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PubMed2004

[Studies on antioxidant constituents from black tea].

Qimen black tea has strong inhibitory activity of canola oil oxidation. Four antioxidant compounds, theaflavin (TF1), theaflavin-3-gallate (TF2A), theaflavin-3'-gallate (TF2B) and theaflavin digallate (TF3), were isolated from acetic acetate extract of black tea by silica gel and sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. TF1, TF2A, TF2B and TF3, have stronger antioxidant activity than that of BHT (Butylated hydorxytoluene).

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1980

[Influence of propyl-gallate and 2-mercaptopropionylglycine on the development of acute inflammatory reactions and on biosynthesis of PGE2].

Anti-inflammatory activity of Propyl Gallate and 2.mercaptopropionylglycine, administered intraperitoneally to the rat, was evaluated against paw edema induced by Carrageenan, Bradykinin, Serotonin and Dextran. In addition, the influence of these chemicals on PGE2 formation from added arachidonic acid to spleen microsomal fraction incubated "in vitro" was assayed. Our results indicate Propyl Gallate and 2.mercaptopropionylglycine depress significantly the development of acute inflammatory reactions provoked by the above mentioned phlogogens and are able to limit the biosynthesis of PGE2. The last inhibitory activity appears to be less potent than that exerted by some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, namely Indomethacin and Oxametacine, which act primarily by interfering with cyclo-oxigenase activity. In our opinion, the anti-inflammatory effect of Propyl Gallate and 2.mercaptopropionylglycine might be dependent on both the scavenger properties of the two compounds against some final products of lipid peroxides (aldehydes) originated at the inflammation site and the partial inhibition of the formation of PGE2 by acting on the cyclo-oxigenase system.

Amino Acids, Sulfur↗
PubMed1999

Effect of organic acids on the growth and fermentation of ethanologenic Escherichia coli LY01.

Hemicellulose residues can be hydrolyzed into a sugar syrup using dilute mineral acids. Although this syrup represents a potential feedstock for biofuel production, toxic compounds generated during hydrolysis limit microbial metabolism. Escherichia coli LY01, an ethanologenic biocatalyst engineered to ferment the mixed sugars in hemicellulose syrups, has been tested for resistance to selected organic acids that are present in hemicellulose hydrolysates. Compounds tested include aromatic acids derived from lignin (ferulic, gallic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, syringic, and vanillic acids), acetic acid from the hydrolysis of acetylxylan, and others derived from sugar destruction (furoic, formic, levulinic, and caproic acids). Toxicity was related to hydrophobicity. Combinations of acids were roughly additive as inhibitors of cell growth. When tested at concentrations that inhibited growth by 80%, none appeared to strongly inhibit glycolysis and energy generation, or to disrupt membrane integrity. Toxicity was not markedly affected by inoculum size or incubation temperature. The toxicity of all acids except gallic acid was reduced by an increase in initial pH (from pH 6.0 to pH 7.0 to pH 8.0). Together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that both aliphatic and mononuclear organic acids inhibit growth and ethanol production in LY01 by collapsing ion gradients and increasing internal anion concentrations.

Acids↗
PubMed2004

Investigation on the phenolics of some spices having pharmacotherapeuthic properties.

Spices are an important group of agricultural commodities being used by many civilizations all over the world to aid flavor, taste and nutritional values in the food. In traditional medical systems, their ability to heal various physical, mental and emotional problems has widely been reported. With this view, HPLC analysis was performed to estimate phenolic acids in 21 spices (asafetida, Bishop's weed, black mustard, coriander, cinnamon, clove, curry leaf, cumin black, cumin, fennel, fenugreek, garlic, ginger, Indian cassia, Indian dill or dill large cardamom, onion, saffron, tamarind, true cardamom, yellow mustard) commonly used in India in different forms. In all, 7 phenolic acids; viz., tannic, gallic, caffeic, cinnamic, chlorogenic, ferulic and vanillic acids could be identified on the basis of their retention time with standard compounds and co-chromatography. Several parts of the spices, for instance, seeds, leaves, barks, rhizomes, latex, stigmas, floral buds and modified stems were used in the study. Maximum amount of tannic and gallic acids was observed in black mustard and clove. Caffeic, chlorogenic and ferulic acids were found maximum in cumin while vanillic and cinnamic acids in onion seeds. The spices are known to significantly contribute to the flavor, taste, and medicinal properties of food because of phenolics.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2005

Vimang (Mangifera indica L. extract) induces permeability transition in isolated mitochondria, closely reproducing the effect of mangiferin, Vimang's main component.

Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) is a Ca(2+)-dependent, cyclosporin A (CsA)-sensitive, non-selective inner membrane permeabilization process. It is often associated with apoptotic cell death, and is induced by a wide range of agents or conditions, usually involving reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we demonstrated that Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang), in the presence of 20 microM Ca(2+), induces MPT in isolated rat liver mitochondria, assessed as CsA-sensitive mitochondrial swelling, closely reproducing the same effect of mangiferin, the main component of the extract, as well as MPT-linked processes like oxidation of membrane protein thiols, mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation and Ca(2+) release from organelles. The flavonoid catechin, the second main component of Vimang, also induces MPT, although to a lesser extent; the minor, but still representative Vimang extract components, gallic and benzoic acids, show respectively, low and high MPT inducing abilities. Nevertheless, following exposure to H(2)O(2)/horseradish peroxidase, the visible spectra of these compounds does not present the same changes previously reported for mangiferin. It is concluded that Vimang-induced MPT closely reproduces mangiferin effects, and proposed that this xanthone is the main agent responsible for the extract's MPT inducing ability, by the action on mitochondrial membrane protein thiols of products arising as a consequence of the mangiferin's antioxidant activity. While this effect would oppose the beneficial effect of Vimang's antioxidant activity, it could nevertheless benefit cells exposed to over-production of ROS as occurring in cancer cells, in which triggering of MPT-mediated apoptosis may represent an important defense mechanism to their host.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Mutagenic activity of organic esters are likely to form from bromo-2 ethanol generated during fumigation using ethylene oxide].

The mutagenic potencies of 13 bromoethyl esters of natural organic acids, have been studied, by Ames's test (strains TA 98 and TA 100, with and without system of metabolisation, S9 mix). None of the 8 bromoethyl esters of linoleic, oleic, palmitic, stearic, lauric, myristic, cinnamic and fumaric acids is genotoxic. On the other hand the 5 others derived from gallic, oxalic, tartric acids (strain TA 100 with and without S9 mix), malic and citric acids (strain TA 100 with S9 mix) are mutagenic, the ester of gallic acid giving still a doubtful mutagenic response; their mutagenic potencies are 2 to 3 times smaller than that of bromo-2 ethanol. This observation, complemently with the mutagenicity of some organic esters of the chloro-2 ethanol, proves the potential danger of ethylene oxide used for the fumigation of foods or vegetables and medicinal plants containing much chloride and/or bromide.

Carboxylic Acids↗