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At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

[The effectiveness and acceptability of oral contraceptives (Logest), containing 20 micrograms ethinylestradiol and 75 micrograms gestodene].

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of the use of oral contraceptives Logest, containing 20 micrograms ethinylestradiol and 75 micrograms gestodene (in one tablet). DESIGN: Observational study (during the period of six months) on the healthy women visiting gynecological clinics and asking for establishment of contraception with the use of oral contraceptives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The observation was carried out on 800 patients who were included (with use including/excluding criteria) to the study. The study was carried out during the period of October 1999-March 2001. Patients were asked to use the Logest intermittently during the period of 6 months (21 days of administration followed by 7 days break, and than again 21 days of administration etc). The administration of Logest was followed up. Basic examination and qualification for the use of oral contraceptive was taken during the first visit. Re-examinations were taken after 3 and 6 month of usage of the study drug. RESULTS: High efficacy, good tolerance and acceptability of Logest administration was observed. Neither cases of non effectiveness, nor serious adverse events, during the Logest administration were reported. CONCLUSIONS: 95.7% of the patients which completed the study, declared that the oral contraception with use of Logest was "very well accepted" or "well accepted".

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Emergency contraception.

Women can use emergency contraception to prevent pregnancy after known or suspected failure of birth control or after unprotected intercourse. Many patients do not ask for emergency contraception because they do not know of its availability. Emergency contraception has been an off-label use of oral contraceptive pills since the 1960s. Dedicated products, the Yuzpe regimen (Preven) and levonorgestrel (Plan B), were marketed in the United States after 1998 but had been available in Europe for years before that. A third approved method of emergency contraception is the insertion of an intrauterine device. Emergency contraception is about 75 to 85 percent effective. It is most effective when initiated within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse. The mechanism of action may vary, depending on the day of the menstrual cycle on which treatment is started. Despite the large number of women who have received emergency contraception, there have been no reports of major adverse outcomes. If a woman becomes pregnant after using emergency contraception, she may be reassured about the lack of negative effects emergency contraception has on fetal development. It may be beneficial for physicians to offer an advance prescription for emergency contraception at a patient's regular gynecologic visit to help reduce unwanted pregnancies. Advance provision of emergency contraception can increase its use significantly without adversely affecting the use of routine contraception.

Contraception Behavior↗
PubMed2004

Missed opportunities: emergency contraception utilisation by young south African women.

Although contraceptives, including emergency contraceptives, are widely available free at public health facilities in South Africa, rates of teenage and unintended pregnancy are high. This paper analyses awareness and utilisation of emergency contraception amongst 193 young women (aged 15-24 years) attending public sector health facilities. Structured interviews were held at 17 and 14 primary health clinics in an urban and a rural area respectively. Respondents were asked about their knowledge of contraceptive methods and use, and specifically about emergency contraceptive utilisation. More sexually active young urban women (76%) were currently using a method of contraception, compared to the young rural women (53%). Only 17% had ever heard of emergency contraception, although significantly more in the urban area (p = 0.005) had heard of it. Only one woman from each site had ever used emergency contraception, although 39% had had unprotected intercourse in the previous year when they did not wish to conceive. Young South African women should be the focus of interventions aimed at improving awareness of the availability of emergency contraception and knowledge about its correct utilisation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Identification of risk factors of obesity in premenopausal women].

UNLABELLED: Obesity is a chronic disease conditioned by genetic, endocrine and environmental factors. The aim of study was to determine the risk factors affecting the body mass in women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The questionnaire investigations involved 363 female volunteers aged 18-49. The questionnaire contained items referring to the environmental factors which might affect body mass (e.g. age, increase in body mass after the age of 18, number of child-births, body mass increase after child-birth, use of oral contraceptives, obesity in childhood, obesity in family, smoking and concomitant diseases). Statistica for Windows was used for analysis, with statistically significant differences at p<0.05. Logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Rapid body mass increments occurred in the young women who were overweight already in childhood. Another high risk group was constituted by women who reported considerable body mass increments during the first pregnancy. 39.9% of the examined women took contraceptive pills, however the application of oral contraception had no significant influence on the body mass increase. The body mass gain after the age of 18 was observed to positively correlate with age. CONCLUSION: Overweight in childhood or excessive body mass increment during pregnancy are risk factors of obesity in the later period of life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Contraceptive practices and awareness of emergency contraception in educated working women.

