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PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of the albicans IDR plate method for the rapid identification of Candida albicans.

Albicans IDR is a ready-to-use medium containing a hexosaminic substrate that allows rapid and specific identification of Candida albicans. In this study, we have evaluated its performance using 330 pure cultures of yeast strains previously identified by conventional mycological methods. The test correctly identified all the Candida albicans strains tested (186 isolates), but there were 28 false-positive reactions after 48 h of culture incubation. The false-positive isolates corresponded to the species Candida tropicalis (13 strains), Trichosporon beigelii (12 strains), Cryptococcus neoformans (one strain), Candida lusitaniae (one strain) and Candida membranaefaciens (one strain). The sensitivity of the method was 100% and the specificity was 90.3% at 24 h and 86.6% at 48 h of incubation. Albicans IDR plate is a new, easy-to-perform and inexpensive method for C. albicans identification, and it could be used for direct isolation and identification of this species from clinical samples.

Candida albicans↗
PubMed1999

[Taxonomy and ecology of the genus Candida].

Candida is a heterogeneous genus which contains about a quarter of all yeast species. It includes not only species of uncertain affiliation but also unrelated strains whose phylogenetic relationships have not been resolved. A great variety of CoQ types are present in the genus, the mol % G + C ranges from 30-63%, and species that were found to sporulate have teleomorphic counterparts in 11 different genera. Candida species are mainly associated with plants, rotting vegetation, with insects which feed on plants or with food. In line with this, 71% of Candida species utilize xylose (wood degradation), 57% of species use cellobiose (cellulose degradation), 29% oxidize aliphatic hydrocarbons (components of plant cuticula), 27% of species degrade starch as a plant storage material, and 7% utilize methanol as a possible metabolite from pectin catabolism. 85% of species require individual vitamins produced mainly in plant materials. 65% of Candida species are not able to grow at temperatures of 37 degrees C. In comparison only relatively few species occur normally in humans and other warm blooded animals. About 16% of type strains and selected strains for comparative purposes (CBS) were isolated from human specimens. Perhaps up to 10% of Candida species may be of medical importance, though this has so far only been clearly demonstrated for less than 5% of currently known species.

Base Composition↗
PubMed1999

[Gastrointestinal microecology of humans and Candida].

Microecology looks for the relationships between microorganisms and their natural environment in definite sites and their physiological and pathological effects. From birth Candida spp. are often but not always detectable in the human gastrointestinal tract. In cases of reduced defense the tract may be a source of infection to the macroorganism. In healthy subjects the incidence of Candida is between 23% and 76% in quantities between 10(2)-10(4) CFU/ml or g dependent on site. Evidence is most frequent in oral cavity and faeces. Tolerance for Candida spp. is different in the stomach and duodenum due to differences in acidity. Changes in the occurrence of Candida spp. are possible depending on age, different diseases and exogenous influences as nutrition, stress and drugs. In an endocrine stress model we found no yeasts in the duodenal juices of 7 subjects before and after stress situation, but a clear decrease of yeasts in the faeces. The formation of metabolic products by Candida is secondary to the whole of microbial fermentation in the human orointestinal tract. Colonizing strains of C. albicans are normally present in small or moderate numbers and only they are regarded as part of the resident gastrointestinal microflora.

Candida↗
PubMed2004

[Diagnostic value of antibody detection against Candida germ tube antigens in a patient with hepatosplenic candidosis].

In the case of a 53-year-old woman with acute myeloid leukaemia and fever in late aplasia after chemotherapy, invasive mycosis with characteristic involvement of liver and spleen was diagnosed. For the serological identification of Candida in the early phase of the infection, methods for the detection of antibodies against Candida antigens were compared. By ELISA-based detection of IgM and IgG antibodies against a mixture of Candida antigens (ESR 117G and 117M, Virion-Serion, Wurzburg, Germany) evidence for invasive candidosis was obtained significantly earlier (22 days) when compared with the immunofluorescence detection of IgG antibodies against Candida albicans germ tube antigens (Vircell, Granada, Spain). In the case of this patient, the detection of a humoral response against Candida germ tube antigens was of little diagnostic value.

