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PubMed1986

Measurement of depression in alcoholics.

Estimates of the prevalence of depression among alcoholics vary widely, partly because of different methods used to define depression. To assess the specificity, sensitivity, change over time and agreement of several common methods, 52 men alcoholics were studied. Using DSM-III diagnosis by clinical interview as the standard, the Hamilton Depression Scale (Ham-D) showed high sensitivity, high specificity and good agreement with DSM-III. The Beck Depression Inventory and the Depression Scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were not sensitive enough for screening purposes. Both self-report measures correlated more highly with the Ham-D and clinical interview than with each other. The dexamethasone suppression test had both low sensitivity and low specificity. All measures showed significant improvement over three weeks. More attention should be paid to using DSM-III criteria or the Ham-D instead of self-report scales in screening for depression among alcoholics.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Confirming schizotypic personality configurations in hypothetically psychosis-prone university students.

The personality features of hypothetically psychosis-prone (or schizotypic) subjects were examined. Schizotypic (n = 32) and control (n = 44) subjects were identified within a pool of 726 randomly ascertained nonclinical university students who had completed the Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS) during a large-scale screening study. Approximately 4-6 months after the initial screening, the schizotypic and control subjects completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Schizotypic subjects as a group displayed an average MMPI profile consistent with schizotypic personality features, whereas the control subjects did not. Moreover, multivariate profile analysis revealed that the schizotypic group MMPI profile differed significantly in shape from the control group profile. Finally, schizophrenia-related MMPI high-point codes were five times as prevalent among the PAS-identified schizotypic subjects as among the controls. The results suggest that the PAS identifies individuals who show schizotypic personality MMPI configurations and may carry a latent vulnerability for schizophrenia or, more broadly, psychosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Behavioral and emotional factors: comparisons of anovulatory infertile women with fertile and other infertile women.

This controlled study compared behavioral and emotional factors in a group of anovulatory infertile women requesting treatment to achieve pregnancy. The sample comprised 49 women with secondary amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea in the treatment group, 141 women in the fertile comparison group, and 104 women with diagnoses other than anovulation in an infertile comparison group. Scores on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-90), the Eysenck Personality Inventory, the Langner Screening Scale, a Mood Analog Scale, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were in the normal range and did not differ significantly between the groups. On other measures, the treatment group rated itself significantly less potent than to partner, mother, or father and reported more inhibited sexual attitudes than the comparison groups. Conclusions were that neurotic personality structure or psychopathology were not significantly greater in the treatment group than in the comparison groups. Whether the lower self-esteem and inhibited sexual attitudes of the treatment group resulted from or preceded infertility could not be determined.

Anovulation↗
PubMed1983

Impotence: are the newer diagnostic methods a necessity?

Until recently our evaluation of impotent men included a psychiatric evaluation, and history and physical examination by a urologist to determine whether the impotence was organic or psychogenic. After the introduction of specific laboratory methods, such as nocturnal penile tumescence monitoring and penile blood pressure studies, clinicians relied heavily on these tools. We evaluated 33 impotent patients and compared the results of the laboratory methods to the initial diagnoses of the psychiatrist and the urologist to determine if the new methods would confirm our initial impressions or uncover different diagnoses. Thirteen patients were considered to have psychogenic impotence by the clinicians and only 1 patient in this group had evidence of organicity when the laboratory tests were used. Twelve patients were considered to have organic impotence by the clinicians and this was confirmed in 75 per cent of the cases by laboratory testing. Thus, clinical evaluation predicted the outcome of laboratory methods in 92 per cent of the psychogenic group and 75 per cent of the organic group. In addition, postage stamps were used during nocturnal penile tumescence monitoring and in predicting the outcome of nocturnal tumescence monitoring the stamp test had a sensitivity and a specificity of 91 per cent. Many patients presenting with erectile impotence can be evaluated adequately by a psychiatrist and a urologist without the support of expensive laboratory tests. The postage stamp test is useful when nocturnal penile tumescence monitors are not available. Finally, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is of limited value as a screening device.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stiff-man syndrome. Results of interviews and psychologic testing.