BACKGROUND: Regular contraceptive use and emergency contraception are tools to prevent pregnancies. AIMS: This study was designed to investigate knowledge and use of contraceptive methods and awareness of emergency contraception among women working in the hospital. SETTINGS: Educated workingwomen in a medical college hospital. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out among women belonging to three categories: staff nurses, ministerial staff and others. Married as well as unmarried employees in the reproductive age group were interviewed. A pretested mixed questionnaire containing open as well as closed ended questions was administered. The women were asked questions concerning knowledge and use of contraceptive methods and awareness of emergency or postcoital contraception. RESULTS: Of the 284 employees 258 women consented for the interview. All the subjects were literate and majority (97.2%) had an urban background. Of the 190 married women, 154 (81.1%) practiced contraception, among them (73.3%) were regular users. Eighty respondents underwent abortions of which 46 had spontaneous and 34 had induced abortions. Among the available contraceptive methods, condom was the most popular method in 89 (57.8%) followed by Copper T in 38 women (24.7%). The use of hormonal contraception was very low 2.6%. Print and electronic media were the common source of public awareness in 149 subjects (57.7%). Twenty-nine women (11.2%) were aware and only three women used emergency contraception. CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of females in this literate workingwomen population used contraception; however, the awareness of emergency contraception was low.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Contraception continuation rates and reasons for discontinuation in Zahedan, Islamic Republic of Iran.

We evaluated contraception continuation rates and discontinuation reasons in Zahedan among 1741 women from 1998-2000. By Kaplan-Meier technique continuation rates were 92% for low dose combined hormonal oral contraceptives (OC), 86% for a levonorgestrel-releasing implant, 82% for intrauterine devices (IUD) and 53% for medroxyprogesterone acetate at the first year. After 3 years, continuation was 78% for levonorgestrel implant, 70% for OC, 60% for IUD and 44% for medroxyprogesterone acetate. The commonest reason for discontinuing OC and medroxyprogesterone acetate was changing method; for IUD and levonorgestrel-releasing implant, the commonest reason was side-effects. By Cox regression model, continuation rate and contraceptive type were significantly related to health centre.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A quality of care issue: appropriate use and efficacy knowledge of five contraceptive methods: views of men and women living in low socioeconomic settlements of Karachi, Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To assess knowledge regarding availability, affordability, appropriate use and efficacy for five non-permanent contraceptive methods. METHODS: Married Muslim women and men (500 each) were randomly selected from two low socioeconomic settlements in Karachi, Pakistan. Interviews to assess their knowledge on a range of contraceptive and abortion themes were conducted. Four hundred men and 357 women were selected from this larger sample based on their knowledge of condoms, withdrawal, oral pills, injectables and IUDs. RESULTS: Nearly half of the sampled men (56%) and women (48%) were contraceptive users. Knowledge regarding contraception, a specific method, its availability and affordability was high. Appropriate use knowledge for condoms was 73% among men (users 78%, non-users 60%; p-value < or = 0.001 ) and 5% among women. Efficacy knowledge was generally poor. CONCLUSIONS: Low knowledge levels regarding appropriate use and efficacy even among contraceptive users suggests, that quality of family planning services should not be limited to service delivery issues but extend to appropriate use and efficacy knowledge levels among clients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hormonal contraceptive methodology: an historical review.

