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PubMed2001

[Effects of attenuated measles virus on hepatitis B virus in vivo and in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of attenuated measles virus on hepatitis B virus replication inside and outside the body. METHODS: Patients with chronic hepatitis B virus replication were chosen, and attenuated measles viruses were inoculated in them and observed twice every week for a total of 48 weeks. The changes of CD4+, CD8+, IFN-gamma, IL-2, HBeAg and HBV DAN were observed. Also the changes of the HBVM were observed when adding the measles virus in suspension of the 2.2.15 cells. RESULTS: The average ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ before the treatment was 1.05 +/- 0.19 and it rose to 1.47 +/- 0.18 after follow up for 48 weeks. Then, compared with the ratio before the treatment, the difference was significant(t = 5.36, P < 0.01). After inoculating the measles virus for two weeks, IFN-gamma and IL-2 increased. Although the total average ratio had not great difference, IL-2 level of 26.3% of the cases elevated 5 times higher in the second week, as compared with the control group, there was a great difference (chi 2 = 12.07, P < 0.005). The results of the examination of the HBeAg before treatment was 317, 35 +/- 151.75, but became 139.17 +/- 166.66 after observing for 48 weeks(t = 2.16, P < 0.05). The positive ratio of HBV DNA before the treatment was 100% and become 63.16% after treatment. Thus the ratio difference is significant(chi 2 = 10.08, P < 0.005). However, no such ratio difference was found in the control group. When adding the attenuated measles virus in suspension of 2.2.15 cell, the HBsAg and HBeAg decreased. CONCLUSION: When the measles virus and hepatitis B virus infect the cases in an overlapping way, the latter may be interfered by change of the cell immunity status of the body of the former, and measles virus may have direct interference effects on hepatitis B virus.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Recurrence of febrile convulsions after the first diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccination and measles vaccination in children with febrile convulsions: a questionnaire survey in Takamatsu City].

A questionnaire about convulsions and other adverse events after vaccination was sent to doctors who administered a diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine (the first dose) or a measles vaccine between April 1, 1995 and December 31, 1997 in Takamatsu City to children with convulsions. DPT and measles vaccines were administered to 300 and 339 such children, respectively. Many of them had febrile seizures, the last of which had occurred before more than 1 year. Among them, 175 cases were administered with DPT and 180 with measles vaccine. There were recurrences of febrile convulsions after immunization in 2 (1.1%) of the cases given DPT and 3 (1.7%) of those given measles vaccination. According to the data of the Monitoring System for Adverse Events Following Immunization (the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan), the incidence of convulsion after immunization in healthy children between April 1, 1996 and September 30, 1997 was 0.4% after the first dose of DPT vaccination and 0.3% after measles vaccination. In comparison, the incidence was higher in children who had had febrile convulsions before more than one year. Especially, the rate of convulsions after measles vaccinations was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in children with febrile convulsions. These results suggest that the measles vaccination should be administered with caution to the children with previous febrile convulsions.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Sero-response to measles-mumps-rubella vaccine campaign in Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine campaign targeting primary school children in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the months of January and February 2000. METHODS: Pre and post measles-mumps-rubella vaccine blood samples were collected from 54 children from the first grade and 96 children from the 6th grade. Antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella were assayed using enzyme immunoassay and a backup test of plaque neutralization test. This assay was carried out at the Reference Center, Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany. RESULTS: When the backup test results were added, 96%-98% of children had protection level against measles before the campaign. It is interesting to notice that pre-vaccination measles mean titer and positivity rate with enzyme linked immunoassay in the first grade were significantly lower than the 6th grade. One hundred percent and 96.8% were positive for rubella antibody before the campaign, in the first and 6th grades. Seventy-seven percent and 67% were positive for mumps before the campaign, in the first and 6th grade. After the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine campaign, protection rate reached 100% for the 3 antigens with a statistically significant boosting effect and increase in geometric mean of the titre. CONCLUSION: Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine campaign was effective in increasing protective levels and boosting antibodies against the 3 targeted diseases which can prevent epidemics in the primary schools.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2001

