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At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

The effects of chronic disulfiram treatment on mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.

Compounds which block the formation of the egg shell in female schistosomes are thought to have chemotherapeutic value. One of these compounds, disulfiram, when given chronically in the diet produced a 60% reduction in the mortality of mice carrying a heavy schistosome burden. This reduction in mortality was associated with an 80% decrease in granuloma formation. On the other hand, there was no decrease in the amount of periportal inflammation in drug-treated animals. While the use of this drug results in significant amelioration of schistosomal pathology, its effects are rapidly reversible, thus severely limiting its chemotherapeutic potential.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Immunofluorescent visualization of the excretory and gut system of Schistosoma mansoni by confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Conventional epifluorescence microscopy (CEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used to visualize the excretory system and the gut on whole organisms of different life-cycle stages of Schistosoma mansoni. To visualize the gut system, an anti-circulating anodic antigen (CAA) monoclonal antibody (MAb) (120-1B10-A) was used, whereas the excretory system was immunohistochemically stained with an anti-flame cell MAb (51-4H8-A) and with a recently described anti-egg MAb (114-5B1-A). The CEM procedure resulted in clear images at low magnification but the signal-to-noise ratio on the higher magnification images was very poor. Using CLSM on the adult worm, the 114-581-A MAb demonstrated a well-defined system of canals that could be morphologically identified as the excretory system. The flame cells terminating the branches of the excretory canals showed a clear immunoreactivity with the 114-5B1-A MAb as well as with the specific flame cell MAb. The gut system could be visualized, using an anti-CAA MAb, as two well-defined bands throughout the length of the parasite. Application of the 114-5B1-A MAb on cercariae revealed a strong fluorescence on the cercarial surface, whereas no immunoreactivity could be detected on internal structures. Whole eggs showed a bright fluorescence of the egg shell, whereas miracidia showed immunoreactivity of the germinal cells located in the center of the organism. The CLSM procedure, especially with the recently introduced fast photon-counting option, provides a superior tool to investigate the three-dimensional localization of different epitopes on immunofluorescently stained whole mounts of multicellular organisms in comparison with CEM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Eggshell membrane structure and penetration by Salmonella typhimurium.

Eggshell membrane was removed from 10 broiler hatching eggs at approximately monthly intervals through the productive life of a commercial flock. A piece of membrane (2 by 2 cm) was used to cover an opening in an apparatus designed to test penetration by Salmonella Typhimurium. The membrane was placed between two chambers as the only means of liquid transfer. The chamber above the membrane was filled with a suspension of Salmonella Typhimurium cells. Sampling of the bottom chamber provided cultural evidence of the penetration by a marker strain of Salmonella Typhimurium. Samples were drawn at 15 min and at 1, 3, 5, 7, 12, 24, and 48 h. Following the cultural penetration experiment, the same pieces of membrane were removed and stained for microscopic examination. Membrane structure was examined with the use of a confocal laser scanning microscope. Each image consisted of a composite of eight 1-microm optical slices showing the fibers making up the outer surface of the membrane. These images were transferred to an image analysis software package that allowed the measurement of the interfiber area. No clear correlation could be made between the average size of all interfiber areas or the total interfiber area measured in the outer 8 microm of the outer membrane and the ability of Salmonella Typhimurium to penetrate the same piece of eggshell membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Use of capillary tubes and plate heat exchanger to validate U.S. Department of Agriculture pasteurization protocols for elimination of Salmonella enteritidis from liquid egg products.

D values for a five-strain cocktail of Salmonella Enteritidis in five different liquid egg products (whole egg, egg yolk, egg white, egg yolk + 5% sucrose + 5% NaCl, and egg yolk + 10% NaCl) were determined using 100-microl capillary tubes. The egg products were inoculated with approximately 1 X 10(10) organisms/ml and heated in capillary tubes to temperatures ranging from 51 to 68 degrees C for various time intervals. Using a pilot scale plate heat exchanger, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) protocols for pasteurization were also evaluated using egg products inoculated with approximately 1 x 10(7) Salmonella Enteritidis/ml. Results of experiments with capillary tubes suggested that almost all processes would result in less than the 9D process recommended by the USDA. However, when the egg products were pasteurized using the plate heat exchanger, a greater than 9D process was achieved for Salmonella Enteritidis in all products except egg yolk containing 5% sucrose + 5% NaCl, which received approximately a 4D process.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Commercial field trial evaluation of mucosal starter culture to reduce Salmonella incidence in processed broiler carcasses.

