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At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

How might the motor cortex individuate movements?

The ability to individuate movements--that is, the ability to move one or more body parts independently of the movement or posture of other contiguous body parts--imparts an increasing flexibility to the motor repertoire of higher mammals. The movements used in walking, grasping, or eating contrast greatly with the phylogenetically more recent movements of the same body parts used, respectively, in dancing, playing a musical instrument, or talking. The movements used in the latter functions depend critically on the primary motor cortex (area 4). With advances in our understanding of the output organization of the motor cortex (reviewed recently by Roger Lemon), which have been based largely on studies of the hand area in primates, we can now consider more fully certain problems inherent in moving body parts individually, and some ways in which the motor cortex might accomplish this feat.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The effects of exercise on the health, intelligence, and adaptive behavior of institutionalized severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults: a systematic replication.

Institutionalized severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults participated in a 7-month program of rigorous aerobic-type exercises. The effects of the treatment on the physical fitness, intelligence, and behavior of subjects were assessed. Fifty men and women were matched in pairs based on IQ, CA, and sex and assigned randomly to an experimental (E) or control (C) group. Those in the E group met 3 hours per day, 5 days per week and received a treatment that consisted of an exercise program that included jogging, running, dance-aerobics, and circuit training. The C group continued their normal institutional training programs. The treatment produced significant improvement in the cardiovascular efficiency of subjects; however, no changes in intelligence or adaptive behavior were obtained. Although standardized tests reflected little improvement in psychological or behavioral variables due to treatment, subjective reports suggest that exercise training may serve as a more practical habilitation program for severely and profoundly mentally retarded individuals than those typically employed in institutional settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

HIV prevention education for lesbians and bisexual women: a cultural analysis of a community intervention.

AIDS is increasing almost four times as fast among women, yet lesbians and bisexual women are among the least studied, least understood and most elusive populations affected by the AIDS epidemic. This paper reports the results of community-level HIV prevention research designed: (a) to examine the knowledge, perceptions, social contingencies and political constraints affecting the HIV risk taking of lesbians and bisexual women; and (b) to offer them context specific HIV prevention education. The study was a peer educator-based intervention project situated in San Francisco's women's bars, dance clubs, and sex clubs to reach socially and sexually active lesbians and bisexual women in natural settings. Between June 1992 and May 1993, ethnographic interviews were conducted with 626 women attending the bars and clubs; group presentations at these locales reached 1,315 women. The structure of the intervention was effective in prompting interest in HIV prevention information and intent to change behavior. The resultant cultural analysis details risk behaviors lesbians and bisexual women participate in, myriad constraints they face in trying to enact safer behaviors, gaps in knowledge, difficulties comprehending the relevance of HIV prevention, and risk reduction strategies commonly employed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Judgment of intoxication by untrained social drinkers across drinking settings.

Subjects' perceptions of cues used to judge intoxication across different drinking setting were investigated. Drinkers at a fraternity dance party and in a college town bar rated the importance of 18 cues for making estimations of their level of intoxication. Results indicated that 11 of the 18 cues were rated as more important in the party situation than in the bar situation. These results suggest that subjects apply cues to intoxication differently in different situations.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1991

The amount of alcohol intake and some associated factors in a representative sample of 691 French boys aged 13-18.

As a first step in a longitudinal study, we studied a sample of 691 French boys selected at random so that the region, the type of dwelling, and the profession of the wage-earner agreed with the latest official census. About 200 questions were asked by professional interviewers. The amount of alcohol intake was calculated from questions concerning type and amount of drinks consumed on all possible occasions. The mean yearly alcohol consumption was 0.91 liters of pure ethanol at 13-14 years, 2.08 at 15-16, and 5.88 at 17-18 (national average in Frenchmen 15 years and over: 16.5). Alcohol intake increases significantly with frequency of café and public dance attendance in all three age groups. Other factors, such as cigarette smoking, pop concerts or night club attendance, familial environment, show significant difference in only one or two age groups. Type of habitation, number of siblings, church attendance, etc., are not significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Accidental childhood death from diphenhydramine overdosage.

A 15-month-old boy presented to an emergency department with tonic clonic jerking of all extremities and dancing eye movements. A history of instant coffee ingestion was obtained at that time. However, a routine blood analysis and toxicology screen showed a diphenhydramine level of 1.0 mg% (lethal, 0.5 mg%). Generalized tonic clonic seizures continued despite conventional therapy. A continuous thiopental infusion was used to control his seizure activity. This child never regained consciousness and was pronounced dead 7 days postingestion.

