Computers. Need an OH computer? Which system?
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Computers↗
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Evaluation. Multislice computed tomography systems.
Multislice computed tomography (CT) systems are an important step forward in CT technology and will probably displace traditional single-slice systems within the next 10 years. Unlike single-slice CT, multislice can acquire two or more slices in a single rotation. This faster scanning speed allows more slices--and thinner ones--to be obtained. It also reduces or eliminates artifacts produced by patient movement and reduces the x-ray tube heating that can constrain single-slice scanning parameters. At the same time, multislice CT is more expensive than single-slice and has the potential to increase the radiation dose delivered to patients. For this Evaluation, we tested four-slice scanners from GE, Philips, Siemens, and Toshiba, examining their technical and clinical performance and their ease of use. All four products represent a considerable advance over single-slice scanners, and we rate them all Acceptable. We rank two of them higher than the others because of their suppliers' proven ability to upgrade their scanners and because of the demonstrated efficacy of the scanners' automated dose-control systems. Also in this Evaluation, we discuss just why automated dose control is so important and provide advice on deciding at what point you should acquire a multislice scanner.
Contrast Media↗
Emergency medicine can play a leadership role in enterprise-wide clinical information systems.
At many institutions, the department of emergency medicine is uniquely suited to a leadership role in the deployment of new clinical decision support systems (computer systems that support clinical practice). Many factors favor such a leadership role, including institutional politics, organizational structure, extent of local control, clinician solidarity, openness to change, departmental size and scale, and willingness to take risks. Such a role should be undertaken in partnership with the institution's information services (IS) department, and a clear understanding of goals and responsibilities will facilitate such a partnership. A leadership position with respect to new information systems entails a certain risk, but the potential benefit to an emergency department in today's competitive environment is substantial. The authors' experience with one such collaborative development project is presented.
Computers↗
Nasal airway resistance computer.
An analogue computing system for the measurement of nasal airway resistance (Rn) has been developed. The instrument operates on the principle of measuring the transnasal pressure required to generate a measured nasal airflow rate. The system computes and displays inspiratory or expiratory nasal airway resistance measured at a preselected flow rate. The values are updated on a breath-by-breath basis and presented to a multi-channel recorder and a digital panel meter for visualization. The continuous Rn (at all inspiratory and expiratory flow rates above zero) can also be recorded. Use of the instrument for the evaluation of nasal decongestants has been demonstrated.
Airway Resistance↗
A computer based system for gynecological cytology.
A computer system is described for cytological report and registration routines in gynecological practice. The sociomedical advantages of the integration of such a computer system with a previously described computer system for organized pynecological health control are pointed out.
Adult↗
Network visualization system for computational chemistry.
Network Visualization System for Computational Chemistry (NVSCC) is a molecular graphics program designed for the visualization of molecular assemblies. NVSCC accepts the output files from the most popular ab initio quantum chemical programs, GAUSSIAN and GAMESS, and provides visualization of molecular structures based on atomic coordinates. The main differences between NVSCC and other programs are: Network support due to built-in FTP and telnet clients, which allows for the processing of output from and the sending of input to different computer systems and operating systems. The possibility of working with output files in real time mode. The possibility of animation from an output file during all steps of optimization. The quick processing of huge volumes of data. The development of custom interfaces.
Journal Article↗
Clinical usefulness of computerized ECG systems.
Computer ECG systems provide a valuable function for ECG analysis, storage, retrieval, and serial comparison. The current systems can provide quality control of technician performance, acquisition equipment, and physician overreading. Its overall acceptability and clinical usefulness is documented in a clinical practice setting with a 90.4% computer-physician agreement in more than 20,000 ECGs. Computerized ECG systems have demonstrated their clinical usefulness in patient care.
Computers↗
Evaluation of the quantitative capability of a home-made cone-beam micro computed tomography system.
