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At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

[Nutritional characterization of carbohydrates and proximal composition of cooked tropical roots and tubers produced in Costa Rica].

Tropical roots and tubers (TRT) are important staple foods in the tropics. TRT are produced by small farmers and have received only limited attention. The objective of this paper was to evaluate nutritionally important carbohydrate fractions and proximal composition of cooked cassava (Manihot esculenta), cocoyam- or tannia- (Xantosoma sp) and yam (Dioscorea alata) grown in Costa Rica. Twenty boiled samples of each TRT were analyzed for proximal composition, following AOAC protocols. Carbohydrate fractions (dietary fiber, available and resistant starch) and alpha-amylolysis rate were assessed by enzymatic methods. All TRT analyzed consisted mainly of water and carbohydrates, representing moderate dietary fiber and energy sources. They show a low protein level and contain no fat. Moisture, protein, ashes and dietary fiber contents vary significantly (p<0.01) among the three species. In terms of their proximal composition, these locally grown TRT differ from TRTs cultivated in the South Pacific area, but appear similar to other Latin American varieties. In all samples most of the dietary fiber (84-88%) is insoluble; available starch ranges between 74 and 84% of the dry matter, whereas resistant starch content varied between 0.7 and 1.7%. Amylolysis rate was similar for cassava and cocoyam, whereas a significantly slower digestion (p<0.01) was recorded for yam. Compared to values reported in the literature for other starchy foods and to gelatinized potato starch, used as reference sample, the studied TRT showed intermediate amylolysis rates. It is concluded that consumption of these TRT may be promoted in Costa Rica and other countries with a similar nutritional situation.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1991

[Comparison of the classical Gibson-Cooke methods and the chloride-sensitive electrode in sweat testing for diagnosis of cystic fibrosis].

In 43 children and adolescents (30 healthy and 13 CF patients) the Quantitative Pilocarpine Iontophoresis Test (QPIT) was compared with the ion-specific electrode. We found an excellent correlation between these two methods (r = 0.93) and no false positive or false negative results. With both procedures the total chloride-ion-concentration in sweat of healthy subjects and patients with CF differed significantly (p less than 0.001). Both, the original Gibson and Cooke-sweat-test (QPIT) and the assessment of chloride with the sensitive electrode are highly reliable procedures for confirming the diagnosis of CF.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Chemistry and biological activity of volatile and nonvolatile mutagenic compounds from cooked food.

Cooking fumes constitute a major part of the mutagenic activity detected in indoor air samples. The chemical nature of the smoke mutagens has not been determined, but existing data indicate the presence of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines, previously identified in crust and pan residue from fried meat. Reports on the chemical nature and biological activity of these compounds are reviewed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Prevalence of developmental defects of enamel in children and young adults in the Cook Islands.

The prevalence of developmental defects of enamel of 1,417 Cook Island children aged 9-20 years on the island of Rarotonga was recorded in 1987. The labial surfaces of the 12 anterior teeth were examined and classified using the modified Developmental Defects of Enamel Index (DDE). At least 1 tooth with defective enamel was seen in 403 (28.4 percent) of subjects; 7.1 percent of all teeth were affected. These results show overall an intermediate prevalence in comparison with studies in other countries. The three most prevalent defects were: diffuse patchy opacities (2.4 percent of all teeth), demarcated white-cream opacities (1.6 percent), and hypoplasias (1.2 percent). The upper central incisors were the teeth most frequently affected. The prevalence of defects did not differ by age or sex. Most defects (40 percent) were located over the incisal third of the labial surface, and affected less than one-third of the labial tooth surface (76 percent).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Kinetic study employing UV derivative spectroscopy of DM-COOK, antitumor and antimetastatic agent.

The hydrolysis of p-(3,3-dimethyl-l-triazeno)benzoic acid potassium salt (1;DM-COOK) a highly active antimetastatic and anti-disseminative agent, has been studied in buffered aqueous solution over a pH range of 2.8-8.8 degrees C. The pH dependence of the pseudo first-order rate constants showed two different routes. Under physiological conditions the hydrolysis reactions are carried out by acid catalysis. A procedure based on fourth-order derivative UV spectroscopy (D4) has been developed for the calculation of the kinetic constants at pH greater than or equal to 4.00 and no spectral interferences resulted from decomposition products. The application of derivative UV spectroscopy proved to be suitable fpr rapid, sensitive and reproducible studies of hydrolysis of this class of compounds.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1978

A comparative anthropometric study of Cook Islands and Australian preschool children.

