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PubMedDate not supplied

Panel 2.3: gender dimensions and human rights aspects to responses and recovery.

This is a summary of the presentations and discussion of the Gender Dimensions and Human Rights Aspects to Responses and Recovery of the Conference, Health Aspects of the Tsunami Disaster in Asia, convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Phuket, Thailand, 04-06 May 2005. The topics discussed included issues related to gender dimensions and human rights pertaining to the responses to the damage created by the Tsunami. It is presented in the following major sections: (1) gaps encountered and major issues; (2) limitations of response; (3) what could have been done better?; and (4) recommendations.

Disasters↗
PubMed2002

Gender selection: ethical, scientific, legal, and practical issues.

PURPOSE: This work offers an overview of the technology available and assisted reproductive technology (ART) practitioner attitudes to human reproductive sex preselection in either sperm with the use of flow cytometry (FC) or in embryos by means of preimplantational genetic diagnose (PGD) together with an analysis of Spanish legal environment. METHODS: A review of the legal, ethical and technical literature of the methods to select the sex in the offspring is performed. RESULTS: Sex selection in humans has different utilities to be employed depending on each country's law. Moreover, different ethical concerns are raised depending on the type of sex selection, in sperm or embryos. Both methodologies to pre-select the sex are trustworthy, with a high predictive power in the determination of the sex, but nevertheless, PGD is better than FC selection in this aspect. CONCLUSIONS: After a careful analysis of ethical, legal, and scientific features of gender selection, FC combined with PGD appears to be the most acceptable way to select the sex of the progeny whatever the circumstances are.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Women and human immunodeficiency virus: unique management issues.

Women currently account for an increasing proportion of the US population infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although women suffer from similar HIV-related complications as men, they also can have unique gynecologic manifestations, such as cervical dysplasia or severe pelvic inflammatory disease. Other gender-specific management issues include contraception and pregnancy. Fortunately, today the perinatal HIV transmission rate can be lowered to less than 2% with appropriate management. More couples, including those discordant for HIV infection, are opting to pursue conception. Providers caring for HIV-infected women should be knowledgeable about reproductive choices, including the full array of available options. Strategies shown to improve access of health care to HIV-infected women include integrating gynecologic services with primary care, daily availability of medical services, provision of transportation, and provision of on-site childcare.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Asian/Pacific Islander women in medical education: personal and professional challenges.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify the complex issues facing Asian/Pacific Islander (API) women students at one Midwestern medical school as they subjectively experience their medical training. Of particular interest was how students navigated family influences, career planning, and ethnic and gender stereotypes. SUMMARY: Sixty-five percent of the students reported that their parents exerted various degrees of encouragement or pressure to enter medicine. The remaining students said that the decision was entirely theirs (20%) or that the decision had been made for them (15%). Many reported the larger Asian "community" as a source of influence. A slight majority of students thought they were perceived by faculty as being "quiet," often too quiet. With only 1 exception, all of the students believed that their cultural identity influenced their specialty choice. Stressors reported by students centered on competition, achievement, and formation of intimate relationships (i.e., dating). CONCLUSIONS: Medical educators who provide personal and professional support for API women students should be keenly aware of the career, gender, and family issues that emerge at the intersection of API and Euro-American cultures. Faculty development should include an educational component on issues of concern to API students, men and women. Faculty also need to wrestle with the cultural values of "modesty, respect for authority, public self-consciousness, and other directness" as they intersect with assertion as a primary value found in Euro-American culture in general and in medical education in particular.

Asian↗
PubMed2001

Survival strategies of the elderly in Gwembe Valley, Zambia: gender, residence and kin networks.

Fundamental social and material reproductive activities take place in the domestic setting, especially in subsistence societies. For the elderly in these societies, residential arrangements significantly influence their well being because of the redistribution of resources that occurs within the domestic unit. This article examines the critical issue of how the elderly of Zambia's Gwembe Valley organize their residential arrangements. The article also raises the issue of how gender influences elderly men's and women's relationships and support networks with their children and other kin. In the Gwembe Valley men and women employ different strategies in harnessing basic necessities, including their residence, which constitutes the primary setting where people negotiate their needs. Recognition of the variety and subtlety of relationships in the aging process, and the variety of individuals engaged in those relationships, allows for better understanding of the range of support systems and subsistence strategies in non-industrial settings. The analysis presented in this article emerges from the longitudinal Gwembe Tonga Research Project (GTRP) and ethnographic fieldwork carried out in three rural communities during the mid 1990s.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Gender differences in ethical perceptions of business practices: a social role theory perspective.

This study presents a meta-analysis of research on gender differences in perceptions of ethical decision making. Data from more than 20,000 respondents in 66 samples show that women are more likely than men to perceive specific hypothetical business practices as unethical. As suggested by social role theory (A. H. Eagly, 1987), the gender difference observed in precareer (student) samples declines as the work experience of samples increases. Social role theory also accounts for greater gender differences in nonmonetary issues than in monetary issues. T. M. Jones's (1991) issue-contingent model of moral intensity helps explain why gender differences vary across types of behavior. Contrary to expectations, differences are not influenced by the sex of the actor or the target of the behavior and do not depend on whether the behavior involves personal relationships or action vs. inaction.

