Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “GYMNASTICS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Epidemiology of athletic knee injuries: A 10-year study.

The knee is an anatomically and biomechanically complex joint. Few studies have been published reporting the type and frequency of knee injuries. However, this information that may help to prevent, diagnose, and treat knee joint injuries. We have documented 17,397 patients with 19,530 sport injuries over a 10-year period of time. 6434 patients (37%) had 7769 injuries (39.8%) related to the knee joint. 68.1% of those patients were men and 31.6% were women. Almost 50% of the patients were between the ages of 20-29 (43.1%) at the time of injury. The injuries documented were ACL lesion (20.3%), medial meniscus lesion (10.8%), lateral meniscus lesion (3.7%), MCL lesion (7.9%), LCL lesion (1.1%), and PCL lesion (0.65%). The activities leading to most injuries were soccer (35%) and skiing (26%). LCL injury was associated with tennis and gymnastics, MCL with judo and skiing, ACL with handball and volleyball, PCL with handball, lateral meniscus with gymnastics and dancing, and medial meniscus with tennis and jogging.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Differential activation of pre-SMA and SMA proper during action observation: effects of instructions.

Many neurophysiological studies give evidence for a matching system between action observation and imitation. We used functional MRI to investigate the effects of different instructions for observing identical stimuli of whole-body gymnastics movements. The imitative-like observation mode asked normal human participants to observe the sequence containing repetitive parts and to subsequently imagine the observed movements in the first-person perspective. The evaluative observation mode asked the participants to carefully observe and judge movement accuracy and consistency in the repetitive sequence. We hypothesized that the supplementary motor area would be specifically involved in performing the observational tasks. Results indicate that the SMA proper is generally activated during observation of whole-body gymnastic movements and shows pronounced activation in imitative-like observation mode. Pre-SMA activity can be differentially modulated by instructions related to the observation task.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral capitellum. Diagnosis and treatment.

Elbow pain seen in the at-risk athlete, such as a baseball player (in particular, a pitcher) or gymnast, should raise suspicion for OCD. OCD of the humeral capitellum remains a difficult problem to treat. Once radiographic changes are obvious, long-term studies suggest that half of affected individuals will be symptomatic. Currently, the key to successful treatment is early detection. Gymnasts, in general, fare worse in returning to sport. The reason is not entirely clear but is likely related to the amount of force directed across the elbow and the nature of the sport. Pitchers sometimes can be returned, but to another position. Radiographs remain the screening test of choice but can give the surgeon a false sense of security, because changes early in the disease process may not be obvious radiographically. Views at 45 degrees flexion and contralateral elbow views are helpful. The advent of MR imaging now allows the practicing orthopaedic surgeon to assess very early lesions effectively that might otherwise be underappreciated on radiographs. With more advanced lesions, radiographic findings are more obvious and demonstrate the more classic capitellar fragment with a surrounding zone of lucency. MR imaging is this setting is helpful in assessing the overlying articular cartilage and, hence, the stability of the fragment. In the absence of obvious loose bodies or mechanical symptoms, rest is the first step in treatment. If symptoms persist, then operative intervention is indicated. About half of these patients heal with nonoperative treatment. Pretreatment assessment of fragment viability has not traditionally been incorporated into the treatment algorithm. Recent anecdotal evidence suggests that stability and viability of a fragment can be assessed using intravenous contrast. Knowledge of the fragment viability could allow those lesions likely to heal without surgical intervention to be distinguished from those requiring surgical intervention. The procedure should be chosen based on the size of the lesion and the integrity of the subchondral bone. Subchondral drilling and microfracture can only resurface defects and cannot reconstitute subchondral bone. Autologous chondrocyte implantation has limited ability to address subchondral bone loss, whereas autograft and allograft osteochondral transplantation can restore subchondral bone. Most authors would agree that there is no role currently for reduction and fixation of long-standing, free loose bodies. No consensus exists regarding acute dislodging of an in situ loose fragment. Long-term results after radiographic changes are present suggest a degenerative course in about half the patients. Whether the newer techniques of cartilage resurfacing will significantly impact the natural history of this process remains to be seen.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1994

A survey of spinal cord injuries resulting from sport.