A series of four paired-house studies was conducted in Arkansas, Alabama, and Georgia (two farms) to determine the efficacy of Mucosal Starter Culture (MSC) in eliminating or reducing salmonellae in broiler chickens. Randomly designated chicks were treated twice with MSC. First they were sprayed with an MSC solution using a spray vaccination cabinet in the hatchery, and then they received MSC in the first drinking water at the growing house. Chicks were grown in identically constructed and equipped paired houses managed by the same grower. At the end of grow-out, broilers were tested for the presence of salmonellae on the farm and during processing. In three trials where no hatchery salmonellae were found, less salmonellae were found on MSC-treated chickens compared to untreated chickens. On the farm at the end of grow-out, salmonellae were detected in 54 of 150 untreated control chickens compared to 40 of 180 MSC-treated chickens. In the processing plant, significantly (P < or = 0.05) more salmonellae were detected on prechill untreated control carcasses (23 of 180) compared to MSC-treated carcasses (12 of 180) and on untreated postchill processed carcasses (9 of 180) compared to MSC-treated carcasses (0 of 180). In one trial where appreciable (28% of egg shell samples) salmonellae was found before treatment with the MSC, more salmonellae were found in the treated birds than in the control birds both on the farm and after processing. These data confirm that when salmonellae levels were controlled in the hatchery, a significant reduction in the salmonellae was found on processed broiler carcasses treated with MSC and that this reduction in salmonellae was carried through processing to the final processed carcass, thus potentially reducing consumer exposure to salmonellae.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Use of luminescent Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33291 to assess eggshell colonization and penetration in fresh and retail eggs.

A luminescent phenotype in Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33291, generated by a transcriptional fusion between the C. jejuni flaA sigma28 promoter and the luxCDABE genes of Xenorhabdus luminescens on plasmid pRYluxCDABE, was used to examine colonization and penetration of fresh and retail eggs. C. jejuni colonized both fresh and retail eggs at 37, 40, and 42 degrees under microaerophilic conditions. Fresh eggs were more heavily colonized than retail eggs. Under aerobic conditions, fresh eggs were colonized at similar levels for all three temperatures. C. jejuni was found to penetrate the eggshell in 2 of 48 (4.2%) fresh eggs assessed. Although the lux+ phenotype did not provide an effective means of predicting penetration sites, it was effective at visualizing eggshell colonization. Also, it effectively demonstrated the organism's opportunistic nature, as eggshell surfaces with flaws and slight cracks were extensively colonized and easily detected by a photon counting charge-coupled device camera. Using scanning electron microscopy, C. jejuni ATCC 33291 was visualized on both the exterior and interior surfaces of the egg membranes indicating penetration of these barriers.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Salmonella serotypes isolated from nonhuman sources in São Paulo, Brazil, from 1996 through 2000.