Antibodies, Fungal↗
PubMed2004

[The significance of Candida serology based on cell wall antigens].

The article reviews the state of the art in detecting anti-Candida antibodies directed against cell wall mannans. Experience in this field was collected over more than four decades. The mannan antigens of Candida spp. are well characterized serologically and biochemically. Candida mannans are immunogenically potent antigens to which the host's immune system reacts regularly. The human host is not immunologically naïve towards Candida albicans. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of methodologies detecting anti-Candida antibodies must essentially regard the pathogenetic particularities of candidaemia and candidosis with their opportunistic characters.

Antibodies, Fungal↗
PubMed2005

Molecular epidemiology of Candida species isolated from urine at an intensive care unit.

Candida spp. has been the leading microorganism isolated from the urine specimens of patients hospitalized at the Anesthesiology and Reanimation intensive care unit (ICU) of Dokuz Eylul University Hospital, Izmir, since 1998. This study was undertaken to investigate the clonal relationship of Candida urine isolates in order to find the mode of spread among the patients. Epidemiological surveillance of 38 Candida albicans, 15 Candida tropicalis and 12 Candida glabrata recovered from the urine specimens of patients who were hospitalized in the ICU between June 11, 2000 and October 15, 2001 was carried out by antifungal susceptibility testing and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Two short primers [Cnd3 (5'-CCAGATGCAC-3') and Cnd4 (5'-ACGGTACACT-3')] were used for RAPD. None of the isolates had high minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (>1 microg ml(-1)) against amphotericin B with MIC50 values of 0.5 microg ml(-1), 0.5 microg ml(-1) and 0.125 microg ml(-1) for C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata isolates, respectively. However, three C. glabrata isolates were resistant and one C. albicans and five C. glabrata isolates were dose-dependent susceptible (D-DS) to fluconazole. Among C. albicans isolates 19 and 20 patterns were detected with primers Cnd3 and Cnd4, respectively. When primers Cnd3 and Cnd4 were evaluated together, three and four genotypes were identified for C. tropicalis and C. glabrata isolates, respectively. Our results suggest that the source of C. albicans isolates was mostly endogenous. It is difficult to interpret the mode of spread of C. tropicalis and C. glabrata urine isolates as we obtained insufficient banding patterns for these species.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed1987

The immunochemical characterisation of circulating immune complex constituents in Candida albicans osteomyelitis by isoelectric focusing, immunoblot, and immunoprint.

Circulating immune complexes present in the serum of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, end-stage renal failure, and thoracic vertebral Candida albicans osteomyelitis were sequentially analysed by isoelectric focusing, immunoblotting, and immunoprinting. Candida antigens (including mannoproteins), Clq and C3 complement components, and specific anti-Candida antibody were detected within polyethylene glycol precipitated complexes. An antigen of 47K molecular weight was amongst those demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be present within the complexes. It has been proposed elsewhere that a serologic response to a 47K protein is predictive of recovery from Candida albicans infection. Free antibody had specificity for Candida antigens ranging in molecular weight from 18K to more than 100K including a 47K component. The analytical techniques employed allowed rapid and precise identification of the components of one particular immune complex system and will be widely applicable to the dissection of other diverse systems.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Candida and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea.

The role of Candida in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) has been controversial for many years. Since Candida exists physiologically in the gastrointestinal tract, the presence of small numbers of Candida organisms in stool has therefore been considered normal, and thus non-pathogenic. Increased Candida counts have been linked to the development of diarrhoea in antibiotic-treated patients. However, recent findings have not confirmed this. To date, there is no convincing evidence that Candida may cause AAD in adults.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Spontaneous candida mediastinitis diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided, fine-needle aspiration.