Diphenhydramine↗
PubMed1996

Planning, preparation, execution, and imagery of volitional action.

There are different motor sets, which a human subject can be in or act from: he or she can be in a self-initiated voluntary movement set (action) or in a response set (re-action). Also, imagery sets are available that are necessary for the acquisition and practice of skill. Most important are such imagery sets for rehearsal in theatre, dance, music, sports, combat, etc.

Brain↗
PubMed2006

Differences in club drug use between heterosexual and lesbian/bisexual females.

Although there has been much empirical research documenting current trends in club drug use among gay and bisexual men, little research has addressed the variance among lesbian, bisexual, or heterosexual women. Using data collected through time-space sampling from dance clubs in New York City during 2005 (N=1104), this study explored sexual identity variance among women in the reported use of six club drugs: methamphetamine, cocaine, MDMA, ketamine, GHB, and LSD. Significant differences were found in that younger women were more likely to be active club drug users. Lesbian and bisexual women reported significantly higher lifetime rates of ecstasy, cocaine, methamphetamine, and LSD use compared to heterosexual women. These data suggest a need to better understand the influence of sexual orientation and sexual culture in relation to club drug use and to tailor health promotion efforts to meet the needs of various groups of club drug using women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Barriers to physical activity: qualitative data on caregiver-daughter perceptions and practices.

BACKGROUND: There is little research on household and physical environment barriers to physical activity, particularly in minority populations at high risk for obesity and inactivity. Few studies include data on caregiver and daughter dyads. Formative data were used to develop intervention strategies and pathways for the Girls Rule! obesity prevention intervention, in under-studied high-risk pre-adolescents. METHODS: Participants included 12 African-American girls (mean age 7.8 years) and their 11 primary female caregivers (mean age 41.8 years)--eight mother-daughter dyads and three grandmother-granddaughter dyads--for a total of 51 interviews across 23 participants interviewed from April to October 2000.A qualitative approach was used for 51 semistructured in-depth interviews with 11 dyads (female caregiver and girl), consisting of up to three interviews per respondent (mean=2.4 interviews per respondent). Interviews were transcribed, coded, and systematically analyzed between January 2002 and January 2003 to identify recurrent patterns and themes related to physical activity. RESULTS: Findings indicate clear preference of the girls for sedentary, rather than active, behaviors. Caregivers were unaware of the amount of TV viewed and found positive benefits of TV viewing, including safe supervision of their daughters. Barriers to physical activity include perceived lack of affordable and accessible recreation facilities and low caregiver motivation. Potential intervention strategies identified by respondents include walking for exercise and transportation and several low-cost, favored physical activities, such as hopscotch, jumping rope, and dance. CONCLUSIONS: These findings point toward several physical activity and obesity intervention strategies that can guide obesity prevention efforts.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The economics of physical activity: societal trends and rationales for interventions.

What are Americans doing with their time and their money and what has changed in recent decades? Do changes suggest interventions that will lead to healthier lifestyles? This paper analyzes several different data sets that reveal some surprising (and some less surprising) insights. The big growth areas, both in terms of expenditure and time allocation, have been leisure time and travel/transportation. Leisure-time industries outpace gross-domestic-product growth for both "active" (sporting goods, dance studios, gyms) and "sedentary" industries (spectator sports, cable TV), although industries associated with more sedentary lifestyles grow the fastest. Overall time spent in productive activities, whether at home or work, has declined by several hours each week for both men and women compared to 40 years ago. Reduced physical activity by itself is not a reason for intervening, as many changes improved overall quality of life (even if not necessarily health-related quality of life). But other trends are more likely to reflect poorly functioning markets, leading to worse economic and health outcomes. Market failures that lead to less physical activity or unhealthy nutrition justify interventions, both from an economic and a public health perspective.

Exercise↗
PubMed2005

Immediate early gene expression following exposure to acoustic and visual components of courtship in zebra finches.