We surveyed 35 patients who had been admitted to the Hakone National Hospital with a traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) resulting from sports accidents, from 1975 to 1991. There were 32 males and three females. Thirty-one patients (88.6%) under the age of 30 had been injured. The most common sport was swimming (51.4%), followed by gymnastics (22.8%). The most common factors were conceit and lack of skill. The injuries were predominantly at the C4-5-6 level. Thirty-four of the patients had a cervical spine injury. Paralysis at the sixth cervical level occurred in 15 cases. Regarding the mechanism of injury, impact on the ground due to misjudgment in the depth of water was the most frequent in swimming; and failure in a somersault the most frequent in gymnastics. The most important point raised in the prevention of SCI sport was education about the dangers during elementary schooling.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Radiotelemetry of cardiovascular response on a fitness trail (author's transl)].

Continuous radiotelemetry of direct arterial blood pressure and heart rate was performed in eight healthy subjects (seven men, one woman; average age 26 years) on a fitness trail. The results demonstrate that such running represents a maximal effort, at 192/min heart rate (age-related maximum). The heart rate remained constant whether on largely dynamic exercise during running or on largely static effort during gymnastic exercise. During running, blood pressure rose up to 151/79 mm Hg, while gymnastic exercise gave mean values of up to 200/130 mm Hg as a result of sustained muscle contractions and forced breathing. Such uncontrolled maximal effort may be unexpectedly dangerous to persons with cardiovascular disease and fitness trails should not be recommended in the rehabilitation of cardiac patients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ultrasonic Quantification of spinal configuration and postural capacity for evaluation of different muscle strengthening programs in the therapy of back pain].

AIM: The aim of this study was the evaluation of the effectiveness of different muscle strengthening programs in the therapy of back pain. METHODS: 102 male longshoremen aged from 29 to 63 years with chronic back pain since > two years, matched by pain intensity and functional limitations, were randomized to three test groups (TG) and one control group (CG). The test persons carried out a program for intensified muscle strengthening over a period of six months one to two times weekly in a therapeutic practice (TG1), in a health club (TG2) and in a gymnastic group (TG3). The CG did not complete any intervention. Ultrasound topometry for recording spinal configuration and postural capacity as well as the determination of pain intensity and functional limitations were used as instruments of assessment. RESULTS: The data obtained for the CG remained virtually unchanged over the period of investigation. In contrast a decrease of pain intensity and functional limitations could be proved for all TG. Furthermore, the training programs induced both an improved postural capacity while performing the arm-raising test and an increasingly erect sagittal spinal profile. The power of effectiveness was on a homogeneous level for the medical training therapy (0.41), the fitness training (0.4) and the spinal gymnastics (0.41). CONCLUSION: The three muscle strengthening programs investigated have equally favorable effects on the parameters evaluated and are qualified as effective strategies in the therapy for chronic spinal discomforts.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Isovolemic hemodilution in stage-IIb peripheral arterial occlusive diseases. Prospective randomized double-blind comparison of middle-molecule hydroxyethyl starch and electrolyte solution].

Blood-letting to a haematocrit of 0.40 to 0.42 was performed over a period of six weeks on 30 randomized patients with peripheral vascular disease (intermittent claudication), stage IIb (after Fontaine), in addition to standardized gymnastics and physical exercise (walking). Subsequently, 15 randomly selected patients received after each blood-letting middle-molecular hydroxyethyl starch solution, another 15 randomized patients received isotonic sodium chloride solution, both groups under a double-blind protocol, gymnastics and walking exercise being continued. At the beginning of the study both groups were comparable with respect to clinical and vascular parameters and results of laboratory tests. Those of the former group had a significantly greater increase in pain-free walking distance than the latter. Blood pressure levels remained unchanged in the former, but significantly rose in the latter. Peak flow during reactive hyperaemia increased significantly in both legs in the first group, remaining unchanged in the second. An increase in spontaneous platelet aggregation occurred only in the second group; alpha 2-macroglobulin concentration rose only in patients of the first group, while fibrinogen decreased significantly in both.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The effects of anxiety and strategic planning on visual search behaviour.