[Anti-virus effect of combination of attenuated measles virus with 3TC on duck hepatitis B model].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the anti-virus effect of combination of attenuated measles virus with 3TC on duck hepatitis B model. METHODS: Guanzhou brown spot ducklings infected with DHBV were divided into three groups. Drug treatments including measles vaccine, 3TC and both measles vaccine and 3TC were given in the 13th day after the infection, respectively. Serum samples were obtained from all ducklings before, during and after treatment at different times and stored at -70 degrees C. DHBV DNA was detected by Dot-blot hybridization. RESULTS: Compared with the levels of DHBV DNA before and after treatment, no statistic difference was found in group of 3TC alone. The levels of DHBV DNA were not changed in group of measles vaccine alone in early stage, but decrease of DHBV DNA occurred after stopping treatment (comparison of the levels T13 with before treatment and T13 of positive group, P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). DHBV DNA level in group of measles vaccine combined with 3TC was obviously lower at 5th day after the treatment than in both measles vaccine and 3TC alone groups at the same time(P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), and it remained low when the treatment was discontinued. CONCLUSION: Attenuated measles virus combined with 3TC may have early and long-lasting inhibiting effect on the replication of DHBV.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Cell-mediated immunity and age at vaccination associated with measles inoculation and protection of dogs against canine distemper.

The antibody-mediated immune response (AMIR) of dogs to measles and canine distemper viruses has been described. However, there is little information on the cell-mediated immune response (CMIR). The AMIR and the CMIR of dogs to canine distemper and to measles were examined. The CMIR was determined for 6 weeks by measuring the 3H-thymidine uptake by immune lymphocytes in the lymphocyte transformation test. Concurrently, canine distemper and measles virus serum-neutralization antibodies were measured by a microtitration serum-neutralization test. Dogs vaccinated with canine distemper virus had a CMIR and an AMIR to canine distemper. However, measles virus-vaccinated dogs had only a CMIR to canine distemper. A CMIR in the absence of an AMIR indicates that cell-mediated immunity is the most important immune mechanism in protecting measles virus-vaccinated dogs against canine distemper. Development of CMIR and AMIR to canine distemper and measles antigens depended on the age of the dog at the time of vaccination. Adult and juvenile dogs had immune responses to both canine distemper and measles. Neither virus, however, elicited an immune response in neonates.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Poliomyelitis, measles and neonatal tetanus: a hospital based epidemiological study.

Vaccine-preventable diseases constitute a major health problem contributing to the morbidity and mortality in many developing countries including Egypt. WHO adopted resolutions to eradicate poliomyelitis by the year 2000, eliminate neonatal tetanus by the year 1995, and reduce measles mortality by 95% and morbidity by 90%, compared to the pre-immunization levels by 1995. Evaluation of preventive programs for these diseases necessitates availability of up to date information on their occurrence. The present study was undertaken to determine the current epidemiological features of poliomyelitis, neonatal tetanus and measles, to identify the trends of these diseases as well as to determine their outcomes and hospital loads. Data about the admitted cases of poliomyelitis, neonatal tetanus and measles were collected from the hospital register of Alexandria fever hospital for five successive years (1992-96). Available information on age, sex, residence, diagnosis, outcome of treatment, dates of admission and discharge were collected. The total number of cases of the three diseases admitted to the hospital during the period 1992-96 were 1406, measles represented 85.4%, neonatal tetanus 13.9% and poliomyelitis 0.7%. The results revealed that in the year 1994 only one case of poliomyelitis was admitted and since then no other cases were reported. The number of measles cases increased gradually in the latter years and about 78% of them were older than five years of age. A significant increase in the age of measles occurrence was observed. A gradual decline in the number of neonatal tetanus cases was observed. These cases were more apt to occur among early neonates but still clustered in certain geographical areas. The results of the study pinpoint the long term impact of the well run program aiming at eradicating poliomyelitis in Alexandria. However, for elimination of neonatal tetanus and controlling measles morbidity, further activities are required including strengthening the surveillance activities for detection of the high risk geographical areas and the high risk factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Loss of maternal measles antibody in black South African infants in the first year of life--implications for age of vaccination.

