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PubMed1990

Effects of pyridoxine and riboflavin supplementation on physical fitness in young adolescents.

The effects of pyridoxine and riboflavin supplementation on physical fitness was studied in a group of children with higher prevalence of subclinical, biochemically defined pyridoxine and riboflavin deficiencies. One hundred and thirteen children aged 12-14 years were allocated to three groups to receive daily (except Sundays) for two months either a placebo or a supplement of pyridoxine or riboflavin. The supplementation resulted in marked improvement of pyridoxine and riboflavin nutrition status and was followed by disappearance of respective biochemical deficiencies. The improvement in pyridoxine biochemical status was also accompanied by a slight and statistically significant increase in physical fitness (p less than 0.05) assessed by bicycle ergometer technique. The increase in physical fitness in the riboflavin supplemented group was statistically non-significant (p greater than 0.05). In both supplemented groups there was a significant increase in physical fitness in subjects with initially deficient biochemical vitamin status whereas supplementation had no effect on physical fitness in subjects with initially high biochemical values.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Circumference-estimated percent body fat vs. weight-height indices: relationships to physical fitness.

This study examined whether percent body fat estimated from a simple circumference technique was more strongly associated with physical fitness than commonly used weight-height indices. Participants included 5,710 Navy men and 477 Navy women. Physical fitness measures included a 1.5-mile run, sit-ups test, sit-reach flexibility test, and an average fitness score. Circumference-estimated percent body fat was more strongly correlated with physical fitness than were any of the weight-height indices. Although the overall pattern of associations was similar for men and women, correlations were stronger for men. Circumference-estimated percent body fat may be more strongly associated with physical fitness because it assesses actual body fat more reliably than weight-height indices.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

Cardiovascular fitness in children with asthma correlates with psychologic functioning of the child.

Abnormalities in fitness in asthmatic children are assumed to derive from illness severity. We studied 90 children with moderately severe to severe but stable asthma for (1) fitness levels using bicycle ergometry, (2) measures of asthma severity, (3) clinician's impression of child (Child Global Assessment Scale), and (4) mother's rating of child's behavior (Child Behavior Checklist). Fitness values ranged from 15% to 120% of normal values for age, sex, and body surface area: 48% were abnormal (less than 2 SD below mean) and 5% were borderline (1 to 2 SD below mean). Associations between levels of fitness and medical and psychologic criteria were tested using regression analyses. Of the 11 medical variables used to define the severity of asthma, recent exacerbation of disease, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and specific airway conductance together accounted for 8.1% of the variability in the workload ratios (ie, R2 = 0.081). The importance of the psychologic factors in determining the variability in the workload ratios was tested after the importance of the medical variables had been considered: Child Global Assessment Scale accounted for a significant amount of variability, improving the R2 to 0.180 (an increase to 0.100, P = .003). These data suggest that, within the spectrum of disease presented by the patients in this study, adjustment to the disease is at least as important as severity of disease in determining fitness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Fitness promotion for adolescent girls: the impact and effectiveness of promotional material which emphasizes the slim ideal.

This study looks at techniques for promoting fitness participation among adolescent girls, in particular those which emphasize the "slim ideal." Various promotional posters were designed which systematically used different models (slim, average, and overweight) and different messages (slimness, activity, and health). The relative effectiveness of these posters was tested using a probability sample of 627 female high school students. The slim model was found to be the most effective poster, while slimness was the least effective of the messages. Demographic and self- and body-image factors had relatively little effect on the ratings of the posters. Focus group interviews conducted with the student sample indicated that they were concerned about their body weight, and that they associated slimness with fitness. However, the slimness message was not thought to encourage participation in fitness because overt emphasis on body image may lead to self-consciousness and fear of social rejection. The idea that participation would lead to a slim physique was also thought to be unrealistic. The students were more critical of the slimness message than of the slim model in the posters. Overall, the data indicate that promoting fitness through messages relating fitness to slimness is not an effective approach with adolescent girls. The use of very slim models in promotional material may be effective, but this approach may not be desirable because it reinforces the dominant cultural stereotype of the "ideal" slim female form.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The effects of two physical fitness programs designed for mentally retarded adults.