The past decade has witnessed increased interest in the visual search behaviour of athletes. Little is known, however, about the relationship between anxiety and eye movements in sport performers or about the extent to which athletes' planned and actual visual search strategies correspond. To address these issues, we conducted two studies. In Study 1, eight expert female gymnasts were presented with three digital slides of a model performing a skill that is known to be anxiety-provoking in this sport--namely, the 'back flip' on the beam. By varying the height of the beam and the presence or absence of safety mats, the slides differed in the amount of anxiety that they elicited vicariously in the viewer. In the study, the gymnasts were asked to imagine themselves in the position of the depicted model and to describe the anxiety that they felt. As they viewed the slides, their eye movements were recorded. As predicted, anxiety was associated with an increase in the number of fixations to peripheral areas. In addition, the more 'threatening' slides elicited significantly more fixations than the less feared images. In Study 2, the plans of 15 equestrian performers (5 expert, 5 intermediate and 5 novice) were elicited as they engaged in a virtual 'walk' around a computerized show-jumping course. Contrary to expectations, the congruence between intended and actual search behaviour was not significantly greater for expert riders than for the less skilled groups. Also, the fact that the top riders allocated more fixations to slides than the less skilled performers challenged the prediction that expertise would be associated with economy of visual search. Finally, as expected, the expert riders were significantly less dependent on the overall 'course plan' than the intermediate and novice equestrian performers when inspecting the fences.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1998

The effect of a specific strength-development exercise on bone mineral density in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of physical activity on bone density at the distal radius in healthy perimenopausal (23) and postmenopausal (60) women. The 83 women, aged 40-62 years, were randomized into two groups. The women participated in an exercise program of 40 minutes of jogging and 20 minutes of gymnastics three times a week for 1 year (group 1, n = 46) or 6 months (group 2, n = 37), respectively. Subjects in group 2 served as controls during the first 6 months. They were introduced to exercise classes after the first 6 months of the study and wore wrist weights (0.8 kg on each arm) during the gymnastics session. None of the women were on hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Results show a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) during the first 6 months of the study in group 1 (2%, p < 0.01) and group 2, although this was not significant for the latter group (1.2%, n.s., p = 0.045). There was no significant change in osteocalcin serum concentration, fasting urinary calcium excretion, and calcium serum concentration during the first half of the study. After an additional 6 months, it was possible to stop BMD loss in both groups. Osteocalcin serum concentration significantly increased, and calcium serum concentration significantly decreased in groups 1 and 2. Fasting urinary calcium excretion decreased in both groups, although this was significant only in group 2 during the 1-year study. In conclusion, it proved possible to prevent BMD loss at the distal radius by our exercise program in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. The effects of exercise may be general as well as localized. According to our results, additional localized benefits from a specific strength-development exercise may be seen.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Back pain and radiologic changes in the thoraco-lumbar spine of athletes.

Back pain and radiological changes of the thoraco-lumbar spine were investigated in 142 top athletes, representing wrestling, gymnastics, soccer and tennis (age range 14-25 years). All groups of athletes reported back pain at high frequencies (50-85%). Male gymnasts had significantly increased incidence and severity of back pain as compared to the rest of the athletes. Radiological abnormalities occurred in 36-55% of the athletes. Reduced disc height, Schmorl's nodes and change of configuration of vertebral bodies correlated with back pain (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05). Significant covariation between these types of abnormalities was found. Athletes with great demands on the back are thus subjected to an increased risk of symptomatic damage of the spine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Paralysis from sport and diving accidents.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the causes of sport-related spinal cord injuries that developed into paraplegia or tetraplegia, and to compare data from different sports with previous studies in the same geographical region. DESIGN: A retrospective epidemiological study and comparison with previous studies. SETTING: The Orthopedic Department, specializing in the treatment and rehabilitation of paralyzed patients, at the University of Heidelberg, Germany. PARTICIPANTS: Between 1985 and 1997, 1,016 cases of traumatic spinal cord injury presented at the Orthopedic Department at the University of Heidelberg: 6.8% were caused by sport and 7.7% by diving accidents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sport-related spinal cord injuries with paralysis. RESULTS: A total of 1.016 cases of traumatic spinal cord injury were reviewed. Of these, 14.5% were caused by sport accidents (n = 69) or diving accidents (n = 78). Age of patients ranged from 9 to 52 years. 83% were male. 77% of the patients developed tetraplegia, and 23%, paraplegia. 16 of the sport accidents resulted from downhill skiing, 9 resulted from horseback riding, 7 from modern air sports, 6 from gymnastics, 5 from trampolining, and 26 from other sports. Previous analyses had revealed that paraplegia had mainly occurred from gymnastics, trampolining, or high diving accidents. More recently, however, the number of serious spinal injuries caused by risk-filled sports such as hang gliding and paragliding has significantly increased (p = 0.095), as it has for horseback riding and skiing. Examinations have shown that all patients who were involved in diving accidents developed tetraplegia. An analysis of injury from specific sports is still under way. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of accidents resulting in damage to the spinal cord in respect to different sports shows that sports that have become popular during the last 10 years show an increasing risk of injury. Modern air sports hold the most injuries. Injury-preventing strategies also are presented.