Quantitative computed tomography provides the most accurate form of bone mineral density measurement. It is very useful in several applications when used with micro computed tomography (microCT). The objective of this study is to evaluate the quantitative capability of iterative and analytic reconstruction with and without energy-based beam hardening calibration using a home-made microCT. Due to the fact that the source of X-rays in the microCT is poly-energetic and the linear attenuation coefficient varies with the energy of the X-ray photons, a specific correction is presented in this study that resolves the poly-energetic effect. Then, a 3D distribution of the linear attenuation coefficient is reconstructed from the ordered subsets using the maximum likelihood and T-FDK algorithms. These algorithms were both developed for cone-beam microCT. The images reconstructed by the two algorithms with/without correction are presented. A region of interest analysis is used to evaluate the results from two algorithms and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The quantitative capability is better when the image is reconstructed using the iterative method along with a beam hardening correction.
Algorithms↗
Issues in the statistical analysis of sperm motion data derived from computer-assisted systems.
Computer-assisted sperm motion measurements present certain features that must be accounted for in statistical analyses. Some are specific to this type of data, whereas others are standard considerations. For example, the measurement of multiple sperm from individuals creates correlations that must be accounted for if each sperm's measurement is used, and unequal variances may arise that need to be addressed if an average measurement from the individual is used. Also, the limitations on the ranges of some measurements create discrepancies between observed and actual means and may make treatment-related effects more difficult to detect--a circumstance that has an impact on study design. When variables that are truly continuous are measured in a discrete fashion, odd effects may arise and care is needed. Other considerations, such as the shapes of distributions and correlations among various measurements, should also be examined. Attention to these details of statistical analysis are vital to proper interpretation of data.
Animals↗
Assessment of bone ages by the Tanner-Whitehouse method using a computer-aided system.
A computer-aided system to estimate bone age based on Fourier analysis was assessed by reference to the original radiographs used to produce the Tanner-Whitehouse 2 (TW2) standards for the radius, ulna and short finger bones. The computer-aided system involved matching a template of each bone to the scanned image of the radiograph. The computer then generated a stage of bone maturity, individual and total bone scores and a value for bone age. The bone ages assessed by the computer-aided system were no different from the original TW2 reference values, indicating the applicability of the system. The system was used to assess the bone ages of tall Dutch girls, and the results obtained were compared with more traditional assessments made by an experienced rater. For the radiographs from the tall girls, there was good agreement for individual bones between this method and the traditional assessment by the rater, but less agreement for the total 13-bone score and bone age.
Adolescent↗
Comparison of an amorphous silicon/cesium iodide flat-panel digital chest radiography system with screen/film and computed radiography systems--a contrast-detail phantom study.
Flat-panel (FP) based digital radiography systems have recently been introduced as a new and improved digital radiography technology; it is important to evaluate and compare this new technology with currently widely used conventional screen/film (SF) and computed radiography (CR) techniques. In this study, the low-contrast performance of an amorphous silicon/cesium iodide (aSi/Csl)-based flat-panel digital chest radiography system is compared to those of a screen/film and a computed radiography system by measuring their contrast-detail curves. Also studied were the effects of image enhancement in printing the digital images and dependence on kVp and incident exposure. It was found that the FP system demonstrated significantly better low-contrast performance than the SF or CR systems. It was estimated that a dose savings of 70%-90% could be achieved to match the low-contrast performance of the FP images to that of the SF images. This dose saving was also found to increase with the object size. No significant difference was observed in low-contrast performances between the SF and CR systems. The use of clinical enhancement protocols for printing digital images was found to be essential and result in better low-contrast performance. No significant effects were observed for different kVps. From the results of this contrast-detail phantom study, the aSi/CsI-based flat-panel digital chest system should perform better under clinical situations for detection of low-contrast objects such as lung nodules. However, proper processing prior to printing would be essential to realizing this better performance.
Cesium↗
Educational Technology Network: a computer conferencing system dedicated to applications of computers in radiology practice, research, and education.