Decision Making, Organizational↗
PubMed2006

Adolescents' as active agents in the socialization process: legitimacy of parental authority and obligation to obey as predictors of obedience.

Adolescents' agreement with parental standards and beliefs about the legitimacy of parental authority and their own obligation to obey were used to predict adolescents' obedience, controlling for parental monitoring, rules, and rule enforcement. Hierarchical linear models were used to predict both between-adolescent and within-adolescent, issue-specific differences in obedience in a sample of 703 Chilean adolescents (M age=15.0 years). Adolescents' global agreement with parents and global beliefs about their obligation to obey predicted between-adolescent obedience, controlling for parental monitoring, age, and gender. Adolescents' issue-specific agreement, legitimacy beliefs, and obligation to obey predicted issue-specific obedience, controlling for rules and parents' reports of rule enforcement. The potential of examining adolescents' agreement and beliefs about authority as a key link between parenting practices and adolescents' decisions to obey is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender matters.

The concept of gender is about more than just sex. Gender is made up of a system of meanings related to power and status. It operates at individual, interactional and cultural levels to structure people's lives (Unger and Crawford 1996). The aim of this learning unit is to explore issues concerned with gender and women's health. The unit discusses different approaches and strategies that nurses, midwives and health visitors can use to offer women progressive gender-aware health care.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychosocial issues affecting crews during long-duration international space missions.

Psychosocial issues can negatively impact on crew performance and morale during long-duration international space missions. Major psychosocial factors that have been described in anecdotal reports from space and in studies from analog situations on Earth include: 1) crew heterogeneity due to gender differences, cultural issues, and work experiences and motivations; 2) language and dialect variations; and 3) task versus supportive leadership roles. All of these factors can lead to negative sequelae, such as intra-crew tension and cohesion disruptions. Specific sequelae that can result from single factors include subgrouping and scapegoating due to crew heterogeneity; miscommunication due to major or subtle language differences; and role confusion, competition, and status leveling due to inappropriate leadership role definition. It is time to conduct research exploring the impact of these psychosocial factors and their sequelae on space crews during actual long-duration international space missions.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1994

The sociocultural relevance of sex research. Challenges for the 1990s and beyond.

This article discusses six factors influencing research on sex and reproductive health: (a) the selection of grouping variables on the basis of race; (b) conceptual frameworks to examine sexual risk taking; (c) use of recreational rather than procreation-based models of sex; (d) research designed to control rather than to understand sexual behaviors; (e) use of a dominant, male perspective; and (f) the focus on women to minimize sexual risk taking. The effect of these factors on what is understood about sociocultural, ethnic, gender, and other issues that have yet to be examined is presented, with the ultimate goal of maximizing sexual health for diverse populations.

Contraception Behavior↗
PubMed2001

Gender-related differences in infrarenal aortic aneurysm morphologic features: issues relevant to Ancure and Talent endografts.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether gender-related anatomic variables may reduce applicability of aortic endografting in women. METHODS: Data on all patients evaluated at our institution for endovascular repair of their abdominal aortic aneurysm were collected prospectively. Ancure (Endovascular Technologies (EVT)/Guidant Corporation, Menlo Park, Calif) and Talent (World Medical/Medtronic Corporation, Sunrise, Fla) endografts were used. Preoperative imaging included contrast-enhanced computed tomography and arteriography or magnetic resonance angiography. RESULTS: One hundred forty-one patients were evaluated (April 1998-December 1999), 19 women (13.5%) and 122 men (86.5%). Unsuitable anatomy resulted in rejection of 63.2% of the women versus only 33.6% of the men (P = .026). Maximum aneurysm diameter in women and men were similar (women, 56.94 +/- 8.23 mm; men, 59.29 +/- 13.22 mm; P = .5). The incidence of iliac artery tortuosity was similar across gender (women, 36.8%; men, 54.9%; P = .2). The narrowest diameter of the larger external iliac artery in women was significantly smaller (7.29 +/- 2.37 mm) than in men (8.62 +/- 2.07 mm; P = .02). The proximal neck length was significantly shorter in women (10.79 +/- 12.5 mm) than in men (20.47 +/- 19.5 mm; P = .02). The proximal neck width was significantly wider in women (30.5 +/- 2.4 mm) than in men (27.5 +/- 2.5 mm; P = .013). Proximal neck angulation (>60 degrees) was seen in a significantly higher proportion of women (21%) than men (3.3%; P = .012). Of the patients accepted for endografting, a significantly higher proportion of women required an iliofemoral conduit for access (women, 28.6%; men, 1.2%; P = .016). CONCLUSION: Gender-related differences in infrarenal aortic aneurysm morphologic features may preclude widespread applicability of aortic endografting in women, as seen by our experience with the Ancure and Talent devices. In addition to a significantly reduced iliac artery size, women are more likely to have a shorter, more dilated, more angulated proximal aortic neck.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

The importance of gender on coronary artery size: in-vivo assessment by intravascular ultrasound.