Candida mediastinitis is a rare clinical entity associated with high mortality and morbidity. It is emerging as an important clinical entity, probably due to increased recognition of candida as a significant pathogen in mediastinitis. Candida mediastinitis is usually associated with cardiothoracic surgery, esophageal perforation, and head and neck infections. Optimal therapy for candida mediastinitis remains undefined. Aggressive, combined surgical debridement and antifungal therapy appears to be the most effective of available therapies. We report a case of spontaneous candida mediastinitis diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided, fine-needle aspiration and successfully treated with oral antifungal therapy alone.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed2006

Interspecies variation in Candida biofilm formation studied using the Calgary biofilm device.

An in vitro assay to study multiple Candida biofilms, in parallel, has been carried out using the Calgary biofilm device (CBD). We here report: i) standardization of the CBD for Candida albicans biofilm formation, ii) kinetics of C. albicans biofilm formation, iii) biofilm formation by five Candida species, and iv) effect of dietary carbohydrates on biofilm formation. The biofilm metabolic activity on all CBD pegs was similar (p=0.6693) and C. albicans biofilm formation revealed slow growth up to 36 h and significantly higher growth up to 48 h (p<0.001). Significant differences in total biofilm metabolic activity were seen for glucose, fructose and lactose grown C. albicans compared with sucrose and maltose grown yeasts. Candida krusei developed the largest biofilm mass (p<0.05) relative to C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. dubliniensis and C. tropicalis. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that C. krusei produced a thick multilayered biofilm of pseudohyphal forms embedded within the polymer matrix, whereas C. albicans, C. dubliniensis and C. tropicalis biofilms consisted of clusters or chains of cells with sparse extracellular matrix material. We conclude that CBD is a useful, simple, low cost miniature device for parallel study of Candida biofilms and factors modulating this phenomenon.

Biofilms↗
PubMed1997

Molecular and phenotypic analysis of Candida dubliniensis: a recently identified species linked with oral candidosis in HIV-infected and AIDS patients.

The discovery and characterisation of a novel species of Candida, termed Candida dubliniensis, associated with oral candidosis in HIV-infected individuals is described. These organisms share several phenotypic characteristics in common with Candida albicans and Candida stellatoidea, including the ability to produce germ tubes and chlamydospores. However, in contrast to these latter two species, C. dubliniensis isolates produce abundant chlamydospores, which are often arranged in contiguous pairs, triplets and other multiples suspended from a single suspensor cell. They belong to C. albicans serotype A and exhibit atypical substrate assimilation profiles. Genomic DNA fingerprinting analysis with the C. albicans-specific probe 27A and five different oligonucleotide probes consisting of short repeat sequence-containing motifs, demonstrated that C. dubliniensis has a distinct genomic organisation relative to C. albicans and C. stellatoidea. This was confirmed by karyotype analysis and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Comparison of 500 bp of the V3 variable region of the large ribosomal subunit genes from 14 separate C. dubliniensis isolates and the corresponding sequences from C. albicans, C. stellatoidea, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. kefyr and C. krusei demonstrated that the C. dubliniensis isolates formed a homogenous cluster (100% similarity), representing a discrete taxon within the genus Candida that was significantly different from the other species analysed.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2006

Cheilitis as a variation of Candida-associated lesions.

