 82% gram-negative bacilli, 3% S. aureus, 4% other staphylococci and 11% enterococci were collected. The bacteria were sent to 3 laboratories for susceptibility testing by the microdilution method in Mueller-Hinton broth. The MICs of penicillins and aztreonam for all susceptible gram-negative bacilli were 0.25-8 mg/l, penems 0.032-2 mg/l, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefpirome or cefepime 0.032-0.25 mg/l, gentamicin, tobramycin and netilmicin 0.125-2 mg/l, amikacin 0.5-4 mg/l, ciprofloxacin 0.016-1 mg/l, trimethoprim 0.25-1 mg/l and tetracycline 1-2 mg/l. For susceptible staphylococci the MICs of erythromycin were 0.25-0.5 mg/l, clindamycin 0.125-0.25 mg/l, methicillin 2-8 mg/l, vancomycin and trimethoprim 1-4 mg/l, ciprofloxacin 0.25-1 mg/l, gentamicin and tobramycin 0.25-1 mg/l. For the enterococci the MICs of ampicillin and vancomycin were 2-4 mg/l and of imipenem, teicoplanin and trimethoprim 0.5-1 mg/l. The antibiotic resistance rates varied between laboratories, being lower in northern Europe, except for the penems, cefpirome and cefepime, which showed uniformly lower resistance rates. Compared to the earlier European studies the resistance rates to beta-lactam antibiotics among the gram-negatives have not changed except with an increase to cefotaxime and ceftazidime in central Europe. Resistance to aminoglycosides had also increased in central Europe from 7-8% to 20-21%, but decreased in southern Europe from 22-24% to 13-14% among the blood isolates and from 12-28% to 6-7% among the urine isolates. There was an increase in resistance to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin in staphylococci from southern Europe. The prevalence of MRSA was significant in central and southern Europe. It is of importance that collaborative national and international studies on the incidence of antibiotic resistance are being performed on a repetitive basis.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed1998

Septicaemia with Neisseria elongata ssp. nitroreducens in a patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathia.

Neisseria elongata ssp. nitroreducens, a commensal of the human upper respiratory tract, is a newly recognized cause of endocarditis. We report the isolation of the organism from blood cultures of a 30-y-old man with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. The patient was successfully treated with benzylpenicillin and netilmicin in combination, followed by ceftriaxone and amoxicillin.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Multi-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus in a neonatal unit in New Delhi.

We describe a cluster of infections in a neonatal nursery due to an infrequently reported staphylococcal species, Staphylococcus haemolyticus. S. haemolyticus resistant to penicillin, methicillin, gentamicin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline (PMGECT) was isolated from a series of infections in neonates (conjunctivitis 6, blood 2, pustules 2) over a period of 3 weeks in a neonatal nursery. Surveillance cultures from 22 neonates, their mothers in an adjacent maternity ward and staff revealed that S. haemolyticus with three resistance patterns (PMGECT, PMG and PME) was circulating in the unit. It was isolated from two caesarian wounds, the nose/ear/umbilicus of six asymptomatic infants and from the noses of three mothers and one nurse. S. haemolyticus showed a higher frequency of resistance to antibiotics than Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from the unit at the same time. Local and asymptomatic infections were treated with local neosporin application whereas netilmicin was used to treat systemic infection. Infections were controlled by emphasising the importance of handwashing, asepsis and eye care.

Bacteremia↗
PubMed1998

Control of an outbreak of a highly beta-lactam-resistant Enterobacter cloacae strain in a neonatal special care unit.

Two successive outbreaks of colonization and infection with Enterobacter cloacae resistant to third generation cephalosporins (cephalosporin-resistant E. cloacae, CREC) and involving 15 infants occurred within 12 months in a neonatal special care unit. Isolates of clinical significance were obtained from four infants (urine 2 cases, blood, pleural drainage). According to epidemiological typing using computerized biochemical fingerprinting and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) the same CREC strain was found in both outbreaks. The origin of the strain and its reservoir between the two outbreaks remained unknown. Emphasizing strict barrier nursing of the infants had little or no impact on the presence and transmission of the strain in the unit. In contrast, replacing ampicillin plus cefotaxime as standard empiric therapy with penicillin G plus netilmicin plus consequent cohorting of newborns and staff promptly halted both the outbreaks. During a 5-y follow-up after the last episode, the choice of antibiotics for empirical treatment has varied, and no further outbreaks of CREC have been seen, with the exception of two sporadic cases.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1990

In-vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of Serratia species to antimicrobial agents.

The in-vitro activities of 12 antimicrobial agents against a total of 80 clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens and Serratia liquefaciens were determined by a broth microdilution method. Ampicillin and cefazolin were totally inactive against these organisms. The other beta-lactam antibiotics such as piperacillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and the aminoglycosides such as gentamicin, tobramycin and netilmicin showed poor or moderate activity against Serratia isolates. Aztreonam and amikacin inhibited most of the strains tested. Imipenem and ciprofloxacin were very active in inhibiting all strains. Within the genus, S. liquefaciens was more resistant to aztreonam, ceftazidime and amikacin than S. marcescens.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1992

Modification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors by sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics.