In order to investigate the feasibility of measles vaccination before the age of 9 months the duration of passive immunity against measles was estimated by conducting a longitudinal study of measles antibody levels in 20 black neonates delivered at term. Measles serum antibody (IgG) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the mother at childbirth and on consecutive samples taken from the infants from birth until 9 months of age. Protective measles antibody level was defined as greater than 200 mIU. Unprotective levels were found in 88% (95% confidence interval (CI) 81-99%) of 6-month-old infants, while at 9 months all were susceptible. The mean antibody level was 192 mIU (CI 104-348%) at 4 months; 34 mIU (CI 15-73%) at 6 months and 13 mIU (CI 6-24%) at 9 months of age. Our data support the recent World Health Organisation recommendation to immunise children in developing countries at 6 months with the 'high titre' Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine, since most infants in our study had lost passive immunity against measles by this age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

[Persistence of the measles virus genome in peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with glomerulonephritis and systemic lupus erythematosus].

Punctate hybridization was used to examine measles virus genome in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with glomerulonephritis (GN) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Measles virus genome was revealed in 47 (54%) out of 87 GN patients, in 27 (74%) out of 36 SLE patients and in none of the control group patients. GN patients manifested a tendency towards increase of the rate of measles virus demonstration with the rise of the titres of measles antibodies. All SLE patients with a high antibody titre (1:512 and higher) demonstrated measles virus genome. The rate of measles virus genome demonstration in GN and SLE patients did not depend on the sex, age, duration and clinical disease pattern or the content of IgA, IgM, IgG in blood serum. During disease exacerbation, the rate of measles virus demonstration was higher in 41 (59.4%) out of 69 patients than during remission--in 6 (33.3%) out of 18 patients (p less than 0.05).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A study on malaria infection during the acute stage of measles infection.

The recognized high mortality from measles in Africa is considered to be partly due to the flare-up of concomitant malaria infection. In 1987 there was a measles epidemic in the Rufiji Delta, Tanzania, in spite of recent vaccination campaigns. A comparative study was therefore conducted on the densities of malaria parasites in children during the acute stage of measles (67 consecutive cases, aged 5 months-19 years). The period of study was March-June, the peak season for malaria transmission. For each measles patient, a blood film was concomitantly taken from an asymptomatic age-matched child from the same village. Of 67 children with measles, 17 (25%) had parasitaemia ranging from 8 to 2480 parasites microliter-1 blood. Out of 67 asymptomatic control children 59 (88%) had parasitaemia ranging from 8 to 3400 parasites microliter-1 blood. This study indicates that malaria densities were lower during the acute stage of measles than in healthy children. The contribution of malaria to mortality in children with acute measles may be questioned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Epidemiologic overview of measles in Mexico: current situation and perspectives].

It has been recognized that due to immunization campaigns and specific treatment of medical complications, has resulted in a reduced measles mortality in México as in others countries. However, during the last few years the number of measles cases in México has shown an increasing trend over previous years due to two larges epidemics, in 1985 and 1989. As a vaccine preventable disease, the number of measles cases has shown an important decline in mortality as compared with mortality in the general population. From the total deaths in children under five years the measles deaths have been reduced from a level of 2.8% in 1969 to a level of 1.6% in 1985. The more recent mortality data available shows that 597 deaths caused by measles were registered in 1986, for a mortality rate of 0.75 per 100,000 inhabitants. At higher rate was observed in the age groups less than 1 year with a mortality rate of 5.9 per 100,000 inhabitants compared with 4.2 in the group from 1 to 4 years. The morbidity epidemiologic surveillance system among governmental health services reported a total of 20,076 cases in 1989, with an incidence rate of 23.8 cases per 100,000 inhabitants and a estimated mortality rate of 6.6%. This recent emergence of the measles activity in México is part of a pandemic that is affecting several countries around the world. The impact of these cases on an increased demand of medical care as well as its clinical complications, outcome and mortality, makes measles a high priority problem in México.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1989

Etiology of diarrhea in measles.