A total of 4,581 Salmonella strains isolated from nonhuman sources, including foodstuffs associated with foodborne Salmonella outbreaks, from January 1996 through December 2000 were serotyped at the Enteropathogens Laboratory, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil. Among the 123 different serotypes identified, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Enteritidis (Salmonella Enteritidis) was the most prevalent (32.7%), ranking first for almost every kind of source. The next most common serotypes were Salmonella Senftenberg (10.3%), Salmonella Hadar (6.8%), Salmonella Agona (5.1%), and Salmonella Typhimurium (2.4%). Rough strains belonging to the subspecies S. enterica subsp. enterica (4.8%), S. enterica subsp. arizonae (<1%), S. enterica subsp. diarizonae (<1%), and S. enterica subsp. houtenae (<1%) were also detected. Foodstuffs (including poultry meat for consumption) contained 38.1% of the studied Salmonella strains, poultry flocks (from several farms under salmonellosis control by the owners) contained 21.7%, the environment contained 10.6%, sewage contained 9.4%, water contained 6.6%, animal feed contained 4.4%, chill water from poultry-processing operations contained 2.2%, and other sources contained 7.0%. Foodstuffs extensively contaminated with Salmonella strains were poultry meat (40%), cow meat (11%), desserts (8%), mayonnaise (6%), sausage (5%), and unpasteurized shell eggs (4%), and there were several other food sources (26%). Homemade mayonnaise was the most common vehicle for Salmonella foodborne outbreaks, and Salmonella Enteritidis was the serotype most isolated (95%) from that source. According to these data and previously published data concerning Salmonella strains isolated in São Paulo State, almost the same serotypes have predominated among nonhuman sources for the last decade.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Identifying the components in eggshell membrane responsible for reducing the heat resistance of bacterial pathogens.

The biological activity (D-value determination) of eggshell membrane (ESM) was examined to determine the membrane components and mechanisms responsible for antibacterial activity. Biological and enzymatic activities (i.e., beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase [beta-NAGase], lysozyme, and ovotransferrin) of ESM denatured with trypsin, lipases, or heat were compared with those of untreated ESM. Trypsin-treated ESM lost all biological activity (D-values at 54 degrees C were 5.12 and 5.38 min for immobilized and solubilized trypsin, respectively) but showed no significant loss of enzymatic activities. Treatments with porcine lipase and a lipase cocktail did not impact biological or enzymatic activities. Heat denaturation of ESM (at 80 and 100 degrees C for 15 min) resulted in significant decreases in biological activity (D-values of 3.99 and 4.43 min, respectively) and loss of beta-NAGase activity. Lysozyme and ovotransferrin activities remained but were significantly reduced. Purified ESM and hen egg white components (i.e., beta-NAGase, lysozyme, and ovotransferrin) were added to Salmonella Typhimurium suspensions (in 0.1% peptone water) at varying concentrations to evaluate their biological activity. D-values at 54 degrees C were 4.50 and 3.68 min for treatment with lysozyme or beta-NAGase alone, respectively, and 2.44 min for ovotransferrin but 1.47 min for a combination of all three components (similar to values for ESM). Exposure of Salmonella Typhimurium cells to a mixture of ovotransferrin, lysozyme, and beta-NAGase or ESM resulted in significant increases in extracellular concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+. Transmission electron microscopic examination of Salmonella Typhimurium cells treated with a combination of ovotransferrin, lysozyme, and beta-NAGase revealed membrane disruption and cell lysis. The findings of this study demonstrate that ovotransferrin, lysozyme, and beta-NAGase are the primary components responsible for ESM antibacterial activity. The combination of these proteins and perhaps other ESM components interferes with interactions between bacterial lipopolysaccharides, sensitizing the outer bacterial membrane to the lethal affects of heat and possibly pressure and osmotic stressors.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1976

Gonad development and gametogenesis in Boophilus decoloratus (Koch, 1844) (Acarina Metastriata Ixodidae).