This study's objectives were to evaluate the effects of subminimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of tobramycin, gentamicin, netilmicin, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime and piperacillin on proteinase production, alginate and siderophore synthesis by two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One of these strains, of recent clinical isolation, was mucoid. In fact it is well known that mucoid strains are more resistant than non-mucoid; there is, moreover, evidence that in cystic fibrotic lungs the non-mucoid P. aeruginosa are invariably replaced by mucoid variants. Our results show that subinhibitory concentrations of beta-lactams and quinolones significantly reduced the amount of alginate. Protease production was affected by all antibiotics tested.

Alginates↗
PubMed1993

Activity of daptomycin against enterococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS): relationship between CNS susceptibility and slime production.

We compared the in vitro activity of daptomycin, a new lipopeptide antibiotic, with that of vancomycin and other selected agents against 95 coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) isolates causing septicemia or foreign-body infections in immunocompromised patients. These strains were classified as follows: 51 methicillin-susceptible CNS (23 slime producers); 44 methicillin-resistant CNS (23 slime producers). We also investigated the activity of daptomycin against 50 Enterococcus faecalis isolates. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by the broth microdilution method. Daptomycin at a concentration of 2 mg/L was inhibitory for all the evaluated strains. Vancomycin and ciprofloxacin showed good activity: 90% of the strains were inhibited by these agents at 8 mg/L. The activity of netilmicin, rifampin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was instead limited. Resistance to the antimicrobial agents tested was seen with increased frequency among slime producing strains. Daptomycin and teicoplanin were the most active agents tested against E. faecalis (MIC90 0.25 mg/L and 0.12 mg/L).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1994

High rate of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in an Italian University Hospital.

We reviewed our routine clinical laboratory records from January 1990 to March 1993 to evaluate the rate of oxacillin-resistance among nosocomial isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Of 265 clinically significant isolates, 174 (65%) were oxacillin-resistant S. aureus (ORSA). Most of these strains were obtained from surgery patients and/or were isolated from surgical wounds. The isolations of S. aureus increased during the study period: 45 in 1990, 50 in 1991, 130 in 1992 and 40 in the first trimester of 1993. The annual rates of ORSA among S. aureus isolated varied from 62 to 68% through these years. Most ORSA isolates proved resistant to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and rifampicin, and susceptible to vancomycin, netilmicin and cotrimoxazole. Based on these results, the need for a stringent application of infection control measures is outlined.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed2002

Purification of lactoperoxidase from creek-water buffalo milk and investigation of kinetic and antibacterial properties.

Water buffalo lactoperoxidase (WBLP) was purified with Amberlite CG 50 H+ resin, CM Sephadex C-50 ion-exchange chromatography, and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography from skim milk. All purification steps of the WBLP were shown with SDS-PAGE and Rz (A412/A280) controlled the purification degree of the enzyme. Rz value for the purified WBLP was 0.8. To determine purification steps and kinetic properties, the activity of enzyme was measured by using 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) as a choromogenic substrate at pH=6. Km, Vmax, optimum pH, and optimum temperature for the WBLP were found by means of graphics for ABTS as substrates. Optimum pH and optimum temperature of the WBLP were 6 and 60 degrees C, respectively. Km value at optimum pH and optimum temperature for the WBLP was 0.82 mM. Vmax value at optimum pH and optimum temperature was 13.7 micromol/mL x min. Km value at optimum pH and 25 degrees C for the WBLP was 0.77 mM. Vmax value at optimum pH and 25 degrees C was 4.83 micromol/mL x min. The purified WBLP was found to have high antibacterial activity in a thiocynate-H2O2 medium for some pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginose, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus saphrophyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Shigella dysenteriae and compared with well known antibacterial substances such as tetracycline, penicillin, and netilmicine.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The treatment of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: review of 26 cases.

A retrospective study of 26 cases of postoperative endophthalmitis occurring after extracapsular cataract extraction and lens implantation was conducted between January 1989 and December 1992. Twenty-one of the 26 cases (81%) were diagnosed within two weeks after surgery. The most common organism isolated was Staphylococcus saprophyticus (23%). After the bacterial samples had been taken, cefotaxime or gentamicin was injected into anterior chamber and vitreous space. The therapy regimen consisted of topical tobramycin, Polysporin (polymyxinsulfate, neomycinsulfate and gramicidin), dexamethasone and atropine and parabulbar cefotaxime, netilmicin and betamethasone. Cefotaxime or, alternatively, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin and prednisolone were given systemically. The final visual acuity of 20/40 or more was obtained in 15 cases (58%). Twenty-one patients (81%) achieved a visual acuity of 20/400 or better. Three patients had no light perception after the treatment of endophthalmitis. Silk as suture material in wound closure and rupture of the posterior capsule were found to be risk factors in the development of endophthalmitis. The results of the present study show that effective drug treatment also results in good visual outcome.

Adult↗