Changes in the timing of births in Melbourne, Australia.
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Adolescent↗
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Emerging patterns of child-spacing in Canada.
This study used data from the 1984 Family History Survey conducted by Statistics Canada to examine recent trends and patterns of child-spacing among currently married women. Life table and proportional hazards estimates show that Canadian women, particularly those in younger age groups with higher education and longer work experience, start having children late, but have subsequent children rather quickly. This suggests that such women tend to complete childbearing within a compressed time period.
Adolescent↗
Manifestation of atopy is not related to patient's month of birth.
The first months of life may be an important period for allergic sensitization. Several studies suggest a relationship between the month of birth (MB) and the development of skin sensitivity to aeroallergens or the manifestation of an atopic disease. In 1988 and 1989 we investigated a population of 1066 Bavarian preschool children aged 5-6 years. Skin prick tests were performed with common aeroallergens (grass pollen, birch pollen, house-dust mite, cat epithelia). The personal history of atopic disease (atopic eczema, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma) was recorded by a questionnaire, and the presence of overt atopic disease was documented by a personal examination. Positive prick test reactions to the above-mentioned aeroallergens were found in 15.4%, 9.2%, 12.2%, and 10.4% of the subjects, respectively; lifetime prevalence of manifest atopic disease was 22.2% for atopic eczema, 11.7% for allergic rhinitis, and 4.5% for asthma. The MB distributions of children reacting to aeroallergens or of those with atopic diseases were compared with those of subjects with corresponding negative findings. Chi-square tests were performed for each aeroallergen and each of the atopic diseases separately. No significant differences among the MB distributions were found (P > 0.3). Thus, in this coherent group, MB correlated neither to allergic sensitization nor to manifest atopic disease.
Air Pollutants↗
Age at menarche and associated nutritional status variables in Karimui and Daribi census divisions of Simbu Province.
Age at menarche was estimated from data on 310 girls and young women living in Karimui and Daribi census divisions of Simbu Province in 1987. The area has high malnutrition rates among children under five years of age and short adult female stature suggesting that onset of menses should be late. However, other work has shown young ages at the birth of first children and high overall fertility rates among women. The prediction of age at menarche from adult female height is not valid for this population; the actual age at which 50% of girls had commenced menstruating is approximately one and a half years earlier, at 15.8 years, than the predicted age. The nutritional status variables investigated and found to be associated with the age at menarche are height, weight and triceps skinfold thickness. At any given age girls whose nutritional status was better, particularly in terms of weight, were more likely to have commenced menstruation. Menarche appears to be followed closely by onset of reproductive function, with the age at the birth of first children estimated at 17.2 years. A consequence of early entry into reproduction, particularly for girls in areas where undernutrition is common, is a period of considerable nutritional stress during adolescence. Intervention programs should consider this and target these groups for additional health, family planning and nutritional advice.
Adolescent↗
Sex differences in serum luteinizing hormone and testosterone in the human neonate during the first few hours after birth.
Blood was obtained from human male and female neonates within a few minutes after birth, and at intervals thereafter for up to 21 h. Serum LH was substantially higher at birth for boys than girls. For most boys, serum LH fell precipitously during the next hour; serum LH remained low for the remainder of the period sampled in both boys and girls. In girls, serum testosterone was low at birth and remained low for at least 21 h. At birth, serum testosterone in boys was higher than for girls, increased dramatically during the first 3 h after birth, and remained elevated (2 to 3 times higher than for girls) between 3 and 12 h after birth. In newborn human males, a sudden discharge of hypophyseal LH appears to stimulate neonatal secretion of testosterone by the testes. The functional significance of this phenomenon remains to be determined.
Chorionic Gonadotropin↗
[The French experience with preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)].
CONTEXT: Context Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) consists in the genetic analysis of one or two embryo cells obtained following embryo biopsy on the third day of culture. This diagnostic technique is reserved for couples with an identified risk of transmitting a serious and incurable disease and hence avoids the distress of having to revert to an abortion. METHOD: Since the publication ten years ago of the first preimplantation genetic diagnosis by the team in the UK, the number of PGD centres has progressed, but slowly. This is due to the need to associate the efforts of an in vitro fertility laboratory and a genetic laboratory capable of providing a diagnosis only on one or two embryo cells. This technique, controlled by the 1994 bio-ethical laws, first appeared in France in the year 2000. RESULTS: The indications, the techniques used and the first 12 births obtained in the first year of activity in the first two official centres in France are reported. In particular, no error in diagnosis following the PGD was noted with the systematic blood sample taken from the umbilical cord at birth. CONCLUSION: This diagnosis is of interest for couples who present risk of genetic transmission. The advantages and inconveniences of this method must be weighed against the prenatal diagnosis.