Phases in the growth of the reproductive organs and gametogenesis were followed in both males and females of Boophilus decoloratus (Koch, 1844). Special attention was given to the timing of meiosis, the production of mature spermiophores, mating and spermiophore relocation in the female. The main growth phase of the male testes takes place during the nymphal stage while that of the accessory gland complex takes place during the 4 days after moulting and before mating. The main growth phase of female ovaries and oviducts takes place during the post-mating period on the host and the previposition period. Meiosis in males takes place only after the attachment of the newly-moulted ticks; spematogenesis and spermiogenesis occur within a period of 4 days, after which pairing and spermatophore transfer take place. Meiosis was not observed in female ticks and it is concluded that this reduction division takes place only after spermiophore penetration of the oocytes and egg shell formation. Female ticks may be impregnated more than once, a maximum of 5 matings being deduced from counts of spermiophore capsules in the female seminal receptacle. Each spermatophore produced by male ticks yields either 1 but more commonly 2 spermiophore capsules. The reproduction of B. decoloratus is briefly discussed and compared with other Ixodoidea.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Persistence of maternal antibodies against Mycoplasma agassizii in desert tortoise hatchlings.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate Mycoplasma agassizii-specific maternal antibodies in desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) hatchlings. SAMPLE POPULATION: Plasma from 43 captive-reared desert tortoise hatchlings. PROCEDURE: ELISA for M agassizii-specific antibodies was performed. Four hatchlings from 4 clutches of 3 M agassizii-seropositive females with chronic upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) were tested on the day of hatching (set 1), and 20 hatchlings from 4 clutches of 4 M agassizii-seropositive females with URTD and 19 hatchlings from 4 M agassizii-seronegative healthy females were tested at 4, 8, 12, and 29 months old (set 2). Immunoblot analysis was performed to determine immunoglobulin classes in yolk and plasma of hatchlings. To determine infection status of hatchlings, yolk, egg shell membranes (set 1), and nasal lavage fluid (sets 1 and 2) were examined for M agassizii by use of polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Yolk and hatchling plasma had significantly lower amounts of specific antibodies than did plasma from adult females. The IgG and IgM antibodies were transferred, but M agassizii-specific antibodies were of the IgG class. Hatchlings were not infected with mycoplasmas. Offspring of sick females had significantly higher specific antibody titers than did offspring of healthy females. Titers were still significantly different in 1-year-old hatchlings. CONCLUSIONS: Desert tortoise females transfer specific IgG and IgM antibodies to their offspring that are still detectable after 1 year. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Infection with M agassizii may be misdiagnosed in hatchlings with persistent maternal antibodies. Passively acquired antibodies may have a role in pathogenesis of mycoplasma-induced respiratory tract disease and other diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

A role for amontillado, the Drosophila homolog of the neuropeptide precursor processing protease PC2, in triggering hatching behavior.

Accurate proteolytic processing of neuropeptide and peptide hormone precursors by members of the kexin/furin family of proteases is key to determining both the identities and activities of signaling peptides. Here we identify amontillado (amon), the Drosophila melanogaster homolog of the mammalian neuropeptide processing protease PC2, and show that in contrast to vertebrate PC2, amontillado expression undergoes extensive regulation in the nervous system during development. In situ hybridization reveals that expression of amontillado is restricted to the final stages of embryogenesis when it is found in anterior sensory structures and in only 168 cells in the brain and ventral nerve cord. After larvae hatch from their egg shells, the sensory structures and most cells in the CNS turn off or substantially reduce amontillado expression, suggesting that amontillado plays a specific role late in embryogenesis. Larvae lacking the chromosomal region containing amontillado show no gross anatomical defects and respond to touch. However, such larvae show a greatly reduced frequency of a hatching behavior of wild-type Drosophila in which larvae swing their heads, scraping through the eggshell with their mouth hooks. Ubiquitous expression of amontillado can restore near wild-type levels of this behavior, whereas expression of amontillado with an alanine substitution for the catalytic histidine cannot. These results suggest that amontillado expression is regulated as part of a programmed modulation of neural signaling that controls hatching behavior by producing specific neuropeptides in particular neurons at an appropriate developmental time.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Breeding biology of the whiskered auklet (Aethia pygmaea): incubation, chick growth, and feather ontogenesis].

This is the second publication on the results of studies of the whiskered auklet breeding biology on Buldir Island. In 1993, according to the time of chick hatching the egg-laying period began in late April-early May. The single egg was incubated by both parents, which relieved each other once a day, usually at early night. Among the chicks under observation, the first hatched on June 11; the median of hatching was on June 17. After hatching, the egg shell usually remained in the nest. The chick was continuously brooded by one of parents for the first several days but since the age of 7-9 days, it stayed in the nest by itself during the daytime. Each parent fed the chick once a day, at early night, although occasional feedings were recorded also during daytime and at dawn. A newly hatched chick was covered by typical embryonal (natal) down. The remiges, rectrices, their coverts, and large feathers on pteryla humeralis had a mesoptile stage during their growth (the second down generation). The juvenile plumage consisted of semiplumes of types I and II and contour feathers of type I and, possibly, type II. In fledglings, the ornamental feathers were underdeveloped: the crest was absent and facial plumes only began growing. By reaching 100 g, the chicks left their nests at the age of about 37 days. A longer nesting period than in other Aethia auklets appears to be related to a low feeding rate due to the nocturnal activity in the colony.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The organization of the female reproductive system in the parasitic mite Myobia murismusculi (Trombidiformes: Myobiidae)].