Thirteen patients with stiff-man syndrome (SMS) were studied with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Self-Administered Alcoholism Screening Test (SAAST), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) profiles, and by telephone interviews. The mean MMPI, SAAST, and STAI were within normal limits; however, several patients had abnormal profiles. The results of telephone interviews revealed that 8 patients (62%) had been given at least 1 psychiatric diagnosis and 4 (31%) abused alcohol or were dependent on it. Two patients had a psychiatric diagnosis that preceded the onset of symptoms of SMS. The authors hypothesize that SMS patients have a gamma-aminobutyric acid deficiency or GABAergic neuron dysfunction that leads to psychiatric symptoms, including depression and chemical abuse. Clinicians treating patients with SMS must be alert to the possible presence of comorbid psychiatric illnesses in this patient population.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Race, age and cancer incidence: a test of double jeopardy.

One form of the double jeopardy hypothesis states that health declines more dramatically with age for blacks than it does for whites. This paper tests the hypothesis for black and white differences by age in cancer incidence rates. Age-specific incidence rates for 14 major cancer sites were compared in black and white, male and female populations in Detroit. Rates were based on 57,275 invasive cancer cases, diagnosed between 1973 and 1978, and drawn from the Michigan Cancer Foundation Registry, a member of the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. For men, differences between blacks and whites for most sites dissipate with age, reflecting a leveling trend. For women, there is no consistent trend for most sites. Double jeopardy is reflected in rates for cervical cancer. Public health programs should be targeted to elderly black women for cervical cancer screening and to middle-aged black men for multiphasic cancer prevention services.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Interpreting in mental health settings: issues and concerns.

Sign language interpreters in mental health settings face extreme linguistic and cultural difficulties in interpreting basic, everyday language used in these settings. This is particularly true when deaf clients have limited English proficiency, which often requires interpreters to use expansion techniques in order to render messages successfully. To examine how diagnostics may be affected by interpretation, Brauer (1993), Montoya et al. (2001), and Steinberg, Lipton, Eckhardt, Goldstein, and Sullivan (1998) translated two widely used psychological screening instruments into American Sign Language (ASL). The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule-IV (DIS-IV) were selected for translation, and data from the three studies are presented and discussed. Their implications in terms of the expectations and stresses placed on interpreters are described within a framework of demand and control theory. Finally, sections of the Code of Ethics of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) are examined relative to both the issue of confidentiality and what the interpreter's contribution should be in mental health settings.

Deafness↗
PubMed1991

Assessment of MMPI profiles of male batterers.

Fifty-six adult male batterers completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) as part of the standard screening and assessment process for a court-mandated aggression management treatment program. Data were analyzed via composite-mean and cluster analyses. MMPI results revealed a 4-2 profile for both the composite-mean analysis and the elevated profile revealed by the cluster analysis. Fifty-two percent of the MMPI profiles exhibited Scale 4 as one of the two scales in the high-point pair. Future research must incorporate multidimensional behavioral and personality assessment in order to enhance specific treatment approaches via matching procedures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Risk for bladder cancer. Psychological impact of notification.

Informing persons that they have been exposed to a carcinogenic chemical (beta-naphthylamine) may adversely affect these persons and their families. The purpose of this study was to identify and assess the psychological impact of a bladder cancer notification and screening program on persons at risk and their families. Approximately 140 subjects were randomly selected from 850 workers exposed to beta-naphthylamine. The Family APGAR, Impact of Event Scale, and Improved Readability Form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were administered within four weeks of the initial medical screening and readministered six months later. Results show no evidence of disruption to families or substantive psychopathology among these persons. While the actual acquisition of cancer is undoubtedly a psychological trauma, mere notification of risk may not be traumatic in every situation.

2-Naphthylamine↗
PubMed1980

Chemical and hematological screening in patients with malignant and non-malignant conditions.