Accidents↗
PubMed1997

Etiology and pathophysiology of tendon ruptures in sports.

Of all spontaneous tendon ruptures, complete Achilles tendon tears are most closely associated with sports activities (1-3). Schönbauer (3) reported that 75% of all ruptures of the Achilles tendon are related to sports. In Plecko & Passl (2) the number was 60%. In our material of 430 cases, the number of sports-related Achilles ruptures was very similar (62%), while only 2% of ruptures of other tendons were sports-related (P < 0.001) (1). Also, the majority of Achilles reruptures occurred in sports. The ruptures occurred most often in soccer (34%), track and field (16%) and basketball (14%). The distribution of Achilles ruptures according to different sports varies considerably from country to country, according to the national sport traditions. For example, in northern and middle Europe, soccer, tennis, track and field, indoor ball games, downhill skiing, and gymnastics are the most common; and in North America, football, basketball, baseball, tennis and downhill skiing dominate the statistics (1, 2, 4). In sports, some Achilles ruptures are not spontaneous or degeneration-induced but may occur as a consequence of the remarkably high forces that are involved in the performance (2). Ruptures in the high jump or triple jump are good examples. In such cases, failure in the neuromuscular protective mechanisms due to fatigue or disturbed co-ordination can frequently be found. The spontaneous complete rupture of the supraspinatus tendon of the rotator cuff does not occur very frequently in sports. Those sports that include high-energy throwing movements, such as American and Finnish baseball, American football, rugby and discuss and javelin throwing, may, however, produce this injury. Partial tears and inflammations of the rotator cuff complex are much more frequent in throwing sports. The complete rupture of the proximal long head of the biceps brachii tendon is rare among competitive and recreational athletes. In our material, under 2% of these ruptures were associated with sports activities (5). The rupture (avulsion) of the distal tendon of the biceps muscle is rare. In sports, gymnastics, body building and weight lifting have been said to be able to produce this injury (6). In general, complete ruptures of the quadriceps tendon and the patellar tendon occur most often in older individuals. In our study, the mean age of these patients was 65 years (5). However, these injuries do also occur in younger age groups, especially in athletes. In athletes, the rupture most frequently occurs in high-power sports events, such as high jump, basketball and weight lifting, at the age of 15-30 years. A chronic-patellar apicitis (jumper's knee) may predispose rupture of the tendon (7). As is the case with the rotator cuff complex, overuse inflammation and partial tears of the quadriceps and patellar tendons are one of the most characteristic athletic injuries. Complete spontaneous ruptures of other tendons in sports are rare, although the literature does provide case studies from almost every tendon the human body possesses (8-18).

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1994

Training in élite young athletes (the Training of Young Athletes (TOYA) Study): injuries, flexibility and isometric strength.

Using a mixed longitudinal design, the incidence of injuries, and the development of flexibility and isometric strength of the upper and lower limbs were studied for 2 years in 453 élite young athletes (aged between 9 and 18 years) practising football, gymnastics, swimming or tennis. The children suffered from a low incidence of injuries. Strength and flexibility did not exert a significant role in determining injuries. The rate of injury was not significantly different between the 2 years of the study. Young swimmers showed a greater generalized flexibility. Girls were more flexible than boys between the ages of 13 to 16 years. Athletic children are able to exert greater isometric strength than normal schoolchildren. Boys diverged from the normal population at 14 years, while athletic girls were stronger at all ages. Girls were stronger than boys up to age 12, who were still increasing their muscle strength at 19 years. The average maximal isometric strength exerted in both upper and lower limbs in the four sports was not significantly different. Male gymnasts over 11 years old were significantly stronger than all other athletes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Electrocardiographic findings according to level of fitness and sport activity.

We have investigated 52 ECG parameters in 1,299 athletes and 151 control subjects. Data on fitness were available in 840 athletes. They were split in three groups according to level of fitness and compared with each other and the control group with regard to the ECG findings. The most marked findings with increasing fitness were lower heart rate, increased prevalence of bradycardia, increased precordial ST segment elevation, and increased T wave amplitudes. Only slightly increased parameters of right and left ventricular hypertrophy were found. A highly significant correlation was found between fitness and heart rate, while no such correlation was found between fitness and the Sokolow index. The athletes were subdivided according to sports activity, and ECG parameters were compared in endurance athletes, ball players, strength athletes, gymnasts, and controls. Apart from a lower heart rate in endurance athletes and ball players as compared with strength athletes and gymnasts, few differences were found between the athletic groups. The heart rate is the most important parameter reflecting level of fitness and sports activity. The differences in ECG findings are relatively minor and do not distinguish type of sport activity.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1994

Physical activity and training: effects on stature and the adolescent growth spurt.

