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At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Children's narratives following traumatic brain injury: linguistic structure, cohesion, and thematic recall.

Narrative discourse and intellectual functioning were examined 3 years following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children 1 to 8 years of age at the time of injury. The language-impaired TBI group (n = 9) had language deficits during the subacute stage of recovery; their performance was contrasted with that of a TBI comparison group equated on neurologic and demographic variables that did not show subacute language impairment (n = 8) and a sibling comparison group (n = 9). The language-impaired TBI group had lower Verbal and Full-Scale IQ scores and produced fewer words and utterances than the sibling group on a story retelling task; their stories were characterized by fewer complete referential and lexical ties and more referential errors, indicating difficulty conjoining meaning across sentences. The language-impaired TBI group recalled approximately one-third of the propositions needed to maintain the story theme and made more errors sequencing the propositions than either the TBI or the sibling comparison groups. Group differences were not obtained on the Performance IQ scores or on measures of rate or fluency of speech production, mazes, use of conjunctives, or naming errors. The discourse deficiencies of children with TBI and acute language impairment were most pronounced at the level of cognitive organization of the text reflecting text macrostructure and were least apparent at the level of lexical and sentential organization reflecting text microstructure. Results are discussed in terms of the vulnerability of developing language abilities to disruption by brain injury.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed1999

Fundamental frequency encoding of linguistic and emotional prosody by right hemisphere-damaged speakers.

To illuminate the nature of the right hemisphere's involvement in expressive prosodic functions, a story completion task was administered to matched groups of right hemisphere-damaged (RHD) and nonneurological control subjects. Utterances which simultaneously specified three prosodic distinctions (emphatic stress, sentence modality, emotional tone) were elicited from each subject group and then subjected to acoustic analysis to examine various fundamental frequency (F(0)) attributes of the stimuli. Results indicated that RHD speakers tended to produce F(0) patterns that resembled normal productions in overall shape, but with significantly less F(0) variation. The RHD patients were also less reliable than normal speakers at transmitting emphasis or emotional contrasts when judged from the listener's perspective. Examination of the results across a wide variety of stimulus types pointed to a deficit in successfully implementing continuous aspects of F(0) patterns following right hemisphere insult.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Processing compounds: A cross-linguistic study.

This study explores the role of semantic transparency and morphological headedness in the on-line visual recognition of French and Bulgarian compounds using a constituent repetition priming paradigm. The results reported show significant constituent priming effects for both languages. Moreover, distinct priming patterns emerged, demonstrating that the semantic transparency of individual constituents, their position in the string, and morphological headedness interact in the processing of compounds.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Representation of linguistic rules in the brain: evidence from training an aphasic patient to produce past tense verb morphology.

We trained a patient with expressive aphasia and a deficit in phoneme-to-grapheme conversion to produce spoken English verbs with correct tense morphology. After training, he showed evidence of generalization to production of written regular, but not irregular, verbs in a sentence completion task. These data support dual-route, rule-based models within the brain for morphosyntactic operations.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

The illusory transparency of intention: linguistic perspective taking in text.

Subjects read scenarios where a speaker made a comment that, depending on information that was privileged to the subjects, could have been interpreted as sarcastic or not sarcastic. Their task was to take the perspective of an uninformed addressee and determine whether he or she would perceive sarcasm. Overall, when subjects believed that the speaker was actually being sarcastic they were more likely to attribute the perception of sarcasm to the addressee--even when the message was conveyed in writing and could not have involved disambiguating cues such as intonation. Data from four different experiments suggest that readers do use information that is perspective-irrelevant and thus pose a problem for theories of language use that assume readers only use "relevant" information.

Communication↗
PubMed1998

Linguistic Relativity: The Case of Place Value in Multi-Digit Numbers

Differences between languages have been implicated recently in explanations of the cross-cultural disparities observed in children's mathematical performance on place value tasks (e.g., Miura, Okamaoto, Kim, Chang, Steere & Fayol, 1994). Children's understanding of place value was investigated here with 93 English-speaking children and 50 Japanese-speaking children (aged 6 and 7 years). Cubes denoting units and tens were made available to children for producing representations of multi-digit numerals. It was found that subtle shifts in task instructions produced a marked influence on children's performance. In particular, differences between English and Japanese participants disappeared when the use of tens cubes was demonstrated in practice trials. More generally, the findings indicate that the influence of language on the cognitive representation of number is less direct than has previously been suggested. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Cortical DC-potentials in identification of the language-dominant hemisphere: linguistical and clinical aspects.