Biopsy↗
Women's labor force transitions in connection with childbirth: a panel data comparison between Germany, Sweden and Great Britain.
"In this paper we make use of the panel aspects of the German GSOEP, the Swedish HUS and the British BHPS data...[to analyze] labor force transitions triggered by child births of different birth orders.... We find that German and British women have even higher full-time labor force participation than Swedish women 12 months before the birth of the first child. The difference is more pronounced for second and third births than for first births. We suggest that these differences are caused by different family policy regimes where Germany can be characterized as a breadwinner regime and Sweden a regime oriented towards equal role sharing of father and mother. Our results on determinants of being in the labor force both after and before the birth of a child as well as determinants of the tempo of entering the labor force after birth show that women's own human capital is important both in Germany and Great Britain, whereas in Sweden also less educated women have entered the labor force by the time the child is 2 years old."
Birth Order↗
Convergence on the two-child family norm in Australia.
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Adult↗
Delayed childbearing in contemporary Spain: trends and differentials.
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Age Factors↗
Long-term effects of cesarean sections: ectopic pregnancies and placental problems.
OBJECTIVE: Few studies on the long-term effects of cesarean sections exist. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of three long-term effects, ectopic pregnancy, placenta previa, and abruptio placentae, in the subsequent pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study was based on two nationwide registers in Finland: the birth register and the hospital inpatient register. Women (n = 16,938) having had a cesarean section (exposed women) and a matched control group were identified from the birth register. The occurrence and outcome of the first subsequent pregnancy was determined from the 1987 to 1993 hospital inpatient register and the first subsequent birth from the 1987 to 1993 birth register. RESULTS: During the follow-up time in the hospital inpatient register, fewer exposed women had a completed pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy was more common among the exposed women than among the controls (risk ratio 1.28). In the first subsequent birth abruptio placentae was more common among primiparous (at index the birth, risk ratios of 3.22 in hospital inpatient register and 2.41 in birth register) and multiparous women (4.52 in hospital inpatient register and 3.89 in birth register). Placenta previa was more common among primiparous exposed women than among control women (risk ratio 5.34 in hospital inpatient register and 3.78 in birth register). CONCLUSIONS: Cesarean section is a modest risk factor for ectopic pregnancy and an important risk factor for placental problems.
Abruptio Placentae↗
Acculturation and breast density in foreign-born, U.S. Chinese women.
The role of acculturation in the breast cancer risk increase among U.S. Chinese women is unclear. We examined the association between acculturation and breast density in a sample of foreign-born, U.S. Chinese women and examined factors that may explain such an association. Between January 2002 and May 2003, 212 Chinese women were recruited from Philadelphia region screening programs. Cranial-caudal mammographic images were classified into one of four categories ranging from "entirely fatty" to "extremely dense." Questionnaires assessed information on sociodemographic, cultural, reproductive, and lifestyle factors. An index of acculturation was created based on self-reported English proficiency and within- and cross-ethnicity social interactions. To estimate odds ratios (OR) for falling into a higher versus lower category for breast density, we conducted logistic regression analysis using proportional odds models for polychotomous outcomes. We found that women in the highest acculturation category had denser breasts [age-adjusted OR, 3.1; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.6-6.0]. They also had fewer live births, higher age at first live birth, and higher dairy food intake, all factors associated with breast density. In 196 women with complete covariate data, only adjustment for number of live births and dairy food intake attenuated the estimate for acculturation by >10%. With adjustment for both simultaneously, the most acculturated women were still more likely to have denser breasts (age- and menopause-adjusted OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.0-4.2). These analyses are the first to show breast density differences by level of acculturation among foreign-born, U.S. Chinese women. Despite reproductive and lifestyle differences by level of acculturation, differences in these factors did not explain the acculturation-breast density association. Future longitudinal research will examine whether the association is due to early-life factors, postmigration lifestyle changes, or perimenopausal exposures.
Acculturation↗
First established pregnancy and birth after induction of ovulation with recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in polycystic ovary syndrome.