Sensory driven immediate early gene expression (IEG) has been a key tool to explore auditory perceptual areas in the avian brain. Most work on IEG expression in songbirds such as zebra finches has focused on playback of acoustic stimuli and its effect on auditory processing areas such as caudal medial mesopallium (CMM) caudal medial nidopallium (NCM). However, in a natural setting, the courtship displays of songbirds (including zebra finches) include visual as well as acoustic components. To determine whether the visual stimulus of a courting male modifies song-induced expression of the IEG ZENK in the auditory forebrain we exposed male and female zebra finches to acoustic (song) and visual (dancing) components of courtship. Birds were played digital movies with either combined audio and video, audio only, video only, or neither audio nor video (control). We found significantly increased levels of Zenk response in the auditory region CMM in the two treatment groups exposed to acoustic stimuli compared to the control group. The video only group had an intermediate response, suggesting potential effect of visual input on activity in these auditory brain regions. Finally, we unexpectedly found a lateralization of Zenk response that was independent of sex, brain region, or treatment condition, such that Zenk immunoreactivity was consistently higher in the left hemisphere than in the right and the majority of individual birds were left-hemisphere dominant.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Weight-bearing exercise and bone mineral accrual in children and adolescents: a review of controlled trials.

INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis is a serious skeletal disease and as there is currently no cure, there is a large emphasis on its prevention, including the optimisation of peak bone mass. There is increasing evidence that regular weight-bearing exercise is an effective strategy for enhancing bone status during growth. This systematic review evaluates randomised and non-randomised controlled trials to date, on the effects of exercise on bone mineral accrual in children and adolescents. METHODS: An online search of Medline and the Cochrane database enabled the identification of studies. Those that met the inclusion criteria were included in the review and graded according to risk for bias. RESULTS: Twenty-two trials were reviewed. Nine were conducted in prepubertal children (Tanner I), 8 in early pubertal (Tanner II-III) and 5 in pubertal (Tanner IV-V). Sample sizes ranged from n=10 to 65 per group. Exercise interventions included games, dance, resistance training and jumping exercises, ranging in duration from 3 to 48 months. Approximately half of the trials (n=10) included ground reaction force (GRF) data (2 to 9 times body weight). All trials in early pubertal children, 6 in pre pubertal and 2 in pubertal children, reported positive effects of exercise on bone (P<0.05). Mean increases in bone parameters over 6 months were 0.9-4.9% in prepubertal, 1.1-5.5% in early pubertal and 0.3-1.9% in pubertal exercisers compared to controls (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although weight-bearing exercise appears to enhance bone mineral accrual in children, particularly during early puberty; it remains unclear as to what constitutes the optimal exercise programme. Many studies to date have a high risk for bias and only a few have a low risk. Major limitations concerned selection procedures, compliance rates and control of variables. More well designed and controlled investigations are needed. Furthermore, the specific exercise intervention that will provide the optimal stimulus for peak bone mineral accretion is unclear. Future quantitative, dose-response studies using larger sample sizes and interventions that vary in GRF and frequency may characterise the most and least effective exercise programmes for bone mineral accrual in this population. In addition, the measurement of bone quality parameters and volumetric BMD would provide a greater insight into the mechanisms implicated in the adaptation of bone to exercise.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The influence of Mozart's music on brain activity in the process of learning.

OBJECTIVE: The study investigated the influence Mozart's music has on brain activity in the process of learning. A second objective was to test priming explanation of the Mozart effect. METHODS: In Experiment 1 individuals were first trained in how to solve spatial rotation tasks, and then solved similar tasks. Fifty-six students were divided into 4 groups: a control one--CG who prior to and after training relaxed, and three experimental groups: MM--who prior to and after training listened to music; MS--who prior to training listened to music and subsequently relaxed; and SM--who prior to training relaxed and afterward listened to music. The music used was the first movement of Mozart's sonata (K. 448). In Experiment 2, thirty-six respondents were divided into three groups: CG, MM (same procedure as in Experiment 1), and BM--who prior to and after training listened to Brahms' Hungarian dance No. 5. In both experiments the EEG data collected during problem solving were analyzed using the methods of event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) and approximated entropy (ApEn). RESULTS: In the first experiment the respondents of the MM, MS, and SM groups showed a better task-performance than did the respondents of the CG group. Individuals of the MM group displayed less complex EEG patterns and more alpha band synchronization than did respondents of the other three groups. In Experiment 2 individuals who listened to Mozart showed a better task performance than did the respondents of the CG and BM groups. They displayed less complex EEG patterns and more lower-1 alpha and gamma band synchronization than did the respondents of the BM group. CONCLUSIONS: Mozart's music, by activating task-relevant brain areas, enhances the learning of spatio-temporal rotation tasks. SIGNIFICANCE: The results support priming explanation of the Mozart effect.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

An invasion of cheats; the evolution of worthless nuptial gifts.