The value of multiphasic automated laboratory tests in differentiating stages of malignancy and in detecting recurrence of cancer was studied. Chemical SMA-12 tests (including calcium, phosphate, glucose, BUN, uric acid, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (AP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and SGOT) and hematological SMA-4 tests (including hematocrit, hemoglobin, WBC and RBC counts) were performed in 1,578 patients. Baseline data obtained from 582 patients with benign, and 996 patients with malignant, lesions were subdivided according to age, sex, primary site, and extent of cancer. With advancing stages of cancer, there was a significant increase of AP and LDH, but decrease of albumin and hemoglobin. Among patients who had sequential tests, there was a significant decrease of uric acid and LDH with control of cancer, and increase of AP with development of distant dissemination.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Extreme MMPI scores and the Research Diagnostic Criteria. Screening college men for psychopathology.

This study compares psychiatric evaluations made with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory (MMPI) to evaluations with a standard clinical interview and the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). The purpose was to generate a nonhospitalized, previously undiagnosed sample of persons who had psychiatric difficulties or symptoms. Of 385 college male volunteers, 56 with scores at least 3 SD above the mean on at least one MMPI scale were chosen as an index group, and 27, with all MMPI scores within normal limits, as a control group. In the index group, 82% met the RDC for at least one diagnosis, whereas only 22% of the control sample met the RDC for any diagnosis. One index subject met the RDC for schizophrenia; 15 met the RDC for a major affective disorder. Some correspondence between specific MMPI profile code types and RDC diagnoses was evident. Thus, researchers can identify a range of psychopathology meeting the RDC by using MMPI screening in a nonhospital setting. Such a research sample, free from the possible artifacts of hospitalization, drug treatment, and diagnostic labeling, can be useful particularly in testing hypotheses concerning the biological correlates of psychopathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Psychosexual study of women with detrusor instability.

Clinical impression suggests that many cases of detrusor instability are psychosomatic. We evaluated 63 women with urinary incontinence and 27 continent controls using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Uplift and Hassle Scales, and a structured questionnaire screening sexual dysfunction. All incontinent women underwent diagnostic urodynamic studies including uroflowmetry, subtracted water cystometry with provocation, and urethral closure pressure profilometry. Thirty-five women had genuine stress incontinence and 28 had detrusor instability, including nine with mixed incontinence. No differences in psychological test results were noted between the detrusor-instability and genuine-stress-incontinence groups. On the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, subjects with detrusor instability scored significantly higher than controls on the hypochondriasis (P = .006), depression (P = .01), and hysteria (P = .0009) scales. Compared with continent controls, the detrusor-instability group reported a lower frequency of uplifts (P less than .05) and a greater intensity of hassles (P less than .05). Both incontinent groups reported more sexual dysfunction than did controls. We conclude that many women with urinary incontinence have abnormal psychological and sexual test results reflecting moodiness, feelings of helplessness and sadness, pessimism, general hypochondriasis/somatization, and sexual dysfunction. These abnormalities appear to be associated with urinary incontinence in general rather than with specific diseases of the urinary tract.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effect of education and gender adjustment on the sensitivity and specificity of a cognitive screening battery for dementia: results from the MoVIES Project. Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey.

The Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey (MoVIES) used a multiphase process to identify demented persons among 1,366 randomly selected noninstitutionalized individuals 65 years and older. Raw test scores from a cognitive screening battery were used to identify cognitively impaired individuals who were referred for a clinical evaluation. Subsequently, test scores were adjusted for education and gender within age strata. Adjusting test scores affected sensitivity for dementia only among the most educated, increasing sensitivity among younger subjects and decreasing among the older subjects. Specificity increased among the least educated and the oldest subjects. Overall, the adjusted criteria did not perform as well as the unadjusted criteria in this sample. Adjustment for education will not necessarily improve the ability of a screening battery for cognitive function to identify demented persons, particularly if unadjusted scores perform well.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Proteinuria and hematuria in schoolchildren: epidemiology and early natural history.