An anthropometric study was conducted on a sample of preschool children from Mangaia, Cook Islands, and a comparison made with similar measurements made on Caucasian children aged two and four years. At two years there were no differences in height, weight, or fatness as measured by skinfold thicknesses between the populations. By four years, the Mangaian children were shorter, lighter and fatter. It is proposed that this disparity in somatic growth is a result of subtle nutritional deficits in the Mangaian children.

Anthropometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Distribution of orosomucoid (ORM1) phenotypes in Cook Islanders: analysis by six-band patterns.

The polymorphism of the orosomucoid (ORM) system was analysed in 318 Cook Islanders. Modified isoelectric focusing revealed six-band patterns in thin-layer polyacrylamide gel followed by immunofixation. The first ORM locus showed four-band patterns with variations, while the second locus revealed two-band patterns without variation. ORM1*1 and ORM1*2 gene frequencies were 0.7893 and 0.2107 respectively. ORM1*3 allele was not detected.

Alleles↗
PubMed1988

Hepatitis A transmitted to five persons by a cook.

A cook prepared and distributed meals for the nursing and cleaning staff of a hospital until he fell ill with hepatitis A. After a mean interval of 26.5 days five staff members contracted hepatitis A. All recovered within three months except a cleaning woman in whom the hepatitis A recurred 4 months later. In view of the decreasing prevalence of protective antibodies against hepatitis A in adults of central and northern Europe, an increasing incidence of small or even large epidemics of hepatitis A can be expected.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of poultry and pork in cooked and canned meat foods by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are described for the detection of poultry and pork in cooked and canned meat foods. These assays are based on species-specific, polyclonal antibodies raised against heat-resistant antigens. The heat-resistant antigens were isolated from raw skeletal muscle tissue of pork and chicken and were found to be immunoreactive even after heating to 120 degrees C for 15 min. The poultry ELISA could detect chicken or turkey at the 126 ppm level, and the pork ELISA could detect pork at the 250 ppm level. Samples of frankfurters, bolognas, pressed meats, canned baby foods, and canned spreads were prepared by simple aqueous extractions.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Mutagenic metabolites in urine and feces of rats fed with 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline, a carcinogenic mutagen present in cooked meat.

To study the in vivo fate of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), a carcinogenic mutagen present in cooked meat, rats were fed MeIQx in the diet and their urine and feces were analyzed for the metabolites. The isolation procedure included specific adsorption of MeIQx derivatives to blue cotton and subsequent fractionations by thin layer chromatography on silica gel and by high pressure liquid chromatography. Attention was focused on mutagenically active metabolites. Three metabolites were isolated from the urine, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet, and mass spectra. The first metabolite characterized was 2-amino-8-hydroxymethyl-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (Compound I), the second was 2-acetylamino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (Compound II), and the third was 2-amino-8-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (Compound III). Compound I was isolated also from the feces. Compounds I-III were mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA98 with metabolic activation. The mutagenic potency of Compounds I and II was as high as that of MeIQx, and that of Compound III was much lower than that of MeIQx.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Plate waste in a hospital cook-freeze production system.

This survey of food waste in a Midwestern university hospital provides resource data for evaluation of a cook-freeze production system with a restaurant-type menu featuring pre-plated combinations of an entrée and/or starch/vegetable. Data were collected over a 4-week period and included one breakfast, lunch, and dinner from each of 20 nursing units for a total of 611 trays. Mean percentage waste of all food served was 21.3%, with little variation between meals or between modified and non-modified diets. Mean waste for pre-plates was 25.5%, with considerable variation in waste of components (entrée, 17.6%; starch, 27.7%; vegetable, 40.7%). Frequency distribution of waste showed that a large proportion of the patients wasted little or no food and only a small proportion wasted most or all of the food served. No significant difference in waste could be attributed to pre-plate combinations.

Food Service, Hospital↗
PubMed1979

Postprandial serum creatinine increase in normal subjects after eating cooked meat.

Ingestion of meals containing cooked meat caused a marked postprandial increase in serum creatinine concentration, whereas ingestion of raw meat had no effect on serum creatinine. A peak mean value was seen 3 hours after the start of meals. No change in creatinine clearance was observed. Analysis of serum creatinine by conventional autoanalyser and by an ion exchange method ('true creatinine") showed a high degree of correlation, making a possible effect of non-creatinine chromogens unlikely. It was shown that creatinine is produced from creatine when meat is boiled.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Gas-liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography of ethylenethiourea in fresh vegetable crops, fruits, milk, and cooked foods.

