[Immigration of foreigners into Spain. Public health considerations].
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Emigration and Immigration↗
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[Sociodemographic characteristics and use of health services by the immigrant population residing in a district of the Community of Madrid].
OBJECTIVE: To describe the social and demographic characteristics of the immigrant population residing in a health district and their use of health services. PARTICIPANTS: Immigrant population with papers or otherwise living in the area under study. SETTING: Health District 6 in the Community of Madrid. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Individual interviews with 300 immigrants chosen by two-stage conglomerate sampling. Average age was 32.6 (95% CI, 31.6-33.7) with 6.6 years living in Spain. 30.9% (CI, 24.3-35.9) lived in a situation of administrative and health-coverage irregularity. One of every five people had neither running water nor rubbish collection. The main health problems arising were muscular pains (69%; CI, 63.9-74.1), upper respiratory path ailments (40.3%; CI, 33.9-46.7) and accidents (27.3%; CI, 16.9-37.7). Health centres (64.5%; CI, 56.7-72.3) were used in preference to other services, with emergency being almost the only path into hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS: The immigrant population has lived in this area for a long time, despite living in adverse conditions in administrative and health terms. The public health service through INSALUD is the principal provider of health services to immigrants.
Adult↗
The sexual behavior of married Mexican immigrant men in North Carolina.
In the southern United States, North Carolina has attracted an unprecedented influx of Hispanic immigrants in the 1990s. Detailed data on the sexual behavior of these recent immigrants are lacking. This exploratory study used two methods, a survey and qualitative interviews. For both methods, participants were recruited using convenience sampling. All study participants were first-generation Mexican immigrants who had lived in North Carolina for at least six consecutive months. The survey, administered face-to-face, explored the sexual attitudes and behavior of 43 married Mexican men living in North Carolina. The qualitative interviews, conducted with men (n = 20) and women (n = 19), explored immigrants' perceptions of extramarital sex and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The study's results suggest that the sexual behavior of 'unaccompanied' married Mexican immigrant men, living alone in North Carolina, differs, at least in degree if not in kind, from that of 'accompanied' married men, residing in the state with their wives. Unaccompanied men who participated in the survey reported more lifetime sexual partners, more partners in the previous year, more extramarital partners and more contact with prostitutes than accompanied survey respondents. The qualitative interviews suggest that unaccompanied men's peculiar status as 'single' men in North Carolina may provide them with both motive and opportunity to have extramarital sexual relationships and that few married Mexican men and women perceive STDs as relevant to their lives. Overall, the study supports the need for male- and couple-focused STD prevention interventions for Hispanic immigrants.
Adolescent↗
Populations with constant immigration.
"We consider a Leslie-type model of a one-sex (female) population of natives with constant immigration. The fertility and mortality schedule of the natives may be below or above replacement level. Immigrants retain their fertility and mortality, their children adopt the fertility and mortality of the natives. It is shown how this model may be written in a homogeneous form (without additive term) with a Leslie-type matrix. Reproductive values of individuals in each age group are discussed in terms of a left eigenvector of this matrix. The homogeneous form of our projection model permits the transformation into a Markov chain with transient and recurrent states. The Markov chain is the basis for the definition of genealogies, which incorporate immigration. It is shown that genealogies describe the life histories of individuals in a population with immigration. We calculate absorption times of the Markov chain and relate them to genealogies. This extends the theory originally designed for closed populations to populations with immigration." (SUMMARY IN FRE)
Demography↗
Surgeon-superintendents on convict ships.
Surgeon-superintendents on the convict ships transporting convicted men, women and youths to Australia played a key role in the evolution of medical standards in Australia. The British Transportation Acts of 1717 and 1825 added the punishment of exile and banishment to the prevailing penology of the era, that of retribution and deterrence. The surgeon-superintendents formed a bulwark during the sea voyages (between 88 and 258 days), protecting the convicts against the potential abuses of the time. Between 1787 and 1868, some 160 000 convicts were transported to the open air gaols at Sydney, Norfolk Island, Van Diemen's Land (Hobart, Macquarie Harbour, Maria Island and Port Arthur), Moreton Bay, Melville Island and Fremantle. Seventeen convict ships left England for Australia in 1823 alone. The surgeon-superintendent's role on the high seas evolved over this time from one of amateur casualness with a primary responsibility to the system rather than to individual convicts, to that of a highly efficient, courageous professionalism. It became a new specialty discipline in its own right. Mortality on the convict transportation voyages fell from one in three convicts embarked in 1790 to zero mortality in the convicts transported on the Sultana in 1859. The key role of the surgeon-superintendent, in the context of preventive medicine, is developed in the present paper. Historical nodes in the evolution of the new discipline of prison doctor were the 1814 Report of Redfern (himself a former convict), and the evolution from the 1820s of doctors who became the pioneers of the specialty discipline of the Prison Medical Service in Australia. The experiences and influences of surgeon-superintendents on convict transportation vessels formed the catalyst for the Passenger Act (UK) of 1855 which, for the remaining decades of the 19th century, regulated the lives of millions of immigrants to Australia and New Zealand.
Australia↗
Do amnesty programs reduce undocumented immigration? Evidence from IRCA.
This article examines whether mass legalization programs reduce future undocumented immigration. We focus on the effects of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act, which granted amnesty to nearly 2.7 million undocumented immigrants. We report that apprehensions of persons attempting to cross the U.S.-Mexico border illegally declined immediately following passage of the law but returned to normal levels during the period when undocumented immigrants could file for amnesty and the years thereafter. Our findings suggest that the amnesty program did not change long-term patterns of undocumented immigration from Mexico.