The purpose of this study was to design a systematic program of fitness training that enhances physical fitness of mentally retarded adults in sheltered workshops. The first phase of the study was a six-month program conducted by physical education graduate students while the second phase was four months in duration and led by workshop employees. Instructors followed a manual containing 48 lesson plans that were specifically prepared for mentally retarded participants. The physical fitness programs were evaluated using the Canadian Standardized Test of Fitness. MANOVA results revealed that both the six-month and four-month programs increased the physical fitness of the mentally retarded workers, although cardiovascular endurance improved only as a function of the four-month program.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of aerobic fitness and space motion sickness during the shuttle program.

Space motion sickness (SMS) is an important problem for short duration space flight and 71% of STS crewmembers develop symptoms. The search for effective countermeasures and factors that correlate with sensitivity has been extensive. Recently, several investigators have linked aerobic fitness with motion sickness sensitivity in the 1-G or high-G environment. This paper compares the aerobic fitness of 125 Shuttle crewmembers with their SMS symptom category. Aerobic fitness data were obtained from the exercise tolerance test (ETT) conducted nearest the time of launch. SMS data were derived from the medical debrief summaries. Mean VO2max for crewmembers in four SMS categories (none, mild, moderate, severe) were 44.55, 44.08, 46.5, and 44.24 ml.kg-1.min-1, respectively. Scattergrams with linear regression analysis comparing aerobic fitness and SMS symptom classification are also presented. Correlation coefficients comparing SMS categories vs. aerobic fitness for men and women reveal no definite relationship between the two factors. Due to the subjective nature of the data, further studies are suggested to corroborate these findings.

Female↗
PubMed1988

An exercise performance test does not measure physical fitness for the average person.

One hundred and thirty five members of the public who attended a medical school open day and who volunteered for a physical fitness assessment were asked to rate their own physical fitness and to give a reason for their rating; subjects then performed a submaximal exercise test for an estimation of maximum oxygen uptake. More than two-thirds of the reasons given for self-rating of fitness were related to level of regular exercise, while physical exercise performance, health or obesity each accounted for 10% or less of the reasons given. There was no significant correlation between self-rating of fitness and maximum oxygen uptake. It is concluded that for the average person an estimate of the level of regular exercise is likely to be a more appropriate measure of physical fitness than performance in an exercise test.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The inter-relationships of physical activity, physical fitness, and body measurements.

While several measures of physical activity have been used in research, it is not clear how these measures relate to each other or to measures of fitness and fatness. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of three commonly used indicators of physical activity to determine how they relate to each other as well as to measures of physical fitness and anthropometric measurements related to body fatness. Data from white adult men working for U.S. railroad companies in 1957 to 1960, who were free of pre-existing cardiovascular disease (N = 2,356), were used to study these relationships cross-sectionally. Total and intense leisure time activity and occupational activity were directly related to caloric intake. Total leisure time activity was inversely related to exercise test heart rate and directly related to body mass index, but not related to resting heart rate or skinfold thickness. Intense leisure time activity was significantly related to all fitness measures and not significantly related to fatness. Caloric intake was directly related to measures of fitness and inversely related to fatness. Occupational activity was directly related to measures of fitness and body mass index, and inversely related to skinfold thickness. These results provide a better understanding of methods appropriate to ascertaining physical activity in epidemiologic research as well as assisting in the comparison of results from studies which have used different physical activity indicators.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Relationship of kyphosis to physical fitness and bone mass on post-menopausal women.