Educational Technology Network (ET Net) is a free, easy to use, on-line computer conferencing system organized and funded by the National Library of Medicine that is accessible via the SprintNet (SprintNet, Reston, VA) and Internet (Merit, Ann Arbor, MI) computer networks. It is dedicated to helping bring together, in a single continuously running electronic forum, developers and users of computer applications in the health sciences, including radiology. ET Net uses the Caucus computer conferencing software (Camber-Roth, Troy, NY) running on a microcomputer. This microcomputer is located in the National Library of Medicine's Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications and is directly connected to the SprintNet and the Internet networks. The advanced computer conferencing software of ET Net allows individuals who are separated in space and time to unite electronically to participate, at any time, in interactive discussions on applications of computers in radiology. A computer conferencing system such as ET Net allows radiologists to maintain contact with colleagues on a regular basis when they are not physically together. Topics of discussion on ET Net encompass all applications of computers in radiological practice, research, and education. ET Net has been in successful operation for 3 years and has a promising future aiding radiologists in the exchange of information pertaining to applications of computers in radiology.
Computer Communication Networks↗
[Computed tomography of the musculoskeletal system].
Computed tomography (CT) is an important diagnostic modality in the work-up of musculoskeletal diseases. Just as projection radiography and magnetic resonance imaging, it has specific possible uses. As a tool to guide interventional and surgical procedures, it is a significant imaging technique. The technical development of multislice spiral CT in recent years has contributed considerably to increasing the diagnostic quality of CT. In particular, the possibilities for depicting the findings with methods for secondary image reconstruction have been decidedly improved.
Bone Diseases↗
Computer simulation of aqueous biomolecular systems.
Computer simulation techniques are increasingly being used to predict structural and thermodynamic properties of large heterogeneous macromolecule and solvent assemblies. We discuss, with examples from our own studies, some problems we and others have experienced in using these techniques, which were originally devised for simple liquids. In particular, we consider the problems which arise from the large size and heterogeneity of macromolecule water systems, comparisons with experimental data and equilibrium and sampling procedures.
Computer Simulation↗
[An outpatient clinic-oriented laboratory system--proposal for a personal computer network system].
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Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗
[Effect of work with computer monitors on the visual system].
Computer users complain of numerous visual discomforts. The paper discusses those connected with eye fatigue and changes in visual functions associated with the work with monitor screens; these can be alleviated with an ergonomic organization of the work unit. There is a need for a determination of the requirements in visual functions for computer users.
Computer Terminals↗
[Three dimensional CT reconstruction system on a personal computer].
A new computer system to produce three dimensional surface image from CT scan has been invented. Although many similar systems have been already developed and reported, they are too expensive to be set up in routine clinical services because most of these systems are based on high power mini-computer systems. According to the opinion that a practical 3D-CT system should be used in daily clinical activities using only a personal computer, we have transplanted the 3D program into a personal computer working in MS-DOS (16-bit, 12 MHz). We added to the program a routine which simulates surgical dissection on the surface image. The time required to produce the surface image ranges from 40 to 90 seconds. To facilitate the simulation, we connected a 3D system with the neuronavigator. The navigator gives the position of the surgical simulation when the surgeon places the navigator tip on the patient's head thus simulating the surgical excision before the real dissection.
Brain↗
Hypnotic prescriptions in a university hospital: Analysis of data from the computer-ordering system.
The computer-ordering system (COS) database was used to investigate hypnotic prescriptions issued to outpatients at various medical departments at the Dokkyo University School of Medicine. Hypnotics were prescribed for 3428 patients (1613 men, 1815 women), with a mean age of 56 years (range 8-91 years). The number of prescriptions was 3.5% of the total number of prescriptions (123 518). Although hypnotics were prescribed most often to patients in their 60s, generally, the incidence was higher for younger-aged patients. Physicians in all specialty areas tended to prescribe short-acting benzodiazepine hypnotics. The issuance of hypnotic prescriptions should be investigated to determine the prevalence of insomnia in various medical specialties.
Adolescent↗