Thirty-six measles cases with diarrhea were studied with two age and sex matched control groups, measles without diarrhea (75 cases) and acute diarrhea (70 cases). Bacterial pathogens were isolated from 5 out of 36 (13.9%) in measles with diarrhea but rotavirus, coronavirus and parasites were not detected in any case. The bacterial and viral etiology of measles with diarrhea were statistically significant different from the acute diarrhea group (p less than 0.005) and p less than 0.01 respectively) but not from the measles without diarrhea group (p greater than 0.05). 83.3 per cent of cases had diarrhea during 4 days before and after the appearance of rash. Watery diarrhea was frequently observed in this study (63.9%). Although measles virus was not identified in stools, data from this study suggested that measles may be the viral agent causing diarrhea. Watery stools are often observed and the presence of faecal white blood cell may be seen.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1986

Pathogenesis of corneal lesions in measles.

The mechanism of pathogenesis underlying the development of corneal lesions in measles was investigated in 125 children suffering from measles and 66 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Forty age-matched children with bronchopneumonia were investigated on similar lines to delineate the role played by vitamin A and measles individually in the development of corneal lesions. The results indicate that the pathogenesis of corneal lesions in measles is indeed multifactorial. Vitamin A deficiency alone or measles keratitis per se may not explain the mechanism completely. The immunosuppression induced by the local proliferation of the measles virus in the eye might trigger the invasion of pathogenic microbes which damage the cornea. The structural integrity of the cornea is already compromised by vitamin A deficiency and lesions of measles keratitis.

Bronchopneumonia↗
PubMed1986

Measles-associated diarrhoea in northeastern Thailand.

A significant proportion of the illness and death of diarrhoeal diseases in the developing world is estimated to be due to the diarrhoea associated with measles. During February 1983-January 1984 a prospective study of measles in a hospital in Northeastern Thailand was conducted. A total of 550 cases of measles were studied. Diarrhoea was the most frequent complication of measles, occurring in 233 cases (42.4%). The largest proportion (46.2%) of cases with diarrhoea occurred in May-July. Children with measles aged 6-11 months had the highest frequency of diarrhoea (65.7%). Cases aged 1 year and 0-5 months had diarrhoea rates of 60% and 57% respectively. The proportion of measles cases with diarrhoea decreased with increasing age. Only 9.1% (9/99) of stools sent for bacteriological culture were positive. In three of these Shigella spp. were isolated. The rest were non-typhoid Salmonella (2), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (2), Vibrio cholera (1), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (1). Other complications among measles cases were pneumonia in 168 (30.5%), otitis media in 28 (5.1%), convulsion in 13 (2.4%), croup in 9 (1.6%), encephalitis in 4 (0.7%), and sepsis in 1 (0.2%). Seven cases (1.3%) died, 4 from pneumonia, 2 from encephalitis, and 1 from sepsis.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Measles outbreak in a pediatric practice: airborne transmission in an office setting.

In February 1981, a measles outbreak occurred in a pediatric practice in DeKalb County, GA. The source case, a 12-year-old boy vaccinated against measles at 11 1/2 months of age, was in the office for one hour on the second day of rash, primarily in a single examining room. On examination, he was noted to be coughing vigorously. Seven secondary cases of measles occurred due to exposure in the office. Four children had transient contact with the source patient as he entered or exited through the waiting room; only one of the four had face-to-face contact within 1 m of the source patient. The three other children who contracted measles were never in the same room with the source patient; one of the three arrived at the office one hour after the source patient had left. The risk of measles for unvaccinated infants (attack rate 80%, 4/5) was 10.8 times the risk for vaccinated children (attack rate 7%, 2/27) (P = .022, Fisher exact test, two-tailed). Airflow studies demonstrated that droplet nuclei generated in the examining room used by the source patient were dispersed throughout the entire office suite. Airborne spread of measles from a vigorously coughing child was the most likely mode of transmission. The outbreak supports the fact that measles virus when it becomes airborne can survive at least one hour. The rarity of reports of similar outbreaks suggests that airborne spread is unusual. Modern office design with tight insulation and a substantial proportion of recirculated ventilation may predispose to airborne transmission.

Adult↗
PubMed1974

Studies on live rubella vaccine. V. Quantitative aspects of interference between rubella, measles and mumps viruses in their trivalent vaccine.

