Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Community Development”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[The pathophysiological foundations of the psychiatric disorders in Parkinson's disease].

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, including those of a psychiatric nature, have been receiving greater attention from the scientific community. DEVELOPMENT: In this paper we analyse the pathophysiological bases underlying the different psychiatric symptoms, examining the dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic mechanisms involved, as well as the importance of the extranigral disorders that are produced from the onset of the disease.

Brain↗
PubMed2004

Energy saving processes for nitrogen removal in organic wastewater from food processing industries in Thailand.

Nitrogen removal from organic wastewater is becoming a demand in developed communities. The use of nitrite as intermediate in the treatment of wastewater has been largely ignored, but is actually a relevant energy saving process compared to conventional nitrification/denitrification using nitrate as intermediate. Full-scale results and pilot-scale results using this process are presented. The process needs some additional process considerations and process control to be utilized. Especially under tropical conditions the nitritation process will round easily, and it must be expected that many AS treatment plants in the food industry already produce NO2-N. This uncontrolled nitrogen conversion can be the main cause for sludge bulking problems. It is expected that sludge bulking problems in many cases can be solved just by changing the process control in order to run a more consequent nitritation. Theoretically this process will decrease the oxygen consumption for oxidation by 25% and the use of carbon source for the reduction will be decreased by 40% compared to the conventional process.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed2004

Southern Africa: reports document legal responses to HIV/AIDS.

A series of reports have been issued on the legal response to HIV/AIDS in eight member states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The states are Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Africa, Southern↗
PubMed2005

Human tissue scaffolds: measured progress ensures a safe future.

Measurement scientists are helping the tissue-engineering community develop robust manufacturing routes and a regulatory framework for tissue scaffolds. Activities are described that are underway to make tissue engineered products a commercial reality.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2005

Contraceptive implants.

In response to the need of some women for long-acting, effective and safe contraceptives, the scientific community developed non-biodegradable progestational subdermal implants that act by making the cervical mucus viscous, with ovulation inhibition and thinning of the endometrial lining. The contraceptive protection is within 24 hours and the cumulative failure rate is low. Contraceptive implants require little or no motivation following adequate counselling. In current use are multirod implants (Norplant I and Norplant II Jadelle) and single rod implant (Implanon and Uniplant). Although menstrual symptoms associated with progestational regimens are the major compliance and acceptability factors within the first year of use, menstrual disturbance generally improves. Continuation rates for implant use are high among those who have had adequate pre-insertion counselling because the perceived advantages greatly outweigh the nuisance effects. Other side effects of implants are similar to those observed with hormonal pills--headache, weight changes, mood swings and abdominal bloating. Training of physicians and nurses in the art of insertion and removal techniques is a pre-requisite for a successful implant programme. This should also be backed by integration of implants into the national commodity logistics systems to ensure adequate local budgetary provision for contraceptive implant procurement rather than reliance on donor supply.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Sexual and intimacy dysfunction among homosexual men and women.

Homosexually active men and women are no more immune than anyone else from various types of sexual dysfunction and underlying psychopathology. Intimacy fears and conflicts, ignorance, alcohol and drug dependence and relationship issues exemplify the type of issues influencing dysfunction regardless of sexual orientation, although membership of a stigmatized minority sexuality may exacerbate causes of sexual dysfunction. The effects of discordant lifestyle and identity, homosexual identity formation, dysphoria and internalized homophobia on sexual functioning are three examples of these factors of specific relevance to being homosexual in this culture. The effects of AIDS, difficulties arising from the mechanics of safer sex and the psychosexual effects of oppression on healthy sexual functioning all indicate how factors important to (but not caused by) minority sexuality status may influence sexuality functioning. The importance of neither perceiving homosexuality solely in terms of pathology on the one hand, nor refusing to recognize unhealthy sexual functioning on the other, is emphasized throughout. Models of sexuality must be inclusive, positive and communicated to the client if future sexual dysfunction is to be limited. Finally, the role of the therapist in community development, as well as individual intervention, is addressed. Primary health care interventions are required not only to address the specific issues affecting homosexual men and women, but also to promote a more positive approach to sexuality for all.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

[Stabiltiy and barries function provided by sanitary protective zone of radioactive waste neutralization site, according to data obtained through geoinformative technologies].

The authors defined a radioactive waste neutralization and disposal site as a complex of industrial chambers with used territory of ground with burial places, buffer sanitary protection zone and observation zone. This area is a complicated geotechnical zone where natural communities develop under chronic exposure to natural and artificial radionuclides coming from both global and technogenic sources. Using geoinformative technologies of radioecologic safety, the authors evaluated protective functions of buffer zone, its biopotential and stability to specific type of nature management. The studies helped to identify sorption and migration capacity of the territory.