BACKGROUND: It remains controversial whether women have smaller coronary arteries than men because of a gender-specific trait, or whether the observed differences are primarily due to a difference in body size. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), with its ability to provide unique coronary images that allow precise measurement of arterial size in vivo, is ideally suited to address this issue. HYPOTHESIS: Female gender, independent of body size, is associated with smaller coronary artery size as measured by intracoronary ultrasound. METHODS: Intravascular ultrasound images of normal left main arteries were identified retrospectively from a single center database. Associations between demographic and clinical characteristics (including body size) and left main coronary dimensions were assessed with univariant and multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS: We identified 257 completely normal left main arteries. Mean left main arterial areas were smaller in women than in men (17.2 vs. 20.6 mm2, p < 0.001), as were mean luminal areas (14.0 vs. 16.7 mm2, p < 0.001). By multiple regression analysis, the independent predictors of left main lumen were body surface area (p < 0.001) and gender (p = 0. 003). CONCLUSIONS: Body surface area and gender are both independent predictors of coronary artery size, although body size has a greater influence than gender.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Gender, resistance and land: interlinked struggles over resources and meanings in South Asia.

This article examines the nature of women's resistance to gender inequities in resource distribution and ideological representation. It argues that to understand how women perceive these inequities it is necessary to take into account not only their overt protests but also the many covert forms their resistance might take. At the same time, to significantly alter gendered structures of property and power it appears necessary to move beyond 'individual-covert' to 'group-overt' (organized collective) resistance. These issues are examined here especially in the context of women's struggles for land rights and gender equality in South Asia. Although historically South Asian women have been important participants in peasant movements, these movements have not been typified by women demanding independent land rights or contesting iniquitous gender relations within the movements and within their families. Some recent challenges in this direction indicate that attaining gender equality in the distribution of productive resources will require a simultaneous struggle against constraining ideological constructions of gender, including (in many regions) associated social practices such as purdah. And in both types of struggle (namely concerning resources and gender ideologies), group-overt resistance is likely to be of critical importance.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Gender, age, and ethnicity in HIV vaccine-related research and clinical trials: report from a WHO-UNAIDS consultation, 26-28 August 2004. Lausanne, Switzerland.

This report summarizes the presentations and recommendations from a consultation held in Lausanne, Switzerland (26-28 August 2004) organized by the joint World Health Organization (WHO) - United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) HIV Vaccine Initiative. The consultation discussed issues related to gender, ethnicity, and age in HIV vaccine research and clinical trial recruitment. A special focus of the meeting was the participation of women and adolescents in clinical trials. Also discussed were the experiences and lessons from various research programs, trials, and studies in different countries. Implementing the recommendations from this meeting will require prioritization and active participation from the research community, funders of research, local and national governments, non-governmental organizations, and industry, as well as the individuals and communities participating in clinical trials. This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts, and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the WHO. The contribution of the co-chairs (R. Macklin and F. Mhalu) and the rapporteurs (H. Lasher, M. Klein, M. Ackers, N. Barsdorf, A. Smith Rogers, E. Levendal, T. Villafana and M. Warren) during the consultation and in the preparation of this report is much appreciated. S. Labelle and J. Otani are also acknowledged and thanked for their efficient assistance in the preparation of the consultation and the report.

AIDS Vaccines↗
PubMed2004

Gender in discourse behaviour in parent-child dyads: a literature review.

BACKGROUND: This literature review on gender differences in child-parent interaction links two types of research bodies gathered over the last decades, on the one hand early between-child and within-child differences, and, on the other hand, parental discourse differences with children. METHOD: Relevant individual studies, as well as two meta-analyses investigating gender in child-parent dyadic interaction, are evaluated, addressing differences in parental gender and child gender, early evidence of child gender differences in discourse, and child adaptations to interlocutors in general. Methodological problems of data gathering of both child and parental language are discussed, as well as the logical caveats of linking input to acquisition patterns. RESULT: The findings allow no final conclusion regarding the issue of early gender socialization through language but indicate two contrasting hypotheses concerning the importance of early gendered linguistic interaction. CONCLUSION: The paper concludes with a discussion of research designs which might allow further differentiation between existing theoretical accounts of early gender socialization through language.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Internet communities for recruitment of cancer patients into an Internet survey: a discussion paper.

The purpose of this paper is to provide future directions for the usage of Internet communities (ICs) for recruitment of research participants based on issues raised in an Internet survey among 132 cancer patients. About 317 general and 233 ethnic-specific Internet Cancer Support Groups and 1588 ethnic-specific ICs were contacted to recruit cancer patients. Research staff recorded issues and wrote memos during the recruitment process. The written memos and records were later analyzed using content analysis. The issues included: (a) difficulty in identifying appropriate ICs and potential participants, (b) meta-tags, (c) dominant white and women groups, (d) dynamics inside ICs, (e) difficulty in trust building, and (f) potential selection bias. The findings suggest that researchers thoroughly review the ICs' information, be recognizant of potential gender and ethnic issues and current trends in Internet interaction, and consider potential selection bias.

Attitude to Computers↗