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At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Ethnic background does not influence outcome for return-to-work in work-related interdisciplinary rehabilitation for long-term pain: 1- and 3-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: It is often suggested that immigrants with long-term pain do not benefit from rehabilitation to the same extent as native Swedish patients. In this study, an 8-week rehabilitation programme was evaluated according to its adaptation for immigrants. OBJECTIVES: To establish whether there is a difference between immigrants and native Swedes concerning: (i) return-to-work, the patients' own estimation and their actual ability; (ii) higher level of activity; (iii) reduction in pain and analgesic use. PATIENTS: A total of 67 patients with persistent non-malignant pain completed the rehabilitation programme. Thirty (45%) of the patients were immigrants. METHODS: A 1- and a 3-year follow-up were made to compare the outcome between the 2 groups. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the return-to-work rate between immigrants and native Swedes. However, the patients' prediction of their ability to return to work was higher among the non-immigrants. The level of activity was lower and pain intensity and use of analgesics were higher among the immigrants than the non-immigrants. CONCLUSION: Immigrants can benefit from a rehabilitation programme to the same extent as native Swedes concerning return-to-work rate, but seem to have limitations in assimilating the other objectives of the programme.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Thirty years of bioethics.

Glenn McGee, Editor-in-chief of the American Journal of Bioethics offers a brief overview of the issues that have defined America's 'thirty years of bioethic,' and contends that genetics is the issue that now awakens bioethicists' concern.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed2006

Developmental cognitive genetics: how psychology can inform genetics and vice versa.

Developmental neuropsychology is concerned with uncovering the underlying basis of developmental disorders such as specific language impairment (SLI), developmental dyslexia, and autistic disorder. Twin and family studies indicate that genetic influences play an important part in the aetiology of all of these disorders, yet progress in identifying genes has been slow. One way forward is to cut loose from conventional clinical criteria for diagnosing disorders and to focus instead on measures of underlying cognitive mechanisms. Psychology can inform genetics by clarifying what the key dimensions are for heritable phenotypes. However, it is not a one-way street. By using genetically informative designs, one can gain insights about causal relationships between different cognitive deficits. For instance, it has been suggested that low-level auditory deficits cause phonological problems in SLI. However, a twin study showed that, although both types of deficit occur in SLI, they have quite different origins, with environmental factors more important for auditory deficit, and genes more important for deficient phonological short-term memory. Another study found that morphosyntactic deficits in SLI are also highly heritable, but have different genetic origins from impairments of phonological short-term memory. A genetic perspective shows that a search for the underlying cause of developmental disorders may be misguided, because they are complex and heterogeneous and are associated with multiple risk factors that only cause serious disability when they occur in combination.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A new approach to assessing ethical conduct in scientific work.

The intent of the current article is to describe the development of a new approach to the study of ethical conduct in scientific research settings. The approach presented in this article has two main components. The first component entails the development of a taxonomy of ethical events as they occur across a broad range of scientific disciplines. The second involves the identification of proximate criteria that will allow systematic and objective evaluation of ethical behaviors through low-fidelity performance simulations. Two proposed measures based on the new approach are intended to identify and measure variations in the scientific environment that might predispose certain individuals to make unethical decisions.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guidelines for the management of adult deliberate self-harm.

BACKGROUND: The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists is co-ordinating the development of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) in psychiatry, funded under the National Mental Health Strategy (Australia) and the New Zealand Health Funding Authority. METHOD: For these guidelines, the CPG Team for Deliberate Self-harm reviewed the treatment outcome literature (including meta-analyses) and consulted with practitioners and patients. TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS: (i) Organization of general hospital services to provide: emergency department admission; a safe environment; integrated medical and psychiatric management; risk assessment; identification of psychiatric morbidity, and adequate follow-up. (ii) Detection and treatment of any psychiatric disorder. (iii) Dialectical behaviour therapy, psychoanalytically orientated partial hospitalization or home-based interpersonal therapy (for certain patients) to reduce repetition of deliberate self-harm (DSH). CONCLUSION: Deliberate self-harm is common and is costly in terms of both individual distress and service provision. General hospitals are often the first point of clinical contact, but may not be appropriately organized to care for these patients. Evidence for the effectiveness of psychological treatments is based on single RCTs without replication. The three recommended psychological treatments are not widely available in Australia and New Zealand, and the interventions that are, such as cognitive behaviour therapy, problem solving and 'green cards' (an agreement guaranteeing access to services), do not reduce repetition of DSH. The effect of follow-up in psychiatric hospitals or in the community is poorly understood. We need to develop and evaluate interventions that will reduce repetition of both fatal and non-fatal deliberate self-harm and improve the person's functioning and quality of life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