In order to find a non-invasive method for determining the hemispheric dominance for language, we studied cortical activation patterns during language processing by means of electrophysiological techniques: DC-potentials were recorded from frontal, central, temporal and parietal electrode positions in 28 right-handed normal subjects and in 16 patients with a history of transient loss of speech and known hemispheric dominance. Subjects were asked to find as many synonyms as possible within 6 seconds to either a concrete or an abstract noun. This task caused a highly significant left-hemispheric lateralization over frontal and central, but not over temporal and parietal cortical areas. Search for synonyms to abstract nouns yielded frontal left-hemispheric dominance in 93% of all normal subjects, search for synonyms to concrete nouns in 85%. Inter-electrode correlation coefficients were higher during processing of abstract word categories than during processing of concrete categories. In all patients, frontal and central lateralization corresponded to their hemispheric dominance as determined from clinical data. Advantages as well as inconveniences of this technique are discussed and compared to other invasive and noninvasive tools of assessing speech lateralization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

A Chicano version of the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP). A health care evaluation instrument crosses the linguistic barrier.

Evaluation of improvement of access of health services requires measurement across cultural and language boundaries. Using a measure of functional health status, the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), a procedure for and analysis of a Chicano Spanish translation of the SIP is presented. Consensus among translators was achieved. The translation was validated by administering English and Spanish versions to 31 bilinguals and by having Spanish monolinguals rescale it. In both cases, correlations between English and Spanish versions were high.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1982

An evaluation of evidence for innate sex differences in linguistic ability.

A female superiority in verbal ability is reported on many tests. It has been hypothesized that the female brain is more functionally symmetrical for language then the male, and that this is the cause of the alleged superiority. Recent research has suggested that factors other than sex are involved: handedness, age of maturity, and endocrine influences. It is not yet clear whether, despite its biological correlates, the female superiority is innate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Interaction of visual information, verbal information, and linguistic competence in the preschool-aged child.

Carol Chomsky found evidence to support the notion that children have not mastered the syntactic form of the sentence "John is easy to see" until after the age of 8 years. However, she failed to control for the effects the visual stimulus might have had on the child's understanding of the stimulus question. This study reexamined Chomsky's conclusions by using two experimental conditions. The first condition was an exact replication of Chomsky's method, while the second included a control for the biasing effects produced by the visual stimulus. The results confirmed the authors' suspicions that the visual stimulus was indeed distorting Chomsky's findings and that, on the average, children were able to decode this particular syntactic form by the age of 67 months. These findings are discussed from the perspective of Bruner's theory, which states that cognitive processes of children under 8 years of age are dominated by the iconic mode of representation.

Child↗
PubMed1981

Linguistic pragmatics and language intervention strategies.

The recent research focus on pragmatics leads to the consideration of issues of language use that have fundamental practical implications for language assessment and intervention. Specifically, the pragmatic orientation suggests changes in the content of language assessments, by evaluating various communicative functions the child expresses, and modifications in the process of language assessment, by encouraging both the initiating and responding dimensions of the child's communicative behavior. Furthermore, the pragmatic focus suggests changes in the process of intervention. The primary goal of intervention becomes facilitation of generalized communicative functions for which syntactic structures and semantic content are only the tools. And the pragmatic framework suggests guidelines for what constitute appropriate reinforcers that sustain rather than interrupt communicative interactions.

Child↗
PubMed1975

Cognitive processing and linguistic reference in autistic children.

Mutism or echolalia and failure to analyze sentences for their deep structures are characteristics of the language behavior of autistic children. The experimental literature indicates that cognitive processes which underlie the construction of a lexicon or the learning of ordering rules may be disturbed in these children. The inability to coordinate visual and aural stimulation inhibits lexical development, while difficulties in sequencing and use of inappropriate sequencing codes inhibits the growth of a productive grammar. It is suggested that remedial programs which include training in these processes may prove beneficial, and that substitute modes of information processing which the autistic child uses may be exploited to teach language forms.

Association Learning↗
PubMed1996

Tasks and timing in the perception of linguistic anomaly.

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the relative timing of syntactic and pragmatic anomaly detection during sentence processing. Experiment 1 was an eye movement study. Experiment 2 employed a dual-task paradigm with compressed speech input, to put the processing routines under time pressure. Experiment 3 used compressed speech input in an anomaly monitoring task. The outcomes of these experiments suggest that there is little or no delay in pragmatic processing relative to syntactic processing in the comprehension of unambiguous sentences. This narrows the possible explanations for any delays that are observed in the use of pragmatic information for ambiguity resolution.

Cognition↗
PubMed1996

The relationship between the frequency and the processing complexity of linguistic structure.

In this paper the relative frequencies of the possible resolutions of ambiguities involving noun phrase attachment sites are compared to the results of off-line psycholinguistic measurements of syntactic complexity. A lack of correlation between the two is observed. It is therefore argued that the comprehension system is distinct from what is driving the frequencies in the corpora. A production heuristic separate from the comprehension system is proposed to account for the observed frequencies.

Cognition↗