Ecology↗
PubMed2006

A systematic review of postcoital bleeding and risk of cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND: Postcoital bleeding may be a symptom of cervical cancer. Guidance to aid a GP in determining whom to investigate or refer exists but recommendations vary. Women need to be involved in decisions about their care and this involves communicating risk and an exploration of the implications of the risk. Risk estimates of postcoital bleeding for cervical cancer are not available. AIM: To provide an estimate of the positive predictive values of postcoital bleeding for cervical cancer to aid decision making in primary care about whom to investigate for cervical cancer. DESIGN OF STUDY: A systematic review. SETTING: Community, primary and secondary care. METHOD: Six electronic databases were searched from the beginning of each of their time frames. Inclusion criteria were that the study was published in English and reported or contained enough data to calculate the prevalence or incidence of postcoital bleeding within the study population. No studies were excluded on issues of methodological quality. RESULTS: The search strategy identified 910 unique articles. The point prevalence of postcoital bleeding in the community ranged from 0.7 to 9% among women. One study reported an annual cumulative incidence of 6% of menstruating women. The prevalence of postcoital bleeding in women with cervical cancer ranged from 0.7 to 39%. Calculation of risk that a woman in the community developing postcoital bleeding has cervical cancer ranges from 1 in 44,000 at age 20-24 years to 1 in 2 400 aged 45-54 years. There was no information allowing the direct calculation of risk in women presenting to primary care. CONCLUSION: The evidence base for management strategies of postcoital bleeding and calculations of risk for cervical cancer in women with postcoital bleeding are poor. Recommendations for clinical practice are made on the current evidence.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A medico-social survey of over-75's in a rural practice.

A survey of patients in a Donegal practice showed that 7.9% (n = 198) were over 75 years of age. Of these, 20% lived alone, many of whom lived in poor housing, less than one third of these attended the nearest day centre. Sixteen per cent of the group studied had an inappropriate diet. Fourteen per cent suffered significant physical disability, 30% showed evidence of mental impairment and 28% were taking three or more drugs on a regular basis. Most support for the elderly was provided by friends and relatives. General practitioners are well placed to identify mental and physical disability and social problems and should be actively involved in developing community support services.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Trends in nonionizing electomagnetic radiation bioeffects research and related occupational health aspects.

The international literature (circa 1970-1977) on biological and clinical phenomena associated with exposure to microwave or radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic (EM) fields was selectively reviewed. It was concluded that the mechanisms by which EM fields exert their biological effects are becoming better understood as investigative technology and methodology improve. Concurrent with this trend, there is some recent eivdence in the West which supports traditional Soviet and some European claims that EM fields can affect nervous system function and morphology in small mammals, birds and invertebrates at power levels below those defined as thermogenic in the West. These experimental findings coupled with the pressure of public opition may eventually have a significant effect on the establishment of revised occupational exposure limits and on unique positions regarding maximum permissible exposure (MPE). At present, the exposure level established in the Soviet Union is 0.01 m W/cm2 for a work day, while the United States adheres to a level of 10 m W/cm2 averaged over 0.1 h. At the same time, however, findings from clinical studies conducted in the West do not corroborate findings from extensive clinical surveys of occupational workers collected in Russia and in some East European countries. The latter continue to report a plethora of psychophysiological dysfunctions and impairments of a reversible nature as a result of chronic exposure to EM fields of relatively low power density (e.g., less than 10 m W/cm2, and occasionally below the 1 m W/cm2 level). Neither is there any recent compelling evidence to support certain speculations that modulated EM fields can be used to remotely control human behavior. Interaction between the concerned research and development communities in the East and West has increased substantially in the 1970s. Such interaction promises to provide a medium in which differences in doctrine, experimental methodology and protocol, and the interpretation of biological and clinical phenomena may be resolved.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Blood pressure screening clinics: an opportunity for health promotion.

A blood pressure clinic was organized in a newly developed community in an urban setting. While the primary purpose was to measure and interpret blood pressure (BP), special emphasis was placed on creating awareness of normal/abnormal BP. The study was also designed to identify health education activities performed by nurses in a BP clinic. Following an orientation program and using standardized protocol, volunteer nurses screened 671 adults with a mean age of 43.7 years. The additional activities performed by nurses are described and include 72 documented instances of health teaching, 111 referrals for elevated BP, and 32 referrals for other health problems. The results indicate that nurses provided valuable services in meeting consumer health care needs, and suggest that a BP clinic can be an effective and efficient vehicle for health promotion activities.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dental treatment needed for the people in 156 Bangkok slums].

The survey of the dental treatment needed for the slum people in Bangkok was part of the mobile public health service program under the Bangkok Community Development Project, Ministry of University Affairs which was proposed by the Bangkok Representatives, Prachakorn Thai Party which aimed to provide the needed dental service to the slum people. There was a limited amount of time to carry out the survey, because the main purpose of the project was to provide the services, the survey data was obtained without any affect to the service time. From 156 slums and 40 primary schools in Bangkok 19,333 cases received the services. It was found that 15,681 cases needed scaling, 42,183 teeth needed filling and 36,923 teeth needed extractions. The Prevalence of tooth decay was 4.1 teeth per person. The clinician could carry out this survey without the need for high technical skill in Dental public health. This kind of data was enough for planning the dental service program. By doing this kind of work, we would have more information for improving our dental profession. The good and up to date data would bring us the unity in our dental profession.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

A nutrition/health training program for Peace Corps volunteers.

