Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “ETHICS, PHARMACEUTICAL”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources

Bending the rules that bent the rules.

In an interview with the Medical Ethics Advisor about the controversy surrounding the use of non-heartbeating cadaver donors (NHBCDs), James Childress asks, "Are some current ethical boundaries moveable in this debate?" To save more lives and give more families the option of donation, the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Protocol for NHBCDs has already moved ethical boundaries. The revisions in the Protocol, described by DeVita and Snyder in this issue of CQ, move them further still. While the University of Pittsburgh can be praised for developing a clear protocol and subjecting it to wide and open scrutiny, many of the arguments offered by DeVita and Snyder to justify specific changes in the protocol are not convincing.

Cadaver↗

Pitching doctors.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Advertising↗

Mai beinaihu?

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Double Effect Principle↗

A death of one's own.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

Public perceptions of transgenic animals.

The field of animal biotechnology has been rapidly expanding and the development of transgenic animals has been part of this research expansion. How the public perceives such developments is an important component of policy considerations. In general, biotechnology applications have been judged with evident hierarchies of acceptability. There appearto be hierarchies in terms of the type of organism being modified, the purpose of the application, the means to attain particular ends, and the nature of the benefits obtained. While general awareness of biotechnology and its specific applications remains low to moderate, this article presents data regarding public acceptance of a variety of applications. These range from the use of animals as disease models and as sources for tissues and organs, to the use of transgenic animals for disease control, for food, and for the production of pharmaceutical and industrial products. Case-by-case judgments are evident, but at the same time, the application of criteria such as the nature of the organism being modified, the animal welfare aspects and the ethical-moral concerns are additional criteria for public judgments. These findings are discussed in the context of their implications for public policy.

Animals↗

[Philosophy of medicine in 2000].

In 2000 there is a prevalence of iatrosophistry above iatrophilosophy and philosophy of medicine. The reason of medicine as the religious duty of charity or secular philanthropy has been undergoing a crisis. Various forms of situation ethics has been replacing mortality. Medicine has been increasingly occupied by the neocapitalistic law of value. Illness now has an auction value. Suffering is a kind of debt, liable to insurance, to re-buy or to sell. The patient is utmost interest to pharmaceutical concerns and health factories. Health, formerly nationalized and now becomes privatized. The government, the state, feel released from the social contract, and throws the responsibility upon the private person and the insufficient charity of the poor community. The man is treated as a biological engine, equipped with a psychical computer super structure. The spirit is pushed to the background. An increase of paramedical and often really magic procedures, such as was never before, can be observed. Medicine now, is a team-work. The doctor and the pharmacist has lost his paternal and feudal position. The split between the clinical sciences and the basic research sciences is nearly complete. The flood of medical publications becomes more and more intensive. We note a paradigm changing from "remedy" to "treatment", and from "symptom" to "problem". Medical practice differs when addressed to the rich or the poor, the curable, the incurable and superfluous one. There are signs of a recurrence to anthropopolitic and eugenic methods, or various forms of euthanasia. Medicine is only pushing away suffering and death. In this sense everyone is virtually incurable. Who is alive has the right to live. Mortality exists independently of different people's outlook, but is hardly accepted by scientists. Morality is of categorical value, totally different from ethics and inaccessible by scientific methods. Hence difficulties.

History, 20th Century↗

A theory of international bioethics: the negotiable and the non-negotiable.

The preceding article in this issue of the Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal presents the argument that "moral fundamentalism," the position that international bioethics rests on "basic" or "fundamental" moral prinicples that are universally accepted in all eras and cultures, collapses under a variety of multicultural and postmodern critiques. The present article looks to the contractarian tradition of Hobbes and Locke -- as reinterpreted by David Gauthier, Robert Nozick, and John Rawls -- for an alternative justification for international bioethics. Drawing on the central themes of this tradition, it is argued that international bioethics can be rationally reconstructed as a negotiated moral order that respects culturally and individually defined areas of nonnegotiability. Further, the theory of a negotiated moral order is consistent with traditional ideals about human rights, is flexible enough to absorb the genuine insights of multiculturalism and postmodernism, and yet is strong enough to justify transcultural and transtemporal moral judgments, including the condemnation of the Nazi doctors at Nuremberg. This theory also is consistent with the history of the ethics of human subjects experimentation and offers insights into current controversies such as the controversy over changing the consent rule for experiments in emergency medicine and the controversy over exempting certain clinical trials of inexpensive treatments for preventing the perinatal transmission of AIDS from the ethical standards of the sponsoring country.

Bioethics↗