Over the past several decades screening for disease in large asymptomatic populations has increased, culminating most recently with a federal mandate for early, periodic screening, diagnosis and treatment of all children from low-income families. The present study of five consecutive examinations in over 12,000 schoolchildren shows the cumulative occurrence of proteinuria and hematuria to be surprisingly high (greater than 6%). Comparison of this large number of children with the few individuals in whom death occurs from chronic renal disease annually (less than 0.03%) suggests that the vast majority of these children with urinary abnormalities have either no renal disease or at most a self-limited condition. Observation of 512 children with proteinuria and 78 with hematuria for one to five years after initial detection and referral to their physician or clinic provides a measure of both contemporary management and early natural history. These observations suggest that there is a need to question the overall effectiveness of urinary screening and that early inclusion of roentgenographic and urologic investigations in management seems unwarranted. Rather, these children should be followed for long periods of time. Additional investigations are indicated when worsening of the abnormal findings or other evidence of renal or systemic disease occurs. If routine urinary screening is performed, it should be as one aspect of a multiphasic program by the primary physician so that it can be coupled with a clearly defined plan for follow-up and management of subjects with abnormal findings.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Racial differences in psychotic symptoms among combat veterans with PTSD.

We tested the hypothesis that race may influence clinical presentation and symptomatology in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). African-American and Caucasian veterans were administered the Psychotic Screen Module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), and other psychometric measures at a Veterans Affairs outpatient PTSD clinic. Subjects were consecutive referrals who were not matched for level of combat trauma or preexisting trauma; however, there were no group differences in other relevant demographic or diagnostic variables. Significant racial differences, with modest effect sizes, were found on clinician ratings of psychotic symptoms, MMPI-2 scale 6 ("paranoia"), and a measure of dissociation. No significant differences were found for the MMPI-2 scale 8 ("schizophrenia"), or on measures that might suggest comorbid depression or anxiety. African-Americans with PTSD endorsed more items suggesting positive symptoms of psychosis, without higher rates of primary psychosis, depression, or anxiety than Caucasians.

Comorbidity↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of personality as a component of the healthy condition of volunteers participating in phase I studies.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was conceived in order to recommend use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory for the evaluation of the personality of volunteers participating in Phase I clinical trials. The study was intended to describe personality profiles as objectively as possible, attempting to identify any common traits or tendencies, and to evaluate whether age or cultural background can be associated with significant differences in volunteer personality profiles. SUBJECTS: 358 subjects were evaluated (290 males and 68 females; mean age 30 y, range 18-78 y). Mean values of scales and indices were compared and analysed, both for the sample as a whole and on the basis of its breakdown according to sex, age and education. RESULTS: No psychopathological values were found in terms of sex and education. The mean profile showed common traits of a substantially balanced, self-assured, reliable person, motivated by extremely realistic objectives. CONCLUSION: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory seems to be a useful tool for screening healthy volunteers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Reliability and validity of screening scales: effect of reducing scale length.

Self-report measures are often useful as the first phase of a multiphase case identification procedure for estimating rates of untreated disorder, but such measures are susceptible to several sources of unreliability. The reliability of respondents' reports can be greatly improved by employing a well-established screening scale composed of multiple replicate items. A practical question that arises is whether interview time can be saved by using only a portion of the original scale. The cost of shortening established scales in terms of the sensitivity and specificity of the screen is modelled statistically, and the robustness of the model is assessed using mental health data obtained on samples of psychiatric patients and community controls. Both the statistical model and the empirical examples suggest that items from highly reliable measures can be dropped without much loss in sensitivity or specificity. Suggestions are made for selecting subsets of items when shortening a screening scale and these are illustrated with screening scales for depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Design, findings and five-year follow-up of preventive medical lipid intervention clinic in Malmö.

In a separate lipid intervention clinic integrated within the framework of a multiphasic preventive medical population program in Malmö, 401 of 2431 screening attenders in a male birth-year cohort born in 1927 and 1928 had elevated values of triglyceride and/or cholesterol. Hypertriglyceridemia was more than three times as frequent as hypercholesterolemia. Of these attenders 20% had normal values at the second control, 5% did not attend the second test and 92 (31.2%) of the remaining were referred to other clinics because of other high risk factors. Thus, 209 (8.6% of the screening attenders) males born in 1927 and 1928 attended the lipid clinic for isolated hyperlipidemia. Disregarding a 5-year drop-out frequency of 13 sections, a significant reduction in the lipids was obtained during the follow-up period in those remaining in treatment. This study demonstrates the feasibility in taking care of hyperlipidemic individuals after a screening detection program. Detection and treatment of hyperlipidemia should of course also be initiated in the individual case in ordinary medical practice.

Cholesterol↗