The introduction of the first hormonal contraceptive was one of the most important events of the twentieth century for women. The availability of oral contraceptives (OCs) provided women with greater control over their reproductive lives. As OC usage steadily increased, so did concern over health risks associated with their use. Concluding that adverse events were dose-related, scientists sought to develop lower-dose formulations. In the four decades since the first OC, women seeking contraception have benefited from the development of non-oral hormonal delivery systems, including injectables, intrauterine devices, implants, a vaginal ring, and a contraceptive patch. It is hoped that this expanding menu of choices affords women opportunities to find methods better suited to their individual needs. Clinicians should continually evaluate their patients' hormonal contraceptive needs, and provide adequate counseling so that every woman is afforded the opportunity to achieve contraceptive success.

Contraception↗
PubMed2006

Characteristics of women seeking emergency contraception in general practice.

The aim of this study was to profile the users of emergency contraception (EC) attending general practices and a general practice out-of-hours co-operative service using a pre-piloted questionnaire. Questionnaires were offered to 171 women and completed by 144 (84.2%). Mean age was 24.4 years (Standard Deviation = 6.7, range 14 to 51). Most were single, 116 (80.6%). Those who had no regular partner at the time of seeking EC were more likely to have > or =6 lifetime sexual partners than those in stable relationships (OR: 3.5; CI: 1.14-10.86, p < 0.03). At the time of seeking EC 121 (84.0%) were using some method of contraception. Ninety-three (64.6%) presented within 24 hours of sexual intercourse. Concerns about condoms were the commonest reason for seeking EC. For 55 (38.2%) this was their first time to use EC. Thirty-three (22.9%) were drunk at the time of intercourse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[The contraceptive method that changed the world].

During the past century human life expectancy doubled while the birth rate dropped. The widespread use of effective contraceptives has led to a better control of human fertility and changed the structure of modern societies: the elderly now increasingly outnumber the young. Scientifically controlled human reproduction has also resulted in fewer voluntary abortions. The choice of contraceptive strategies differs by geographic area and seems to be linked to such simple mechanisms as the ''door-to-door'' effect. In European countries where the pill is the most widely used contraceptive, interesting variations in the biological profile of oral contraceptive users can be observed; for example, women taking a hormonal contraceptive have only half the risk of developing ovarian cancer. The world is no longer the same since the advent of the pill.

Contraception Behavior↗
PubMed2006

[Emergency contraception].

A specific formulation has been approved for use in Italy for emergency contraception (EC) in 2000. As expected, marketing of this levonorgestrel (LNG) only formulation has been accompanied by an increased interest and, often, controversies leading to even strong opposition on the part of those ethically opposed to the use of any method that may act after fertilization. At present, several trials on the exact mechanism of action and safety have been conducted, giving good reason for simplifying access, providing it free or over the counter, in several European countries. EC, also known as ''the morning after pill'' or postcoital contraception, is a modality of preventing the establishment of an unwanted pregnancy after unprotected intercourse and thus, probably, of reducing the number of voluntary pregnancy terminations. Two different forms are available: the hormonal and the intrauterine. Hormonal estrogen only EC was first proposed in the 60s and in 1974 Yuzpe following his studies proposed for the first time his combined regimen, that showed better efficacy and lower side effects. More recently, a new regimen, consisting of LNG, administered alone at the dose of 1.5 mg, was introduced and found in clinical trials to be more effective than the Yuzpe regimen, if taken as early as possible, within 72 h, thereby replacing the latter in common use. Mechanism of action of both hormonal preparations used for EC is inhibiting or delaying ovulation, therefore a prefertilization action. No effect has been reported on the process of implantation nor on an ongoing pregnancy. The WHO have developed a third regimen based on the use of the selective progesterone receptor modulator (antiprogestin) Mifepristone and conducted trials with different dosages, reporting similar efficacy and safety compared to LNG. Intrauterine EC was first proposed by Lippes in 1976. It has the advantage of being effective if inserted within 5 days after unprotected intercourse and the disadvantage of a greater complexity. In addition, this modality is truly interceptive, acting by preventing implantation. Pregnancy rates reported following EC using a device >300 mm2 of copper are consistently low (0.1-0.2%).

Contraception Behavior↗