OBJECTIVE: Occasionally, the clinical diagnosis of Candida-associated lesion is difficult because of a variety of its clinical manifestations. There have been a few reports on Candida-associated lip lesion except angular cheilitis. In this paper, we investigate the relation of Candida in persistent lesions of the lip. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The present study includes consecutive nine patients with persistent erosive lip lesion. For each patient the age at presentation, gender, duration of the disease, other symptoms or signs, complete medical history and prior treatment or medications for the symptom were obtained. Then, mycological examination and the direct cytologic examination were performed. RESULTS: The reported average duration of the disease was 7 months. Six of nine patients had received prior treatments with topical steroids at the other clinic, which failed to resolve their symptoms. Six of nine patients had a predisposing factor for candidiasis. In the culture examination, Candida albicans were isolated in seven patients (77.8%). Five of nine patients received the direct cytologic examination, and four of them revealed pseudohyphae of fungi. The anti-fungal treatment was miconazol gel 25 mg four times per day, and average duration of the treatment was 2 weeks. The outcome was as follows: complete remission in five, remarkable response in two and no response in two. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that one form of the varieties of Candida-associated lesions might be considered in the case of lip lesion with unknown origin that was persistent and ineffective to the topical steroids treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Specificity of the monoclonal antibody 3H8 in the immunohistochemical identification of Candida species.

Candida albicans has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of adult periodontitis (AP). The diagnosis of Candida-associated AP depends largely on the identification of yeast and pseudomycelial forms in gingival tissue samples by using periodic acid-Schiff and Gomori methenamine silver stains. However, these stains are non-specific and also reveal confusing artifacts seemingly rather difficult to distinguish from yeasts. With the recent development and availability of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to various epitopes of C. albicans, for example Mab 3H8 which recognizes a mannoprotein, it is now possible to identify Candida in human tissue biopsies. To explore further the usefulness of this Mab in detecting Candida in periodontal disease the antibody was tested against a wide range of yeast species and strains and various morphological forms, grown in agar blocks at various temperatures and for various time periods. Furthermore, considering the location of the 3H8 epitope on the external cell wall of certain C. albicans strains, it seemed reasonable to determine whether the epitope could be expressed into the surrounding environment, further aiding the recognition of the organism in tissue. The 3H8 epitope appeared to be located at the external surface and on the septum between the mother cell and germ tube of some C. albicans strains but it was partially cryptic in the cell wall of other strains. Both yeast blastoconidia and pseudohyphae were labeled by the 3H8 antibody. Candida lusitaniae, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis did not posses the epitope. The epitope was expressed extracellularly by both blastoconidia and pseudohyphae of C. albicans. This Mab appears to be suitable for the identification of C. albicans in periodontal tissue and may provide further insight into the role of C. albicans in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of periodontal diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Deep Candida infection in children with leukaemia: clinical presentations, diagnosis and outcome.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the clinical features associated with deep Candida infection (DCI) and the outcome in children with leukaemia, and to evaluate various diagnostic methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum samples were analysed to determine Candida IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies and defect free C. albicans glucoprotein antigen and C. enolase antigen in eight children who had nine episodes of DCI and six with suspected DCI. RESULTS: DCI occurred shortly after the leukaemia diagnosis (median 40 days) or after the leukaemia relapse (median 30 days). Children with DCI had fever (100%), skin lesions/exanthema (45%), oral thrush (45%), oesophagitis (22%) and laryngo-tracheitis (22%). Candida endocarditis, arthritis and hepatic candidosis were diagnosed in one patient each. Two children with disseminated candidosis died in leukaemia relapse. In patients with C. albicans infections serology had a sensitivity of 83%. However, in patients with C. parapsilosis infection antibody detection was negative. As the patients were cured of their Candida infection, the IgG antibodies disappeared and the IgM and IgA antibodies fell within the normal range for age. CONCLUSION: DCI in children occurs shortly after the leukaemia diagnosis or shortly after relapse of leukaemia. The clinical features are many. Candida serology may help to diagnose or confirm DCI. The dynamics of antibody titres may help to establish the efficacy of antifungal treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Suppression of anti-Candida activity of human neutrophils by glucose and diminishment of the glucose effect by an amino acid mixture].