Statural growth (size attained), age at peak height velocity (PHV), and growth rate were compared in two samples of boys classified as habitually physically active and inactive, and in two samples of boys regularly training in sport (primarily team sports). Individual growth records were fitted mathematically in three of the samples (two as reported by the respective authors and one for the present report), while curves were fit to group means for the fourth sample. There were no differences in size, age at PHV, and PHV between active and inactive boys, but the parameters of the adolescent spurt for boys regularly involved in sport were characteristic of early maturers. Longitudinal data are less extensive for girls. Stature data for three samples of young athletes in gymnastics, swimming, and track/rowing indicated a stable pattern relative to reference data for nonathletes, i.e., swimmers, track athletes, and rowers were already taller and gymnasts already shorter than average during childhood and maintained their position relative to reference data during childhood and adolescence. Allowing for sample size and variation in descriptions of habitual physical activity and training for sport, the data suggest that regular physical activity, sport participation, and training for sport have no effect on attained stature, timing of PHV, and rate of growth in stature. Prospective data for the swimmers, track athletes, and rowers indicate no effect of training on the timing of menarche.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Stress injury of the distal radial growth plate.

We report 21 cases of stress injury of the distal radial growth plate-occurring in gymnasts before skeletal maturity. The injury appears to be caused by inability of the growth plate to withstand rotational and compressive forces. Our observations have confirmed that the skeletal age of gymnasts is retarded, which increases the length of time during which the epiphysis is at risk of damage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Effect of increased physical activity on bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporotic women.

The effect of increased physical activity on bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar vertebrae was examined in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Thirty-five postmenopausal women, aged 53-77 years, whose BMD in the lumbar vertebrae (L2-L4) measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (Norland XR-26) was below (> 30%) the young adult mean, were divided into two groups: a control group of 20 women and an exercise group of 15 women. The physical exercise consisted of daily outdoor walking and gymnastic training performed for 12 months. During the study period, all subjects were treated with calcium lactate, 2.0 g, and 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3, 1 microgram, daily. Initial L2-L4 BMD was 0.611 +/- 0.045 (mean +/- SEM) g/cm2 in the control group and 0.606 +/- 0.066 g/cm2 in the exercise group (NS). In the control group, the BMD changes were -0.54 +/- 0.58% (mean +/- SEM) at 6 months and +1.00 +/- 1.29% at 12 months, compared to the baseline (P = 0.3424, by oneway ANOVA). In the exercise group, however, the changes were +1.78 +/- 0.90% and +4.48 +/- 0.93%, respectively (P = 0.0305, by two-way ANOVA). These data suggest that increased physical activity consisting of daily outdoor walking and gymnastic training can be useful in increasing lumbar BMD in postmenopausal osteoporotic women on calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[The effects of a folk play program on cognition, ADL, and problematic behavior in the elderly with dementia].

PURPOSE: This study was to develop and evaluate a folk play program as a nursing intervention for the elderly with dementia. METHOD: First, a folk play program was developed through a careful study of literature review and field-work. Second, a nonequivalent control group pre-post test was designed. The subjects of the study were the elderly with dementia staying in nursing homes; 15 were in an experimental group adopting a folk play program developed through this study, 18 in the control group on a gymnastics and walking program which is generally used. The 40 min. intervention was conducted 5 times a week for 4 weeks. RESULT: The folk play program improved the cognition(t=6.12, p<.001) and ADL(t=2.92, p=.014) and diminished the frequency of problematic behaviors significantly(t=-6.39, p<.001). There was a significant difference of cognition, ADL, and problematic behaviors between the control and the experimental group before and after the experiment(t=3.38, p=.002; t=2.05, p=.046; t=-7.74, p<.001). CONCLUSION: Compared with the gymnastics and walking program, the folk play program proved to be much more effective in the elderly with dementia in improving their cognition and ADL, as well as in diminishing their problematic behaviors. Therefore, a folk play program should be applied as an effective and practical Korean nursing intervention for the elderly with dementia.

Activities of Daily Living↗