Nuptial gifts are food items or inedible tokens that are transferred to females during courtship or copulation . Tokens are of no direct value to females, and it is unknown why females require such worthless gifts as a precondition of mating. One hypothesis is that token giving arose in species that gave nutritious gifts and males exploited female preferences for nutritional gifts by substituting more easily obtainable but worthless items. An invasion of such behavior would require that females accept the substitute gift and copulate for a period of time similar to that with genuine gifts. We show that both these prerequisites are met in the dance fly Rhamphomyia sulcata, in which females normally accept a nutritious gift. We removed the gift from copulating pairs and replaced it with either a large or small prey item or inedible token. We found that although pairs copulated longest with a large genuine gift, the tokens resulted in copula durations equivalent to those with a small genuine gift. We also observed that males that returned to the lek with tokens re-paired successfully. These findings suggest that female behavior in genuine gift-giving species is susceptible to the invasion of male cheating on reproductive investment.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Memory performance in polyvalent MDMA (ecstasy) users who continue or discontinue MDMA use.

BACKGROUND: The popular dance drug ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine=MDMA) is a serotonergic neurotoxin in animal studies. Several cross-sectional investigations reported low memory and learning performance in ecstasy users, particularly in those reporting heavy patterns of drug use. Since, serotonin has a recognized role in memory processes, these findings were mostly interpreted as evidence for ecstasy-related neurotoxicity in humans. However, studies with user populations and controls suffer from many inherent methodological problems. Moreover, longitudinal data on memory performance after continued or discontinued ecstasy use are scarce. METHODS: In the present longitudinal study, we examined memory performance in 38 MDMA users over the course of 18 months. RESULTS: Subjects who stopped MDMA use after the baseline examination (n=17) did not improve, and subjects who continued MDMA use (n=21) did not deteriorate in terms of test performance. CONCLUSIONS: Our data do not support, but they also do not rule out memory decline following use of the serotonergic neurotoxin MDMA. In light of the popularity of ecstasy among young people, further investigations are needed. In our view, research strategies should now move to prospective designs in order to shed more light on the course of possible adverse cognitive effects of ecstasy use.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A review of the mechanisms involved in the acute MDMA (ecstasy)-induced hyperthermic response.

The predominant severe acute adverse effect following ingestion of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) by recreational users is hyperthermia which can induce other associated clinical problems and occasionally death. There is no pharmacologically specific treatment. MDMA also induces dose-dependent hyperthermia in experimental animals. This review examines the consequences of MDMA administration on body temperature in humans and rodents. In rats hyperthermia results primarily from dopamine release and is influenced by dose, ambient temperature and other housing conditions. The response is increased in rats with a prior MDMA-induced neurotoxic lesion of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) nerve endings. Increased MDMA-induced locomotor activity appears to play no role in the hyperthermic response. However, the size of the acute hyperthermic response plays a major role in determining the severity of the subsequent neurotoxicity. These results suggest that any MDMA-induced hyperthermic response will be enhanced in hot, crowded dance club conditions and that ingesting the drug in such conditions increases the possibility of subsequent cerebral neurotoxic effect.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Sudden cardiac death in a 5-year-old girl associated with parvovirus B19 infection.

We report on a 5-year-old girl who suddenly collapsed and died while dancing at a family party. Histological examination of the heart including the cardiac conduction system revealed lymphocytic infiltrations of the sinu-atrial node and perivascular infiltration in the atrio-ventricular region. Additionally, foci of mononuclear infiltrates were observed in the myocardium. Consequently, myocarditis was diagnosed as cause of death. The child also had lymphocytic conjunctivis, parotitis and tracheitis. Evaluation of infections by means of nested polymerase chain reaction revealed parvovirus B19 DNA (PVB19) in tissue samples of the trachea.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2006

The flaming gypsy skirt injury.

On review of admissions over a 12-month period, we noted a significant number of women presenting with gypsy skirt burns. We describe all six cases to highlight the unique distribution of the wounds and the circumstances in which the accidents occurred. Four skirts were ignited by open fire heaters: two skirts ignited whilst the women were standing nearby, distracted with a telephone conversation; one brushed over the flame as she was walking past the heater; other whilst dancing in the lounge. One skirt was ignited by decorative candles placed on the floor during a social gathering. Another skirt was set alight by cigarette ember, whilst smoking in the toilet. Percentage surface area burned, estimated according to the rule of nines, showed that gypsy skirt burns were significant ranging from 7 to 14% total body surface area (TBSA) and averaging 9% TBSA. Two patients required allogenic split-skin grafts. Common sense care with proximity to naked flame is all that is needed to prevent this injury.

Adolescent↗