The general morphology of the internal genital organs in Myobia murismusculi females have been studied by means of light and electron microscopy. It is shown, that their reproductive system is composed of the single ovary, long complex oviduct, cuticular vagina and receptaculum seminis. The apical region of the ovary is formed by the numerous processes of gonadian somatic cells. These cells generate the ovarian sheath and probably take place in oocyte's metabolism. Any nutritive cells in the Myobia ovary are absent. The vitellogenetic oocytes develop in the ovarian pouches like in other trombidiform mites. The oviduct consists of three parts, each of them has a specific ultrastructure and type of secretory product. Two proximal parts of the oviduct produce the egg-shell components, while the third distal part never contains oocytes. It could be suggested that this part produces a special secret onto the oocyte surface to glue the oocytes to the hairs of host.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Calcified renal metastases: their etiology, pathogenesis, computed tomographic aspects and differential diagnosis].

PURPOSE: To describe CT findings of calcified renal metastases focusing on differential diagnosis problems. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed abdominal CT scans of 8000 patients with tumor, performed from 1984 to 1998. Among the 58 renal metastases, 9 showed a calcific component. We evaluated the location, morphostructural pattern, histology of the primary lesion, the synchronous or metachronous character and the type of treatment. All the lesions were pathologically proved. RESULTS: The primary histotype of the 9 metastases was as follows: 4 mucin-producing adenocarcinomas of the large bowel, 1 gastric mucinous adenocarcinoma, 1 chondrosarcoma, 1 osteosarcoma, 1 melanoma, 1 papillary thyroid carcinoma. In all the cases the renal metastasis was unilateral and unifocal. Granular multiple calcifications were demonstrated within the metastases of mucin-producing adenocarcinoma of the large bowel (3), within the metastasis of chondrosarcoma (1) and of melanoma (1). Diffuse "star-like" calcifications were demonstrated in renal metastases of mucin-producing adenocarcinoma of the large bowel and of gastric mucinous adenocarcinoma (1). Peripheral "egg-shell" calcifications were demonstrated in renal metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma (1). Completely calcified monofocal calcification was demonstrated in renal metastasis from osteosarcoma (1). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Calcified renal metastases are rare lesions related to specific oncotypes. The differential diagnosis (carcinoma with calcifications, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, nephrocalcinosis, granulomatosis, hydatidosis etc.) is particularly difficult because of the aspecificity of the morphostructural pattern. Diagnosis is based on a history of specific oncotypes (papillary and mucin-secreting carcinomas, osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma), but in most cases it requires pathologic confirmation.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Changes in egg composition of American kestrels exposed to dietary polychlorinated biphenyls.