Nutrition and health education is a crucial component of the overall mission of the Peace Corps program. Individuals selected to work as Peace Corps volunteers need to be well prepared to perform this complex and challenging job in recipient countries. This article presents a model for a training program for Peace Corps trainees that was conducted over a 5-week period. The program was planned in accordance with some specific training guidelines that were provided by the Peace Corps. The trainees included nine women ranging in age from 22 to 61 years with diverse backgrounds; however, all had a BA/BS in a health-related discipline. Training curriculum included fundamental nutrition and health-related areas: basic nutrition, foods, clinical nutrition, maternal and child health, communicable diseases and sanitation, health strategies, and community development. Fifty percent of the curriculum was devoted to "hands-on" practical and clinical activities. Maternal and child health was emphasized in the training curriculum as this is an area of concern in all developing countries. The trainees were evaluated by weekly quizzes as well as completion of a special project involving applications of all their newly acquired skills. Implications of the training program are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Recording of birth weight in a primary health care setting in India.

The feasibility of recording birth weights in two community development blocks in rural areas was tested for general application of the procedure in a Primary Health Care setting. During the four year study period, the birth weights were recorded in 1,919 babies in one block and 1,596 in the other with a success rate of 98%. Although the incidence was 22% in block A and 34% in block B, the mean birth weights were statistically similar (p = greater than 0.05). The mean birth weights and the weight ranges recorded by research staff and PHC workers were comparable. The adoption of a simple, technically feasible, inexpensive, culturally acceptable technique which is suitable for local conditions is recommended. This should be accomplished in a step-wise manner.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Co-operation between South American countries in the struggle against drug abuse and illicit drug trafficking.

The South American Agreement on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (ASEP), which entered into force on 26 March 1976, has enhanced co-operation between South American countries in the struggle against drug problems. This co-operation has promoted the regional responsibility and the use of regional resources in coping with the drug problem in South America and has helped to increase the regional support for international drug control initiatives. The established machinery and instruments within ASEP, which are designed to suit best the circumstances in South America, include the annual conference of States parties, the Permanent Secretariat, the regional centres, the technical advisory committees and other co-ordinated programmes and activities intended to reduce drug problems. Each of the five regional centres that have been or are being established focuses on one of the following subject areas: treatment and rehabilitation, preventive education, suppression of illicit drug trafficking, documentation, and customs techniques. With regard to the eradication of narcotic crops, ASEP considers the idea of integrated community development to be an appropriate approach to eradicating coca plantations in those areas where the growing of coca bush is part of the cultural tradition.

Drug and Narcotic Control↗
PubMed1985

Adolescent pregnancy: critical review for the clinician.

Adolescent pregnancy is a major health and socioeconomic problem with unique medical and psychosocial consequences for the patient and society. Consequently, it demands our attention and understanding of the problem and its causative factors. Survey data have documented that a majority of adolescents are sexually active, and that currently, almost 1 in 10 adolescents become pregnant each year. Over the last 2 decades, comprehensive adolescent pregnancy programs have shown that the high frequency of adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes are closely associated with low socioeconomic status, poor prenatal nutrition and general health, and chemical use, but not maternal age. These adverse medical consequences and the psychosocial problem of the parents and infant are treatable with programs that adapt to the patient population and provide extensive support, education, and counseling in addition to continuity obstetric care initiated early in the pregnancy. One of the greatest needs of the adolescent is a competent and caring adult to serve as an advocate to guarantee access to medical and support services. To this end, responsible and qualified professionals who can relate to adolescents should resume this role in the coordination of a comprehensive care approach. This approach will not only reduce the medical risks associated with adolescent pregnancy, but it will decrease the number of repeat teenage pregnancies, promote school retention, increase compliance with health care regimens for the parent and child, and stimulate personal growth and development. All communities should develop programs to promote optimal medical care, psychosocial support, necessary financial support, and accessible education, since adolescent pregnancy occurs in all social, racial, ethnic, and economic groups in all parts of our country. Finally, the role of the adolescent father should be continually emphasized as a potential source of support to the adolescent mother and their infant and a stabilizer in the teenage family unit. In accord with such emphasis, recognition should be afforded to the psychologic and interpersonal needs of the adolescent father.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Search for Reiter's syndrome after an outbreak of Shigella sonnei dysentery.

Forty-seven % of 4,205 individuals living in a Puerto Rican community developed Shigella sonnei dysentery. Questionnaire and, where relevant, clinical evaluation of 1,970 patients and the remaining 2,235 unaffected residents disclosed no cases of Reiter's syndrome (RS). Among the possible explanations for failure to observe any cases is the important suggestion that S. sonnei is not arthritogenic.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Psychological factors in the health of South African blacks.

Aspects of mental disorder in developing communities are considered. The effects of changes precipitated by modern living conditions are expounded and these are related to the nature of, and impediments to, effective treatment strategies. An explosion in the need for treatment is predicted, and suggestions are made to handle the phenomenon.

Black or African American↗