Kyphosis is commonly associated with ageing and osteoporosis of the spine. This study was conducted to evaluate whether physical fitness and bone mass in post menopausal women, between the ages of 50-60 years, may influence the degree of kyphosis. The level of physical fitness was determined by 1) calculating maximum oxygen uptake, (VO2 max), attained by a graded exercise treadmill test, and 2) evaluating the muscle strength in performing one repetition maximum on the bench press. In vivo neutron activation analysis was used to measure the bone mineral content in the axial skeleton and proximal femurs. It is expressed as Calcium Bone Index (CaBI). The normal range was 1.00 +/- 0.12 (I.S.D.). The degree of kyphosis was measured indirectly by calculation of an index of kyphosis, (I/K), using a surveyor's flexicurve. Individuals with I/K greater than 13 showed a clinically apparent kyphosis. Fit individuals (VO2 max greater than 29 ml/kg/min) had a significantly lower I/K (p less than 0.001) than average persons. Individuals with normal bone mass (CaBI greater than 0.8) also had a significantly lower I/K (p less than 0.05) than those with bone loss. Similarly, subjects who were fit, and had normal bone mass, had a significantly lower I/K (p less than 0.001) than those who were less fit and had bone loss. There was a significant correlation between I/K and VO2 max (p less than 0.02, df 45), I/K and CaBI (p less than 0.05, df 45) and I/K and bench press (p less than 0.05, df 45).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1987

Physical fitness in a submarine community as determined by the U.S. Navy Health and Physical Readiness Test.

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that personnel assigned to submarine duty would display less physical fitness as compared to shore-based personnel. A message was submitted to all naval activities at a Naval Submarine Base requesting individual test scores from the annual Health and Physical Readiness (H&PR) Test. The results from the statistical analysis showed that the majority of personnel in both populations were classified as "good," which is an average level of physical fitness as determined by the Navy's fitness classification table. In both populations, 1% were classified as "outstanding," while approximately 10% failed to meet the minimum physical fitness requirements. A body fat value greater than 22% was the cause for the majority of test failures. In conclusion, the results of the analysis of H&PR data do not support the widely held belief that submarine personnel are less physically fit than their shore-based counterparts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[General physical fitness of metallurgy workers exposed to thermal load].

General physical fitness of 475 metallurgists, 203 subjects working under heat stress and 272 subjects working under normal environment conditions, has been determined. Evaluation of physical fitness was based on the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), the Harvard "Step test" and some laboratory examinations. Physical fitness was below average, poor and very poor in both groups without statistically significant differences between the exposed and control groups. A statistically significant correlation has been found between VO2max and Harvard "Step test". Arterial hypertension greater than or equal to 21,3/12,7 kPa has been found in 27% of subjects of the exposed group and in 23% of the control group. Cholesterol level greater than or equal to 6,7 nmol/l has been found in 14,8% of the exposed and in 17,6% of the control group. A statistically significant negative correlation between the cholesterol concentration and the score of the Harvard "Step test" of both groups has been found, and also between VO2max of the exposed group only. Above 50% of subjects exhibited various abnormalities in electrocardiogram mainly of type IV, VII, IX, according to the Minnesota Code. General physical fitness of metallurgists has been considerably lower as compared to the literature data. It is concluded that periodic examinations of general physical fitness should be performed for evaluation of the health condition. Industrial physicians should utilize the results of those examinations for prevention.

Adult↗
PubMed1967

A fitness performance test for school children and its correlation with physical working capacity and maximal oxygen uptake.

The Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation fitness test (CAHPER test) composed of six items was compared to two laboratory tests of endurance fitness, physical working capacity at a minute pulse rate of 170 (PWC(170)) and maximum oxygen uptake (Vo(2) max.) in over 500 Winnipeg school children of both sexes aged 6 to 17 years. CAHPER test results were similar to the national average published by CAHPER in a test booklet. Correlation coefficients (r) of Vo(2) max. for boys with the CAHPER tests were: sit-ups .42, broad jump .69, shuttle run .50, arm hang .43, 50-yard dash .60, 300-yard run .65; for girls the r values were about half the values for the boys. Much of the correlation between CAHPER tests and Vo(2) max. or PWC(170) depended on the association of each test with body size. When multiple correlations were obtained including surface area as the first variable, the only significant factor correlating with the endurance tests was the arm hang; none of the other tests showed a significant correlation. "Physical fitness" is task-specific, so that a subject's position in the scoring scale of a fitness test depends entirely upon the test. The CAHPER test for physical fitness shows little or no correlation with standard laboratory measures of endurance in average children.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Exercise effect on the circadian rhythm of left ventricular systole in healthy men with higher and lower physical fitness.

The purpose of the present work was to investigate the effect of exercise on the diurnal changes of electromechanical systolic time (QS2) in healthy men with different physical fitness (N = 20, PWC150-804.3 +/- 114.6 kpm/min), and with higher (N = 12, PWC150-881.3 +/- 71.8 kpm/min) and lower (N = 8, PWC150-688.8 +/- 46.0 kpm/min) physical fitness. The study on 20 male volunteers aged 19-21 at 6 times of 24-hours period in intervals (4-hours) was performed. The policardiograms according to Blumberger at rest and after 10 minutes of exercise were obtained. The individual level of exercise at test PWC150 was determined. The values of QS2 from policardiograms according to Weissler's method were read and for heart rate were corrected. The mathematical analysis by the method of Halberg was made. It was found that in healthy men at rest the circadian rhythm of QS2 existed. The effect of exercise on the circadian rhythm of QS2 was dependent on level of physical fitness. After exercise in human with higher physical fitness the circadian rhythm of QS2 was presented, whereas in human with lower physical fitness it was not evident.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Status of police officers with regard to selected cardio-respiratory and body compositional fitness variables.

Physical performance and body composition characteristics of members (n = 75) and recruits (n = 61) of the Louisville Police Department (total n = 136) were assessed. Members were randomly selected males and ranged in age from 20 to 55 years and were ranked from the newest inductee through and including the Chief of Police. Members between the ages of 20 and 29 years assigned to active duty possessed average cardio-respiratory fitness (Vo2max). With age, cardio-respiratory fitness decreased and body weight and body fatness progressively increased. Male and female recruits entering basic training also demonstrated average cardio-respiratory fitness. Significant (P less than .05) increases for males and females in Vo2max and decreases in body fatness (males) were found following 4 months of physically rigorous recruit training. Fifteen of the male recruits who completed training were retested following 1 year of active duty. During active duty, physical activity involvement was limited to job requirements with no additional physical training imposed. Cardio-respiratory fitness and body fatness reverted to pre-training levels. It was concluded that the physical demands associated with police work are too low to permit maintenance of physical fitness.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Physical activity, physical fitness, and coronary heart disease risk factors.

