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Comparative enumeration of lipophilic and nonlipophilic cutaneous diphtheroids and cocci.

Swabbing skin to collect bacteria for enumeration revealed that a single washing or rinsing of the swab in buffer removed between 90 and 95% of the bacteria collected. Further removal of the remaining bacteria from the initial swab by repeated washings of the swab produced plate counts that showed nearly proportional decreases in the numbers and types of bacteria retained or eluted from the swab. None of the commonly isolated cutaneous bacteria was retained or eluted from the single swab in numbers that misrepresented measurement of their proportions present in the sample. Populations of nonlipophilic bacteria on skin when present were mainly gram-positive catalase-producing cocci. Diphtheroids when present were chiefly lipophilic. Media containing furoxone were selective for cutaneous diphtheroids. The concentration of furoxone used affected isolation and enumeration of the diphtheroids. Lipophilic diphtheroids from the stratum corneum were basically aerobic and anaerobic incubation reduced or eliminated this group from enumeration studies. Lipophilic furoxone-resistant aerobic diphtheroids from several areas, particularly the nasal passages, occurred in numbers inversely proportional to the numbers of staphylococci for periods up to 11 months. The cocci-diphtheroid relationships occurred independently of the total number of aerobic bacteria present, the transient appearance of yeasts or gram-negative bacilli, the required use of certain antibiotics by the subjects, climate, age, and sex.

Bacteria↗

Drug resistance in Salmonella typhimurium and its implications.

A rise in Salmonella typhimurium infection was observed in calves in Britain during 1964-6, follwing the adoption of the intensive farming method. A single phage type of S. typhimurium, type 29, was incriminated as the major pathogen. Attempts to treat and control the disease with a range of antibiotics were ineffective, but resulted in the acquisition of transferable multiple drug resistance by type 29. The transmission of drug-resistant type 29, directly or indirectly, from bovines to man resulted in many human infections. Transferable drug resistance reaching man from enterobacteria of animal origin may ultimately enter specifically human pathogens. Infections such as that caused by type 29 can be eliminated, not by the massive use of antibiotics but by improvement in conditions of animal husbandry and reduction in the opportunities for the initiation and spread of the disease. A reappraisal is needed of the methods of using antibiotics to determine how these methods can be improved, in order to conserve the long-term efficacy of the antibiotics.

Ampicillin↗