Effects of a glucose and amino acid mixture prescribed for parenteral alimentation on anti-Candida activity of neutrophils were examined. Neutrophils obtained from peripheral blood of healthy humans inhibited the growth of Candida albicans in vitro. More than 1.0% of glucose inhibited the anti-Candida activity of the neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner. This glucose effect was reduced by the addition of an amino acid mixture clinically prescribed with a carbohydrate solution (PN-twin) in Japan. The amino acid mixture neutralized the suppression of anti-Candida activity of neutrophils by dexamethasone. These results suggest that an amino acid mixture prescribed in an alimentation solution may play a role as a neutralizer of the suppressive action of glucose for anti-Candida activity of neutrophils in a limited area near the top of a catheter in a blood vessel.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2001

[Suppressive effect of lansoprazole on anti-Candida activity of murine macrophages].

This study investigated the influences of lansoprazole (AG1749), a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), and its active derivative (AG2000) on Candida albicans growth and the anti-Candida activity of macrophages. Under concentration of 100 microM, AG1749 and AG2000 had no effect on Candida growth. Murine peritoneal macrophages inhibited the growth of C. albicans in vitro. AG2000 suppressed the anti-Candida activity of macrophages dose-dependently, but AG1749 didn't. The suppressing activity of AG2000 for macrophages was neutralized by adding a SH-compound (L-cysteine) in the medium. This suggests that AG2000 may suppress macrophage function in a similar manner with inhibition of proton pump through binding to SH-molecules. When macrophages were preincubated with AG2000 for 1 hr and washed, their anti-Candida activity remained to be partially inhibited for 14 hrs. These results were discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of esophageal candidiasis.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗
PubMed2006

Unexpected link between iron and drug resistance of Candida spp.: iron depletion enhances membrane fluidity and drug diffusion, leading to drug-susceptible cells.

Inthis study, we show that iron depletion in Candida albicans with bathophenanthrolene disulfonic acid and ferrozine as chelators enhanced its sensitivity to several drugs, including the most common antifungal, fluconazole (FLC). Several other species of Candida also displayed increased sensitivity to FLC because of iron restriction. Iron uptake mutations, namely, Deltaftr1 and Deltaftr2, as well as the copper transporter mutation Deltaccc2, which affects high-affinity iron uptake in Candida, produced increased sensitivity to FLC compared to that of the wild type. The effect of iron depletion on drug sensitivity appeared to be independent of the efflux pump proteins Cdr1p and Cdr2p. We found that iron deprivation led to lowering of membrane ergosterol by 15 to 30%. Subsequently, fluorescence polarization measurements also revealed that iron-restricted Candida cells displayed a 29 to 40% increase in membrane fluidity, resulting in enhanced passive diffusion of the drugs. Northern blot assays revealed that the ERG11 gene was considerably down regulated in iron-deprived cells, which might account for the lowered ergosterol content. Our results show a close relationship between cellular iron and drug susceptibilities of C. albicans. Considering that multidrug resistance is a manifestation of multifactorial phenomena, the influence of cellular iron on the drug susceptibilities of Candida suggests iron as yet another novel determinant of multidrug resistance.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1997

In vitro activity of a new semisynthetic echinocandin, LY-303366, against systemic isolates of Candida species, Cryptococcus neoformans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Aspergillus species.

The in vitro activities of LY-303366, a new semisynthetic echinocandin, and comparators amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, fluconazole, and ketoconazole against 205 systemic isolates of Candida species, Cryptococcus neoformans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Aspergillus species were determined. LY-303366 had MICs of < or = 0.32 microg/ml for all Candida albicans (n = 99), Candida glabrata (n = 18), and Candida tropicalis (n = 10) isolates tested. LY-303366 was also active against Aspergillus species (minimum effective concentration at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited, 0.02 microg/ml) (n = 20), was less active against Candida parapsilosis (MIC at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited [MIC90], 5.12 microg/ml) (n = 10), and was inactive against C. neoformans (MIC90, >10.24 microg/ml) (n = 15) and B. dermatitidis (MIC90, 16 microg/ml) (n = 29).

Anidulafungin↗