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Nonabsorbable indicators. The effect of protein on phenol red and polyethylene glycol determination.
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Insulin secretion and pancreatic exocrine function in patients with chronic pancreatitis.
The relationship between insulin responses to oral glucose and pancreatic exocrine function were examined in 15 patients with chronic pancreatitis. Good correlations were found between the insulin responses and exocrine pancreatic function measured as the concentrations of pancreatic enzymes in duodenal juice after intravenous cholecystokinin-pancreazymin (CCK-PZ). There appears to be a roughly parallel loss of endocrine and exocrine function in the course of chronic pancreatitis.
[Lipid metabolism of the small intestine].
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Recent studies on the microbial ecology of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Microecological problems have escalated recently in clinical medicine. We studied the microecology of the upper small bowel. Duodenal flora was examined, displaying microbial growth in 90.8% of the 400 patients examined. The microflora was classified according to germ quality into definite types of colonization. Frequency of microbial colonization is normally 36.7% and 63.3% by overgrowth, indicating differing dysbioses. Simulation of microbial overgrowth in the duodenum is possible with a continuous-flow culture, demonstrating a biocenosis of several groups of micro-organisms with great metabolic activity. Continuous culture technique suggests possibilities for future studies of human gastrointestinal microecology.
Postoperative adaptation of the small intestine.
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[Pathophysiology and morbidity of paralytic ileus (including peritonitis)].
Main complication of different diseases is the paralytic ileus. The basis of all pathophysiological mechanisms is a decrease of the immune deficiency in the intestinal wall. At first the intestinal water-, electrolyte- and protein metabolism is disturbed. Secondly we can measure an endotoxinemia and a bacteriemia with all complications. In the end a complete septic shock and an insufficiency of the organ "gut" can be observed. The patients die - in absence of treatment - because of intraabdominal sepsis and peritonitis.
Histamine is a transient marker of small intestinal injury induced by luminal acetic acid and casein.
We compared the time course of histamine release with other markers of intestinal injury in a rabbit model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Injury was induced by luminal acetic acid (200 mM) and casein (10 mg/ml) and experiments terminated after 45 min or 3 hr. Compared to saline controls there was a significant elevation of epithelial permeability (51Cr-EDTA clearance) and luminal protein levels at both time points. Luminal fluid histamine levels were approximately 120-fold greater than saline controls at 45 min but were indistinguishable from control values at 3 hr. We conclude that although mast cell activation is a characteristic of this model, elevations in histamine levels are transient.
[Study of the phosphatid fractions in the human small intestinal juice before and after administration of middle chain triglycerides].
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Hydrolysis of DHEA sulphate after oral application.
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Pathogenesis and pharmacology of diarrhea.
The etiological factors involved in diarrhea are multiple. Also the mechanisms and mediators involved are multiple: intracellular mediators (Ca, cAMP, cGMP, calmodulin, phospholipids), extracellular mediators (hormones, neurotransmitters, prostaglandins, enterotoxins...), intramural blood flow and oxygen, intestinal motility (local- and peristaltic motility). Till now, antidiarrheals are not so versatile that they provide a solution to all types of diarrhea. The mechanisms of action of fluid replacement therapy, loperamide, alpha 2 agonist and some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory substances are reviewed.
Experimental dumping: mesenteric blood flow and fluid exchange.
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[Loperamide abuse in anxiety disorder].
Anxiety disorders often accompany somatic correlates of anxiety such as abdominal trouble and diarrhoea. Nevertheless, misuse of antidiarrhoeals has been described only once. We report on a 34-year-old woman who abused loperamide for over 10 years, taking up to 16 mg per day. Loperamide is an opioid that stimulates opioid receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby inhibiting intestinal secretion and propulsive peristalsis, probably without affecting the central nervous system. As our patient's digestive trouble was a consequence of her states of anxiety, diazepam application helped against her diarrhoea as well. This second strategy of self-medication gained particular importance for her, when even high doses of loperamide stopped having an effect. So she developed a benzodiazepine dependence. As soon as she began treatment as an inpatient, her feelings of anxiety became less and the diarrhoea disappeared.
Apudomas of the gut.
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Fluoride, calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the rat: comparison of 'natural ingredient' with semipurified diets.
Three groups of weanling female rats were fed different, commercially available, 'natural ingredient' diets containing 12, 28 or 45 parts/10(6) F, mainly as bone meal, for six weeks. Two other groups were fed a low-fluoride (0.76 parts/10(6)) semipurified diet. They received fluoride doses, either in the drinking water or by daily intraperitoneal injection, which were approximately equal to the average dose of the other three groups. Rats on the 'natural ingredient' diets ingested more food and water and excreted more faeces and urine, effects which were attributed to the higher amounts of dietary fibre, Na, K and Cl. Thus, at any given concentration of fluoride in the food or water, the level of fluoride ingestion and the ensuing effects would be influenced by the type of diet used. The values for fractional fluoride absorption (45-49%) and retention (38-47%) were similar among the groups given 'natural ingredient' diets. In the groups given semipurified diet, the corresponding values were about twice as high with the exception that fractional absorption was negative (-41%) in the injected group, which indicated net intestinal secretion of fluoride. Fluoride balances and tissue concentrations were highest in the groups fed the semipurified diet, even though the level of intake was not always higher. The fractional values for calcium and phosphorus absorption (41-51%) and retention (33-43%) were also similar among the groups given 'natural ingredient' diets. The corresponding values were about twice as high in the groups fed the semipurified diet. In terms of supporting maximum bone calcification, phosphorus absorption was marginal in two of the groups on the 'natural ingredient' diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of amphotericin B on the permeability of the small and large intestines of Testudo hermanni.
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Intestinal digestion of maltotriose in man.
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Chemical synthesis of a highly potent and heat-stable analog of an enterotoxin produced by a human strain of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
A shorter analog of a heat-stable enterotoxin produced by a human strain of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli SK-1, consisting of 14 amino acid residues including 6 half-cystine residues, was synthesized by conventional methods. The peptide was evaluated for ability to induce intestinal secretion in suckling mice and for stability at high temperature under various conditions. The peptide was 2-5 times more potent than native toxin and was still toxic after heat-treatment at 120 degrees C for 30 min.