Crime↗
The health and safety concerns of immigrant women workers in the Toronto sportswear industry.
Immigrant women's conditions of work have worsened with new government and managerial strategies to restructure the Canadian apparel industry. Changes in occupational health and safety legislation have both given and taken away tools that immigrant women workers could use to improve the quality of their working lives. The author outlines a methodology for eliciting the health and safety concerns of immigrant women workers.
Accidents, Occupational↗
The making of an immigrant niche.
"This article speaks to the conceptual and methodological issues in research on the making of an immigrant niche through a case study of immigrant professionals in New York City government." The author argues that "the growth of this immigrant niche resulted from changes in the relative supply of native workers and in the structure of employment, which opened the bureaucracy to immigrants and reduced native/immigrant competition. These shifts opened hiring portals; given the advantages of network hiring for workers and managers, and an immigrant propensity for government employment, network recruitment led to a rapid buildup in immigrant ranks."
Americas↗
Income redistribution and migration.
"This paper analyses redistribution policies that transfer income between owners of immobile factors of production and workers in a given region. The menu of income distribution possibilities attainable through tax/transfer policy in the presence of labour mobility is characterized. Simple general equilibrium analysis shows that migration can lead to Pareto-inferior outcomes in the destination region if immigrants are the beneficiaries of redistributive transfers. All residents of the destination region may gain, however, if transfer payments are also paid to workers in the source region so as to reduce the level of immigration." (SUMMARY IN FRE)
Demography↗
Expected population size in the generation-dependent branching process.
"A Malthusian parameter for the generation-dependent general branching process is introduced and some asymptotics of the expected population size, counted by a general non-negative characteristic, are discussed. Processes both with and without immigration are considered."
Demography↗
Nonpayment of benefits when the Social Security Administration receives notice that an insured person is departed or removed from the United States. Final rule.
To implement part of the Social Security Protection Act of 2004 (SSPA), we are revising our regulations that prohibit payment of monthly benefits and the lump sum death payment under title II of the Social Security Act (the Act) when SSA receives notice that an insured person is deported or removed from the United States under certain provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA).
Emigration and Immigration↗
Immigrant workers in the United States: recent trends, vulnerable populations, and challenges for occupational health.
Immigrant workers are a rapidly growing segment of the U.S. work force, and these increasing numbers have resulted in a different ethnic mix in the work force than in previous decades. Immigrant workers are not a homogenous group, but are over-represented in low-paying occupations. Their diversity and vulnerability present distinct challenges for occupational health nurses. High-risk occupations in which a large proportion of immigrant workers are hired include agriculture, sweatshops, day laborers, and construction. Initiatives needed to improve the working conditions of this vulnerable population include improved surveillance and research, culturally competent care providers, improved health care access, advocacy, and changes in immigration and health policy.
Accidents, Occupational↗
[Immigrant osteomalacia].
The case is reported of a 32-year-old female Asian immigrant admitted with incapacitating pain and suspected diffuse malignant neoplasia. A detailed history and typical laboratory and radiological findings confirmed the diagnosis of osteomalacia caused by lack of sun exposure and a diet poor in vitamin D. Pathogenetic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of "immigrant osteomalacia" are discussed.
Adult↗
Female genital mutilation. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Bioethics.
The traditional custom of ritual cutting and alteration of the genitalia of female infants, girls, and adolescents, referred to as female genital mutilation (FGM), persists primarily in Africa and among certain communities in the Middle East and Asia. Immigrants in the United States from areas where FGM is endemic may have daughters who have undergone a ritual genital procedure or may request that such a procedure be performed by a physician. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) believes that pediatricians and pediatric surgical specialists should be aware that this practice has serious, life-threatening health risks for children and women. The AAP opposes all forms of FGM, counsels its members not to perform such ritual procedures, and encourages the development of community educational programs for immigrant populations.
Adolescent↗
Stature and body-mass index among mid-nineteenth century south Chinese immigrants.
Mean values of anthropometric measurements of 150 Chinese men, taken in 1864 or 1865, were recovered. The subjects had emigrated to California and were returning to China when they were measured. Comparisons were made to measurements of other Chinese men of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The men of this sample were much taller than those in other South Chinese samples, and about as tall as those in North Chinese samples.
Adult↗
The economic effects of international migration: a survey.
"The purpose of this paper is to present empirical evidence on the national economic effects of international migratory flows involving member countries of the European Communities (EC). Although these countries as a group constituted an area of net immigration in the post war period, some member states have been important sources of emigration (Greece, Italy, Ireland) as have been the two applicant countries (Portugal, Spain)." The benefits and costs of this migration are examined for both sending and receiving countries, and some conclusions are drawn in the final section.
Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
[Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese immigration: Chile 1860-1930].
"The paper refers to the amount and some characteristics of the Spanish, Italian and Portuguese immigration to Chile during the period 1860-1930. It is compared with [movements to] Argentina, Brazil, Cuba and Uruguay.... Different information sources are used and in spite of data weakness, the low preference for Chile of the European migratory flows is ratified as compared with those to Argentina.... It is pointed out that the migratory flows to Latin America, in particular to Chile, are associated, on the one hand, with the favourable... European [immigration] policy in this country and on the other hand with the huge European emigration overseas during that period." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Americas↗
Incidence of psychiatric disorders in Victoria in relation to country of birth.
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Emigration and Immigration↗