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This article sets out to assess Roman Catholic doctrine on the medical treatment of infertility, and the implications of that doctrine for infertile couples. Children are vitally important for a Catholic marriage to be perceived as successful. Couples wishing to seek medical treatment for infertility may experience enhanced stress due to restrictive Catholic doctrine, which prohibits the use of several modern treatments.
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Deviance is today more often recognized. It questions norms or established order. Sociology, medicine, law, moral, even if they use the same terms, such as deviance or normality, deal with these realities differentialy. Being more conscious of it allows to define the conditions of a more true and serene dialogue, starting from various disciplines. One wonders more particularly on the specific role of moral. Must the elaboration of moral norms be done in reference to "normality", or do we have to look for lines of sexual humanization?
The aggressiveness is not a drive and has nothing in common with Freudian death instinct, but it is one of the ways to fulfill the possession desires and the narcissistic desires. As the way to achievement, it comes into a conflict with the fear of failure, with the co-operation advantages and with the altruistic human drives. As the latter ones are rather weak in an average person, the co-operation--as a basis of society--is in all its strata imbued with aggression. Each social structure, up to the present day, has contained aggression as an organic component. The hope of creating a society free from aggression is not based on the betterment of the human character, but on the growth of the productive forces. The existence of the interpersonal aggression has been concealed from a child, brought up in the spirit of the centuries-old fallacious educational principles. As a result, the child develops its first neurosis--the Superego neurosis. The Superego is not a structural component of the human psyche, but it is a neurotic formation. In the subsequent years, the confrontation of the child and the youth with the true aggression may affect his or her development in various ways. In some cases, the given individual disregards the Superego commands and pays for it with the neurosis of permanent guilt feelings. In other cases, the individual deals with the Superego as with the ethical values in themselves, and develops an inhibition neurosis (Gehemmtheitsneurose). Still in other cases he or she revolts against the mendacity of the society and develops a pseudopsychopathy. The proper education should strive to awake the nobe feelings in the child, but at the same time to reveal the whole truth about the existence of aggression in the human interrelations. In these conditions, through the conscious choice between the egoistic and the altruistic drives, could the growing person form the moral attitudes fitting his or her own nature. Because the ethics of the values in themselves is but a philosophical fiction, the only real ethics is that which is based on feelings.
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BACKGROUND: To determine which, if any, characteristics should be incorporated into a select-in approach to screening personnel for long-duration spaceflight, we examined the influence of crewmember social/ demographic characteristics, personality traits, interpersonal needs, and characteristics of station physical environments on performance measures in 657 American men who spent an austral winter in Antarctica between 1963 and 1974. METHODS: During screening, subjects completed a Personal History Questionnaire which obtained information on social and demographic characteristics, the Deep Freeze Opinion Survey which assessed 5 different personality traits, and the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior (FIRO-B) Scale which measured 6 dimensions of interpersonal needs. Station environment included measures of crew size and severity of physical environment. Performance was assessed on the basis of combined peer-supervisor evaluations of overall performance, peer nominations of fellow crew-members who made ideal winter-over candidates, and self-reported depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Social/demographic characteristics, personality traits, interpersonal needs, and characteristics of station environments collectively accounted for 9-17% of the variance in performance measures. The following characteristics were significant independent predictors of more than one performance measure: military service, low levels of neuroticism, extraversion and conscientiousness, and a low desire for affection from others. CONCLUSIONS: These results represent an important first step in the development of select-in criteria for personnel on long-duration missions in space and other extreme environments. These criteria must take into consideration the characteristics of the environment and the limitations they place on meeting needs for interpersonal relations and task performance, as well as the characteristics of the individuals and groups who live and work in these environments.
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BACKGROUND: Heart period sequences are composed of recurrent, similarly shaped, physiologically meaningful, transient heart period structures. One such structure is a large magnitude transient bradycardia (LMTB), which resembles published reports of responses to alerting stimuli. Alerting responses are sensitive to alpha1-adrenoceptor and cholinergic receptor blockade. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether LMTBs are related to alerting responses by assessing the response of rabbit LMTBs to autonomic inhibitors. ANIMALS AND METHODS: Using a Latin square, crossover design, six conscious, unsedated rabbits received placebo, intramuscular glycopyrrolate 0.05 mg/kg and intravenous prazosin 0.15 mg/kg, and six rabbits received placebo, intravenous metoprolol 0.15 mg/kg and intravenous ICI-118,551 0.1 mg/kg. Heart period and blood pressure were continuously recorded, digitized and analyzed off-line. RESULTS: LMTBs were suppressed by 93% and 95% by alpha1-adrenergic and muscarinic blockade, respectively, but not by beta1-adrenergic or beta2-adrenergic blockade. The drugs altered none of the morphological parameters of shape, magnitude or duration, or any of the hypotensive features. CONCLUSIONS: LMTBs are similar to alerting responses; they are both expressed as transient hypotensive and bradycardic events that are markedly reduced by muscarinic and alpha1-adrenoceptor blockade but not by beta-adrenoceptor blockade. The presence of LMTBs may indicate ongoing, subtle changes in the laboratory environment.
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