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PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of vaccinal strain 17D of the yellow fever virus on the nature of proprioceptive information processing in the course of training BALB/c strain mice].

The influence of asymptomatic neuroviral infection produced by the 17D vaccine strain of yellow fever virus on the conditional reflex development of intracerebrally inoculated BALB/c mice was studied. In the virus-infected animals, the development of a conditional reflex in the labyrinth was hampered, on the one hand, by weakening of the inhibition process in the brain due to viral infection which was manifested by regular reproduction of "excess" information and perseverance; on the other hand, the development of the conditional reflex was made difficult because of the disturbance of the mechanisms providing for prolonged permanent level of awakeness. The observed changes were not accompanied by marked pathomorphological lesions in the CNS.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

How patients with gynecological cancer experience the information process.

This qualitative study was designed to explore the kind of experiences women with a diagnosis of gynecological cancer have with regard to information given during their illness and how it could be improved. Data were collected through a semistructured interview which focused on the 24 women's experiences of the information given. The interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim for each participant, and analysed using a content analysis. Two main themes were revealed: to actively address questions, and the right to receive honest information. The results also include a short description on how information was offered, the patients' opinion of it and how the patients had sought information for themselves. When patients address questions they want honest answers. Some effort should also be made to identify patients who do not want information. If it is in accordance with the patient's and next-of-kin's wishes, efforts should be made to provide information at times when both can participate. Information given jointly to the patient and her family lessens the burden for the patient. In Sweden today, as a result of recent political decisions, caregivers must also consider the need to discuss economic issues.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Effects of stereotypes on decision making and information-processing strategies.

In two experiments we investigated the effects of stereotyping on (a) reactions to a behavioral transgression and (b) the recall of information bearing on it. Subjects read a case file describing a transgression committed by a target (in Experiment 1, a job-related infraction; in Experiment 2, a criminal act). In some cases, the target's transgression was stereotypic of the target's ethnic group (conveyed through his name), and in other cases it was not. After reading the case file, subjects judged the likelihood that the transgression would recur and recommended punishment for the offense. These judgment data supported the hypothesis that stereotypes function as judgmental heuristics. Specifically, subjects used a stereotype of the target to infer the reasons for his transgression, and then based their punishment decisions on the implications of these inferences, considering other relevant information only when a stereotype-based explanation of the behavior was not available. However, recall data suggested that once a stereotype-based impression of the crime and its determinants was formed, subjects reviewed other available information in an attempt to confirm the implications of this impression. This led to differential recall of presented information, depending on whether its implications were consistent with, inconsistent with, or irrelevant to those of the stereotype.

Crime↗
PubMed2001

NMDA and AMPA antagonist infusions into the ventral striatum impair different steps of spatial information processing in a nonassociative task in mice.

Most of the research on ventral striatal functions has been focused on their role in modulating reward and motivation. More recently, a possible role of this structure in cognitive functions has been suggested. However, very little information is available on the involvement of the nucleus accumbens in the different stages of the consolidation process. In this study, the effect of focal injections of AP-5 and DNQX, competitive antagonists at the NMDA and AMPA receptors, respectively, was examined in a nonassociative task designed to estimate the ability of mice to react to spatial changes. The task consists of placing the animals in an open field containing five objects; after three sessions of habituation, their reactivity to object displacement was examined 24 hr later. AP-5 injections administered after training impaired the ability of mice to detect the spatial novelty but did not affect response when injected 120 min after training or before testing. On the contrary, DNQX did not affect response when administered immediately or 120 min after training but did impair spatial discrimination when administered before training or testing. These data demonstrate a double dissociation between glutamate receptor subtypes, such that accumbens NMDA receptors are important for consolidation and not ongoing discrimination of spatial information, whereas AMPA receptors have an opposite role in these processes.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗
PubMed1996

Information processing by graded-potential transmission through tonically active synapses.

Many neurons use graded membrane-potential changes, instead of action potentials, to transmit information. Traditional synaptic models feature discontinuous transmitter release by presynaptic action potentials, but this is not true for synapses between graded-potential neurons. In addition to graded and continuous transmitter release, they have multiple active zones, ribbon formations and L-type Ca2+ channels. These differences are probably linked to the high rate of vesicle fusion required for continuous transmitter release. Early stages of sensory systems provide some of the best characterized graded-potential neurons, and recent work on these systems suggests that modification of synaptic transmission by adaptation is a powerful feature of graded synapses.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[New communication platforms in gynecology exemplified by the Professional Group for Information Processing in Gynecology and Obstetrics and the German IVF Registry].

Main reason for acceptance and distribution of the internet is the possibility to present information in a reasonable and contemporary way. Therefore the internet changed the way of decision making techniques in medicine. Two different information platforms for gynecological and reproductive topics have been created. The German Register for In-Vitro-Fertilization (DIR) collect data for quality assessment in reproductive medicine. The Work Group for Information Technologies in Gynecology and Obstetrics (AIG) will establish methods and new techniques to support treatments and science.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2004

Race and information processing in criminal trials: does the defendant's race affect how the facts are evaluated?

Two studies examined whether a criminal defendant's race influences Whites' sensitivity to legally relevant information. In Study 1, prosecution case strength ratings and guilt likelihood ratings were more sensitive to the strength of the defendant's alibi when he was Black than when he was White, if the experimental task was designed to elicit low processing motivation. Under high motivation, participants were equally sensitive to alibi strength, regardless of defendant race. In Study 2, the alibi strength manipulation was replaced with a manipulation of the effectiveness of the district attorney's cross-examination. As predicted, defense case strength ratings were more sensitive to the strength of the prosecutor's cross-examination with a Black defendant than with a White defendant-under low motivation. Under high motivation, sensitivity did not depend on defendant race. These results suggest that a Black defendant can elicit greater sensitivity to legally relevant information than will a White defendant.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Reinforcement-driven dimensionality reduction--a model for information processing in the basal ganglia.

Although anatomical studies of the basal ganglia show the existence of extensive convergence and lateral inhibitory connections, physiological studies failed to show correlated neural activity or lateral interaction in these nuclei. These seemingly contradictory results could be explained with a model in which the basal ganglia reduce the dimensionality of cortical information using optimal extraction methods. Simulations of this model predict a transient change in the efficacy of the feed-forward and lateral synapses following changes in reinforcement signal, causing an increase in correlated firing rates. This process ultimately restores the steady-state situation with diminished efficacy of lateral inhibition and no correlation of firing. Our experimental results confirm the model's predictions: rate correlations show a drastic decrease between the input stage (cortex) and output stage (pallidum). Moreover, preliminary analysis revealed that pallidal correlations show a transient increase following discrepancies between the animal's predictions and reality. We therefore propose that by using a reinforcement-driven dimensionality reduction process the basal ganglia achieve efficient extraction of cortical salient information that may then be used by the frontal cortex for execution and planning of forthcoming actions.

Animals↗