This case report describes the first established pregnancy and birth after induction of ovulation with recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in a woman suffering from chronic clomiphene-resistant anovulation due to polycystic ovary syndrome (elevated serum luteinizing hormone and testosterone concentrations together with polycystic ovaries). Starting on day 3 of a progestagen withdrawal bleeding, 75 IU of rFSH was administered i.m. daily until a single preovulatory follicle was seen upon transvaginal ultrasound examination at day 13. Ovulation was induced by a single i.m. administration of 10,000 IU of human chorionic gonadotrophin, after which a viable singleton pregnancy was revealed at a gestational age of 6 weeks. The course of pregnancy and labour was uneventful and no abnormalities were found upon a paediatric examination.
Female↗
Pubertal food intake, body length, weight, and composition in the well fed female rat.
Pubertal age, food intake, body length, weight, and composition were determined by direct measurements in 29 well fed female rats studied from birth to first estrus. The average birth and weaning weights of the 12 early maturing rats were 6.99 +/- 0.13 g and 50.13 +/- 1.16 g, respectively, and did not differ significantly from those of the 11 late maturers (6.97 +/- 0.16 g and 49.72 +/- 1.42 g, respectively). Mean values for all pubertal measurements are included in Table 1. At puberty, the late maturing animals were heavier, longer, and had attained a greater quantity of total body water than the early maturers. Although both groups ate the same total amounts of food, late maturing rats at vaginal opening and at first estrus consumed relatively less food per 100 g body weight than did early maturers. Estrus was simultaneous with vaginal opening in 10 (83%) of early and 4 (36%) of the late maturing rats. Despite the similarity in the proportions of total body water, fat, and protein in early and late maturers, a regression analysis, shown in Figure 1, indicates a significant decrease in the proportion of body water (P less than 0.001), and a significant increase in the proportion of body fat (P less than 0.05) with increasing age at first estrus. The percentage of body protein does not change with increasing age at first estrus (regression coefficient = 0.13).
Animals↗
Sympatho-adrenal activity and metabolic adjustment during the first 12 hours after birth in infants of diabetic mothers.
Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations at birth were the same in infants of diabetic mothers and controls after both vaginal and abdominal delivery. The infants delivered vaginally had significantly higher noradrenaline concentrations than those delivered by caesarean section. During the first 12 postnatal hours, the concentration of noradrenaline decreased to levels similar to those found in newborn infants with minor respiratory problems. No hypoglycemic values were recorded in infants of diabetic mothers at birth nor during the first twelve hours after birth. The C-peptide concentrations at birth were significantly lower in infants of diabetic mothers delivered vaginally as compared to those delivered by caesarean section. The FFA concentrations increased after birth possibly as a result of the lipolytic action of catecholamines released during labour and delivery. We have not been able to confirm the increased sympatho-adrenal activity previously reported in infants of diabetic mothers. We suggest that the difference is due to better metabolic control in the diabetic mothers during pregnancy and delivery in this study.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
Breast-feeding frequency during the first 24 hours after birth in full-term neonates.
The relation between the frequency of breast-feeding and intake, weight loss, meconium passage, and bilirubin levels was studied in 140 healthy, full-term, breast-fed, Japanese neonates born vaginally without complications. Factors affecting the frequency of breast-feeding were also evaluated. Mothers nursed their neonates, on average, 4.3 +/- 2.5 (SD) times (range 0 to 11) during the first 24 hours after birth, and this frequency increased significantly to 7.4 +/- 3.9 times during the next 24 hours (P less than .001). There was a significant correlation between the frequency of breast-feeding during the first and second 24 hours after birth (r = .69, P less than .001). The frequency of breast-feeding during the first 24 hours correlated significantly with frequency of meconium passage (r = .37, P less than .01), maximum weight loss (r = -.22, P less than .05), breast milk intake on day 3 (r = .50, P less than .01) and day 5 (r = .34, P less than .05), transcutaneous bilirubin readings on day 6 (r = -.18, P less than .05), and weight loss from birth to time of discharge (day 7) (r = -.32, P less than .01). There was a strong dose-response relationship between feeding frequency and a decreased incidence of significant hyperbilirubinemia (transcutaneous bilirubin readings greater than or equal to 23.5) on day 6. The time of birth also affected the frequency of breast-feeding during the first 24 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adult↗
Breast cancer risk assessment in indigent women at a public hospital.
OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to estimate the 5-year breast cancer risk in indigent women presenting to the gynecology clinic at a public hospital and to determine whether routine use of the computerized Gail model for screening in this population identifies individuals at increased risk. METHODS: A prospective study was performed over 1-year period (7/99-7/00) of women presenting to the gynecology and gynecologic oncology clinics at a public hospital. All women ages 35-60 years with no personal history of breast cancer were offered testing utilizing the computerized Gail model provided by the National Cancer Institute. Age, race, age at menarche, age at first live birth, number of first-degree relatives with breast cancer, number of breast biopsies, and number of breast biopsies diagnosed as atypical hyperplasia were documented. A calculated 5-year risk > or =1.67% was considered high-risk. RESULTS: In all, 319 women enrolled, 121 (38%) with a history of gynecologic cancer and 198 (62%) without. The mean age was 46.9 years (range 35-60), and 28 (8.8%) patients had at least one first-degree relative with breast cancer. Ethnicity included 206 (65%) African American, 52 (16%) Caucasian, 45 (14%) Hispanic, and 16 (5%) oriental. Eight (2.5%) women had a 5-year risk > or =1.67%. The mean 5-year risk for all patients was 0.68% (0.55% for African American versus 0.90% for Caucasian/other, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Estimating 5-year breast cancer risk using the Gail model in indigent women may identify individuals at increased risk. Compared to other patients, African American women appeared to have a lower estimated 5-year risk according to the currently available model. The routine utilization of the Gail model deserves further investigation in the indigent minority population.
Adult↗
An unusual type-II 70-kilodalton keratin protein of mouse epidermis exhibiting postnatal body-site specificity and sensitivity to hyperproliferation.
Keratin extracts from the epidermis of adult mouse ears, footpads, and tail contain large amounts of a 70-kilodalton (kDa) protein which has not been detected in any other body site of the adult mouse or in the epidermis of neonatal mice. Two-dimensional immunoblotting using an antiserum which recognizes both type-I and type-II murine keratins revealed that the 70-kDa protein is indeed a keratin belonging to the type-II subfamily. Its postnatal induction occurs during the first 2 weeks after birth, being first observed in tail epidermis, then in footpad epidermis, and only rather late in ear epidermis. Although in vitro translation experiments with polyA+-RNA from adult tail and footpad epidermis consistently failed to reveal the 70-kDa protein among the translation products, we obtained evidence using a specific cDNA clone that, in vivo, the protein is encoded by a discrete mRNA. This clone, termed pke70, was isolated from a cDNA library of footpad epidermal mRNA. Homology comparisons with a variety of known keratin cDNAs indicated that pke70 contains sequence information for a type-II keratin that is substantially larger than the mouse 67-kDa keratin protein. Northern-blot analysis with a specific 3'-fragment of pke70 demonstrated a single 2.8 +/- 0.1 kb mRNA species exclusively in adult ear, footpad, and tail epidermis. In situ hybridization with the same fragment revealed the presence of the pke70-hybridizing mRNA in both basal and suprabasal cells of ear and footpad epidermis as well as in the orthokeratinizing parts of the tail epidermis; however in the epidermis covering the balls of the feet, labeling was restricted to suprabasal cells at the base of these nodular elevations. Continuous treatment of adult tail or ear epidermis with hyperplasiogenic agents, e.g., vitamin A acid and the tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), leads to a gradual disappearance of the 70-kDa protein. We obtained evidence using in situ hybridization that the loss of the 70-kDa keratin is preceded by a specific suppression of the transcription of its putative mRNA in basal cells, whereas initially suprabasal cells are apparently still able to complete their original commitment. The particular properties of the 70-kDa keratin protein, i.e., its topological restriction, its postnatal and time-dependent acquisition, and its pronounced sensitivity to hyperplasiogenic stimuli, make this keratin subunit an especially suitable candidate for studies concerning the regulation of keratin expression and morphogenesis in general, as well as for studies of the factors that control its expression so specifically.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Epidemiologic study of the predisposing factors in erythema toxicum neonatorum.
BACKGROUND: Erythema toxicum neonatorum (ETN) is a very common disease, but its predisposing factors are still unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the predisposing factors of ETN. METHODS: Seven hundred and eighty-three neonates born in the same hospital during the same period were investigated, and the factors predisposing to ETN were evaluated in a case-control study. RESULTS: (1) The incidence of ETN is about 43.68%, and it is significantly higher in males than in females (p < 0.001). (2) Term birth (p < 0.05), first-pregnancy birth (p < 0.001), the birth season (summer and autumn, p < 0.005), being fed with milk powder substitute or a mixed diet (p < 0.001) and vaginal delivery (p < 0.001) are the predisposing factors of ETN. (3) The severity of ETN in neonates born by vaginal delivery is significantly correlated with the total length of labor (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that environmental factors play an important role in the onset of ETN.
Case-Control Studies↗