The relationships between physical activity, physical fitness, and coronary heart disease risk factors measured in a large community sample were evaluated. Self-reported physical activity using a single question, maximal oxygen consumption estimates derived from the Pawtucket Heart Health Step Test, blood pressure, nonfasting lipids, and body mass index were cross-sectionally evaluated in 381 men and 556 women. The correlation of estimated maximal oxygen consumption and self-reported physical activity was modest but statistically significant (r = 0.13 in men and r = 0.19 in women). Blood pressure, body mass index, and HDL cholesterol were correlated with physical fitness (r = 0.24-0.65) and correlated to self-reported physical activity (r = 0.09-0.14). Evaluation of coronary heart disease risk factors using both physical activity and physical fitness revealed a complex relationship that generally showed a stronger relationship with measures of physical fitness than with physical activity. This study suggests that simultaneous measurement of physical activity and physical fitness may be useful in epidemiologic studies of habitual physical activity and chronic disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Insulin resistance is coupled to low physical fitness in normotensive men with a family history of hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate insulin sensitivity and the influence of level of physical fitness in men with a family history of hypertension and in control subjects. DESIGN: Insulin sensitivity was determined and physical fitness estimated in 39 normotensive, glucose-tolerant men with a family history of hypertension (Relatives group) and in 29 age- and body mass index-matched normotensive men with no such family history (Controls group). METHODS: The euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique (steady-state insulin concentration approximately 100 mU/l) was used to determine insulin sensitivity. Physical fitness, measured as maximal oxygen uptake, was estimated from the heart rate response to a submaximal exercise test. RESULTS: Insulin sensitivity index and estimated maximal oxygen uptake were lower in the Relatives than in the Controls. There was a positive correlation between insulin sensitivity and maximal oxygen uptake in both groups. In the Controls there was a negative correlation between insulin sensitivity and waist:hip ratio, but this relationship was not found in the Relatives. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings indicate that reduction of insulin sensitivity precedes the development of high blood pressure and may be coupled to low physical fitness. As abdominal fat distribution seems not to be related to insulin sensitivity in subjects with a family history of hypertension, changes in muscle fibre composition or muscle glucose metabolism, or both, might explain the lower insulin sensitivity and physical fitness in the Relatives.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and lipoprotein(a) in men and women.

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a distinct lipoprotein of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) class. Research has shown that elevated Lp(a) is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine whether fitness was associated with Lp(a) concentrations. Cardiorespiratory (CR) fitness, assessed by maximal treadmill time, percent body fat (hydrodensitometry), body fat distribution (waist/hip ratio), lipoprotein profile and LDL particle size (2-16% gel electrophoresis) were determined in healthy Caucasian men (N = 100) and women (N = 50). As expected, the frequency distribution of Lp(a) was highly skewed with a mean level of 16.9 +/- 19.1 mg.dl-1 (range 0.10-90 mg.dl-1) for men and women combined. Lp(a) was only significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with cholesterol (r = 0.29) in women and LDL-C (r = 0.22) in men. However, after correcting LDL-C for Lp(a) content, the correlation was not significant (r = 0.06). A MANCOVA, controlling for age, across highest and lowest CR fitness quartiles suggest a typical positive influence of improved CR fitness on lipoproteins, body composition, and fat distribution; however, Lp(a) levels were not affected. These data indicate that there is no direct association between plasma Lp(a) and body composition, fat distribution, or CR fitness in healthy men and women.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

Resting metabolic rate and postprandial thermogenesis by level of aerobic fitness in young women.

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and the thermic effect of a meal (TEM) were compared among women of three levels of aerobic fitness. Twenty-three euthyroid, eumenorrheic women (aged 18-35 years) were divided into three groups based on VO2 max standardized for fat-free weight (FFW), as determined from a graded exercise test: High Fit (HF): n = 7, VO2 max > 70 ml*kg FFW-1*min-1; Moderately Fit (MF): n = 8, VO2 max = 55-70 ml*kg FFW-1*min-1; and Low Fit (LF): n = 8, VO2 max < 55 ml*kg FFW-1*min-1). At 0700h RMR was measured for 1 h by indirect calorimetry with subjects in a fasted, preovulatory state, having refrained from exercise on the preceding day. The subject then consumed a liquid meal (12 kcal*kg FFW-1) and indirect calorimetry was continued for 3 h to determine the TEM. RMR adjusted for FFW using analysis of covariance was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the HF group (mean +/- SEM = 1.08 +/- 0.03 kcal*min-1) compared to the MF (0.99 +/- 0.04) and LF (0.90 +/- 0.04) groups. Group differences in the thermic response did not reach statistical significance, although there was a trend for a high TEM in the HF group. There was a positive relationship between RMR and energy flux (average daily kcalorie intake + daily kcaloric expenditure in physical activity). These results suggest that women who exhibit high levels of exercise and aerobic fitness may be less energy efficient during the non-exercise portion of the day then their less active counterparts.

Adipose Tissue↗