Rubella vaccine combined with measles and mumps vaccines was administered in a single injection to children of 1 to 5 years of age. All three vaccines were serologically effective, and the clinical reactions caused by measles vaccine were considerably alleviated, when 6 x 10(3) PFU of rubella and 10(4) TCD50 per dose of mumps vaccines were combined with 5 x 10(4) TCD50 of measles vaccine. When a larger amount of mumps vaccine (3 x 10(5) TCD50/dose) was used, it caused interference with the rubella and measles viruses, i.e., the antibody response to rubella virus became poor and the incidence of clinical reactions to measles virus decreased. On the other hand, when 5 x 10(5) TCD50/dose of measles vaccine was combined with 10(4) TCD50/dose of mumps vaccine, the clinical reactions to measles virus were decreased but were almost the same as those induced by this vaccine alone.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1982

Oligoclonal IgG bands with and without measles antibody activity in sera of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE).

Oligoclonal IgG bands from SSPE sera were isolated by combination of Protein A-Sepharose 4B column and preparative isoelectric focusing gel procedures. Each eluted fraction, when examined in analytic IEF, showed two or three individual bands with isoelectric points close to one another, compared to approximately fifteen IgG bands seen in whole serum. When the bands were tested for measles antibody activity in immunofixation with measles virus followed by peroxidase staining, the bands eluted in pH region 8.5 to 9.3 were found to be measles specific, whereas those in pH 7.0 to 8.4 lacked significant measles activity. When eluted fractions containing groups of bands were absorbed with measles virus, the bands in pH region 8.5 to 9.3 were removed, whereas those in pH 7.0 to 8.4 region remained unchanged; this indicated that a number of oligoclonal IgG bands without measles virus activities are present in SSPE. The bands lacking measles-specific activity may be synthesized against other infectious agents or they may represent nonspecific activation of B cell clones.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Do antibodies to myelin basic protein isolated from multiple sclerosis cross-react with measles and other common virus antigens?

Immunological activity to various antigens, including brain components, measles and other viruses, has been associated with IgG in multiple sclerosis (MS). One possible explanation for the presence of anti-viral antibodies and antibody to myelin basic protein (MBP) in MS patients is that there are antigenic determinants common to certain viruses and MBP. To assess this possibility, IgG from individual brains and sera from patients with MS, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and controls was isolated by protein A and MBP-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Antibody to MBP was measured with a solid phase radioimmunoassay and antibody to measles and other viruses by immunofluorescence and/or complement fixation. Anti-MBP activity was detected in brain extracts and sera of all MS patients tested. In contrast to the low levels of antibody to MBP in control brains, high levels of anti-MBP antibodies were found in most of the normal sera. There was no correlation between the presence and levels of serum anti-measles antibodies and the anti-MBP activity. None of the anti-MBP antibodies affinity purified from brain and serum of MS patients reacted with any of the viruses tested, including measles. IgG purified from SSPE patients or from a rabbit hyperimmunized with measles antigen had no reactivity to MBP, despite high levels of anti-measles antibody. It is concluded that there is not direct link between the presence of antibody to MBP and antibody to measles and other viruses in MS patients.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1981

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) in measles and malaria infections.

Sodium concentrations and osmolalities of simultaneously obtained venous blood and urine have been determined in a total of 61 children consisting of 18 children with malaria infection, 18 children with measles infection and 25 age- and sex-matched controls. The mean plasma osmolalities in the malaria and measles groups were significantly lower than in the control group (p less than 0.01). There was no difference between the measles and malaria groups either in their plasma osmolality (p greater than 0.20) or urine osmolality (p greater than 0.10). The u/p ratios for both osmolality and sodium concentrations where significantly higher for both the measles and malaria groups than for the matched controls. There was no difference in the u/p values between the malaria and measles groups (0.02 greater than p greater than 0.10). We conclude from these results that measles and malaria infected children demonstrate inappropriate secretion of ADH. Every child with these conditions should be carefully evaluated for the detection of evidence of SIADH. This is more important for children with measles who are frequently anorexic and may need intravenous infusion for maintenance of hydration.

Child, Preschool↗