Changes in the quality of eggs of birds exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been described, but have never been directly attributed to PCBs. Polychlorinated biphenyl residues in eggs have been associated with reduced reproductive success and embryonic deformities in wild birds. Egg size and composition, specifically the amount of albumen, yolk, and water in an egg, also influence the growth and viability of embryos and hatchlings, and consequently the reproductive success of birds. To deter mine whether PCB exposure of adult birds affected the size and composition of their eggs, 25 pairs of captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were fed a mixture of PCB-spiked (1248:1254:1260) food to give an approximate exposure of 7 mg/kg body weight/d, beginning 1 mo prior to pairing, and continuing throughout the courtship, egg-laying, and incubation periods. This dietary level in the adult female kestrels resulted in mean total PCB residues in the eggs of 34.1 microg/g wet weight (geometric mean), which is environmentally relevant. PCB residues in eggs increased with the time of female exposure to the contaminated diet and laying date. Variation in egg size within PCB clutches was significantly greater than within control clutches, although absolute egg mass and volume did not differ markedly by treatment. Only infertile eggs and only one egg per clutch were used for egg composition analysis. Yolks in the PCB-contaminated eggs were heavier, with less wet and dry albumen relative to control eggs. Water content and eggshell thickness were not significantly affected by PCB exposure. These results suggest that eggs from the PCB treatment have relatively more lipid and less protein available for embryonic development. Changes in egg composition were not associated with egg size, lay date, ambient temperature, humidity, or precipitation, which are factors known to affect these variables in bird eggs. The PCB-induced changes in egg composition described here provide insight into possible mechanisms contributing to reduced reproductive performance in wild birds exposed to PCBs.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of ts-11 strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccination in commercial layers on egg production and selected egg quality parameters.

Live Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccines have been USDA approved and licensed for use in commercial layer chickens since 1988; however, egg production and egg quality data exist only for the F strain of MG. Information pertinent to the effects of ts-11 MG on egg and eggshell quality parameters, as well as egg size distribution, is lacking. In this study, pullets were inoculated at 10 wk of age with ts-11 strain MG and placed in biological isolation units at 10 birds/unit. Hen-day egg production, eggshell strength, Haugh unit score, pimpling incidence, and blood/meat spot incidence were monitored and recorded in each trial through a 45-wk production cycle. Further, eggs from all treatments were collected daily, Monday-Thursday, and individually weighed. Results of this study indicate that no significant difference was observed between the treatments for the parameters measured or for egg size distribution. Therefore, these data should lessen producers' concerns pertaining to the impact of ts-11 strain MG on egg production, egg and eggshell quality parameters, and egg size distribution.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Organochlorine residues in six species of estuarine birds, South Carolina, 1971-75.

In South Carolina between 1971 and 1975, authors evaluated the occurrence of organochlorine residues in the laughing gull (Larus atricilla), white ibis (Eudocimus albus), glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), American oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus), willet (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus), and ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres). Tissues of birds found dead and eggs were analyzed, eggshell thicknesses were measured, and incidental observations were made of reproductive success and population status. Eggshell thickness of the white bis, American oystercatcher, and laughing gull were not significantly different (P less than 0.05) from the pre-1947 norms. DDE and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were found most frequently and at the highest concentration in eggs. DDE residues declined significantly in oystercatcher eggs, and declined slightly in laughing gull eggs; no change was noted in white ibis eggs. No consistent trends were found for dieldrin and PCBs. Authors found no obvious problems with reproductive success of any species. Populations of the five species breeding in South Carolina appear stable. The white ibis and laughing gull in South Carolina have experienced population explosions over the past 50 years; the glossy ibis has increased substantially since the first documented breeding records in 1947.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ultrastructure of genital system ducts of Diphyllobothrium latum (Cestoda:Pseudophyllidae): the ducts of the female reproductive system].

The components of the female reproductive system of Diphyllobothrium latum, including ovary, ovicapt, oviduct, vitelline ducts, vitelline reservoir, vagina, seminal receptacle, ootype with unicellular Mehlis's gland, ootype-uterine duct and uterus were observed with the electron microscope. The epithelium of the female reproductive system ducts consists of a nucleate syncytial layer. Structural differences in apical surface of the ducts, the number of nuclei and organoids in syncytial layer as well as the number of underlaid muscles were revealed. The regional differentiations of the uterus wall were registered. The middle and distal region of uterus was covered with microtriches. The filamentous microtriches were observed in apical surface of vagina. The epithelium of seminal receptacle and distal region of uterus were underlaided by the powerful muscle layers. The fertilization canal was revealed. It was shown that the formation of egg shells implemented by the deposit of vitelline globules in their surface in the ootype-uterine duct. Structural and functional differences of different parts of female apparatus in various groups of cestodes are conditioned by species biology.

Animals↗