The Onley-Yip procedure for determining ethylenethiourea (ETU) in milk and crops was modified to reduce interferences by the ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs). A 20 g crop-methanol extract is cleaned up by adsorbing the sample onto Gas-Chrom S. desorbing ETU, and eluting ETU from aluminum oxide with chloroform containing ethanol. ETU is converted to the S-butyl derivative for gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and flame photometric detection (sulfur mode). For liquid chromatography (LC), ETU is cleaned up on another aluminum oxide column and injected directly. LC and GLC results are confirmed by thin layer chromatography. A cooking procedure based on conversion of EBDCs to ETU is included for surveying crops for possible EBDC content. Recoveries from 8 crops and milk fortified at 0.05 ppm ETU ranged from 73 to 100%.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Familial spastic paraplegia on Mitiaro, Cook Islands.

Familial spastic paraplegia is described in four Cook Island children. Prior to the onset of the disease at age six or seven years, the children were apparently normal. Disease was characterised principally by progressive spastic paraplegia of the lower extremities, in addition to tremor and slow articulation. The disease in these children was probably due to the expression of an autosomal recessive gene. The disorder is of interest because the findings in these children appear to overlap the pure spastic and ataxic heredofamilial syndromes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The high prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus in an isolated Polynesian population, Manihiki, Cook Islands.

An epidemiologic survey of 133 adult Polynesians of Manihiki Atoll, Cook Island group, revealed a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus (males 8.0 percent, females 10.3 percent) and impaired glucose tolerance (males 8.0 percent, females 31.0 percent). Those with abnormal glucose tolerance were older, more obese, and engaged in less physical activity than normals. The females had a higher prevalence of both diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance than the males. Although Manihiki is geographically isolated, the islanders have a good income from copra and pearl shell. The change from a traditional to a modern way of life in a population with an increase susceptibility to diabetes is the probable cause of the high prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance. The change in living patterns is a consequence of change from a subsistence existence to involvement in the cash economy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison and assessment of the difference in total dietary fiber in cooked dried legumes as determined by five methods.

Dried beans (kidney and great northern) and dried peas (chick, green, and yellow) were cooked according to package instructions. Total dietary fiber (TDF) was measured by the Mongeau (AOAC 992.16), Prosky (AOAC 985.29), and Lee (AOAC 991.43) methods (A, B, and C, respectively). Nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) were measured by the Englyst gas-chromatographic method that included dimethyl sulfoxide treatment, and the lignin measured separately was added to NSP (method D). TDF was also measured by the Li method (E). TDF values ranged from 7 to 48 g/100 g dry weight. Methods B and C gave similar TDF values, which were higher than those from other methods. For kidney beans I, TDF values by methods B and C were up to 2.5 times higher because of the inclusion of starch. The fiber residues from methods A and C contained the same amounts of arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and uronic acid, but glucose was 4 times higher in residue C than in residue A. When alpha-amylase from porcine pancreas was incorporated in methods B or C for 5 samples, the discrepancies among methods A, B, and C were reduced by 60-98%.

Arabinose↗
PubMed1994

The development of neurological surgery at Cook County Hospital.

The development of neurosurgery in Chicago has rather unique beginnings. The key contributions by well-known general surgeon demonstrators who worked at Chicago's Cook County Hospital in the late 1800s and early 1900s are highlighted. The formation of neurosurgical academic programs and educational development in Chicago is detailed further and placed in perspective.

Chicago↗
PubMed1975

Effect of nitrite and erythorbate on growth of Bacillus cereus in cooked sausage and in laboratory media.

Bacillus cereus spores were inoculated into sausage mass before cooking. The sausages were kept at 20 degrees C for 48 h before the bacteriological and physiochemical analyses were done. A combination of an addition of 200 mg/kg sodium nitrite and 500 mg/kh sodium erythorbate totally prevented the growth of two strains of B. cereus. Increasing the amount of erythorbate did not affect the antibacterial properties of the nitrite. The inhibitory effects of different combinations of the additives were also studied in laboratory media. Public health aspects of the use of nitrite and erythorbate as food-additives are discussed.

Ascorbic Acid↗