From golden beaches to the heartland: reflections of NSW rural trainees.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the training experiences of rural-based psychiatry trainees in New South Wales. METHOD: Semistructured interviews were conducted with psychiatry trainees, rural psychiatrists and rural mental health administrators. The interviews were, for the most part, conducted face to face. RESULTS: Three factors that make this programme work are the opportunity to start training in a rural centre, a local psychiatrist who can act as guide and mentor and the initiative of this group of registrars. Three obstacles are a perceived lack of flexibility in College guidelines, isolation from peers and insufficient support when relocating to the city for specialty terms. CONCLUSIONS: The NSW rural psychiatry training project is an exciting development. Three years on, it represents the best avenue for creating a locally based rural psychiatrist network. It stands as a model for the rest of the country.

Community Mental Health Centers↗
PubMed2004

All systems go.

Reductionism has served cell biologists well in the past decades, but systems biologists are now promising to broaden the picture. The challenge will be to provide not just the lists and quantitation but real mechanistic insights.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2005

The integration of behaviour into comparative physiology.

Comparative physiology has traditionally focused on the physiological responses of animals to their physicochemical environment. In recent years, awareness has increased among physiologists of the potential for behavioural factors, such as the social environment of the animal, to affect physiological condition and responses. This recognition has led to an emerging trend within the field toward using multidisciplinary approaches that incorporate both behavioural and physiological techniques. Research areas in which the integrated study of behaviour and physiology has been particularly fruitful include the physiology of the social environment, sensory physiology and behaviour, and physiological constraints on behavioural ecology. The manner in which incorporating behavioural considerations has informed the physiological data collected is discussed for each of these areas using specific examples.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Patrons of the revolution. Ideals and institutions in postwar behavioral science.

This essay argues that shifts in patronage for the postwar behavioral and social sciences were linked intimately to both intellectual and institutional changes. This broad argument comprises two subarguments: first, that there were in fact two distinct, successive patronage systems for postwar social science--not one, as is commonly assumed; and, second, that the first postwar patronage system played a major role in enabling a series of behavioral revolutions and interdisciplinary syntheses across the social sciences, while the second postwar patronage system encouraged the development of specialized concepts, techniques, and technologies within the disciplines. The essay also suggests that the widespread concern among social scientists in the 1970s and 1980s that their fields were fragmenting was at least in part an unintended consequence of the rise of the second system.

Behavioral Sciences↗
PubMed2006

Integration without unification: an argument for pluralism in the biological sciences.

In this article, we consider the tension between unification and pluralism in biological theory. We begin with a consideration of historical efforts to establish a unified understanding of evolution in the neo-Darwinian synthesis. The fragmentation of the evolutionary synthesis by molecular evolution suggests the limitations of the general unificationist ideal for biology but not necessarily for integrating explanations. In the second half of this article, we defend a specific variety of pluralism that allows for the integration required for explanations of complex phenomena without unification on a large scale.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2006

What hypotheses are you willing to entertain?

The 2005 American Society of Naturalists Vice-Presidential Symposium was organized on the theme of "Integrating across Scientific Disciplines." Integration implies considering some aspect of nature from disparate vantages that cut across disciplinary boundaries. The articles presented here illustrate that taking integrative approaches to addressing research questions yields much greater insights than do piecemeal contributions by separate fields.

Animals↗