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PubMedDate not supplied

Coping behaviors of young children during a chest tube procedure in the pediatric intensive care unit.

This descriptive correlational study examined the coping behaviors of young children experiencing a chest tube procedure in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and explored specific variables that may affect coping. A developmental model of stress and coping among children provided the theoretical framework for the study. A sample of 24 children, age 2.9 to 6.8 years old, participated. Mothers completed the Dimensions of Temperament Scale-Revised and a demographic information form. In the PICU, children's coping behaviors during chest tube removal were observed and recorded on the Children's Coping Strategies Checklist-Intrusive Procedures. Analysis used descriptive statistics, correlations, chi-squares, t-tests, and repeated-measures analysis of variance. Findings indicate that the predominant coping behaviors represented a self-protective approach to the procedure, followed by reaching out and controlling behaviors, and information-seeking behaviors. Correlations between coping and nine temperament dimensions revealed significant results between coping and Activity-General, Activity-Sleep, and Flexibility.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Alterations of the cortical representation of the rat ventrum induced by nursing behavior.

The representation of the surfaces of the trunk was mapped in detail in a series of anesthetized adult female rats to assess cortical representational changes that might be induced in the SI cortical field by a major natural source of a differentially heavy schedule of tactile inputs: the stimulation of the rat ventrum in nursing behavior. Controls included virgin rats and postpartum age-matched rats whose litters were removed on the day of birth. The SI representation of the ventral trunk skin of lactating rats was about 1.6 x larger than in matched postpartum nonlactating or virgin controls. The greatest representational change--about twofold--was for the nipple-bearing skin between the forelimbs and hindlimbs. Indeed, changes in SI representational territory for the middle third of the ventrum, a skin zone without nipples, were not significant. As a rule, the representation of the ventrum skin in lactating rats was at least as topographically ordered as was that reconstructed for nonlactating postpartum and virgin controls. Receptive fields (RFs) representing the ventrum skin in lactating females were about one-third the sizes of those recorded in matched nonlactating or virgin controls. RF size differences were again greater for the representation of the nipple-bearing skin in the anterior and posterior thirds of the ventrum than for the central third. Changes in RF sizes were roughly inversely related to changes in the cortical magnification of representation of the ventrum on the proportion of about 3:2. Interestingly, the glabrous nipple and areolar skin were only weakly represented--or not demonstrably represented--in the SI map of either lactating or control rats. These results indicate that there is a largely unstudied cortical neurology of nursing behavior. Major CNS changes are induced by this dramatic, episodic change in behaviorally important tactile inputs. In turn, input-induced changes presumably contribute to this emergent, rapidly evolving behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Heterogeneity of peer-rejected boys: aggressive and nonaggressive subtypes.

Cluster analyses were employed in 2 studies to explore the possibility that discernible subtypes exist within the population of peer-rejected boys. In Study 1, 41 rejected 9- and 10-year-old boys were identified using nomination sociometrics. 8 teacher rating, behavior observation, and social problem solving interview measures were entered into the analysis. In Study 2, 48 9-, 10-, and 11-year-old rejected boys were identified using rating sociometrics. 9 teacher rating and peer rating measures were entered into the cluster analysis. 2 large clusters emerged in each of the 2 samples. Consistent patterns were seen across both studies when children within each cluster were compared with each other and with those in a popular comparison group. Boys in one cluster exhibited high aggression, low self-control, behavior problems, and withdrawn behavior. Boys in the other cluster exhibited withdrawal but did not obtain elevated scores on measures of aggression, behavior problems, or self-control. Findings of rejected-child heterogeneity have significant implications for the design of treatment programs and further research on peer relationship difficulties of children.

Aggression↗
PubMed1997

Long-term follow-up of children with mental retardation/borderline intellectual functioning and ADHD.

Fifty-two children (ages 7 to 14 years) with moderate retardation to borderline intellectual functioning were recontacted 12 to 65 months following participation in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of methylphenidate (MPH). Sixty-nine percent of subjects continued to be prescribed medication for behavior control at follow-up. While 72% of the sample evidenced improvement, over two-thirds continued to be rated at or above the 98th percentile on the Hyperactivity Index of the Parent Conners. In fact, 22% of subjects had received inpatient psychiatric treatment between the time of the initial MPH trial and follow-up. Finally, subjects with high initial ratings on the Parent Conners Conduct Problems scale were more likely to be suspended from school or receive inpatient psychiatric treatment than subjects with low initial ratings. The results suggested that children with ADHD and mental retardation of borderline intellectual functioning continued to exhibit significant symptoms associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at follow-up and that early conduct problems were predictive of continuing behavioral difficulties.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Effects and limitations of cognitive behavior therapy in bulimia inpatients.

Cognitive behavior therapy was applied to 8 inpatients with bulimia (DSM-III). Improvement of bulimia was superior when compared to 6 bulimics treated with nonspecific psychotherapy. Social maladjustment was linked to the maintenance of bulimia. The effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy seemed to be impaired by co-morbidity and dysphoric mood. Therefore a more structured externally controlled behavioral hospital treatment program is recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Recognition of visual pattern components in squirrel monkeys.

In 4 mixed-age captive groups of squirrel monkeys the predator alarm behavior control by means of visual stimuli was studied, and the extent to which socially inexperienced infant squirrel monkeys are capable of species-specific alarm behavior. By means of color film projection it was shown that both the socially experienced and inexperienced subjects recognized two-dimensional representations of real objects or situations. Behavioral reactions to visual stimulus patterns of terrestrial predators and graded controls revealed that recognition involves complex perceptional processes and is dependent on social experience. Using a series of systematically varied spot patterns, it was found that the monkeys generalize within a wide but well-defined range of stimuli. There was a clear-cut gender difference in alarm responses, with the males exerting a leading role both in onset and ceasing of terrestrial predator alarm. Both the socially experienced and inexperienced subjects responded with the species-specific avian alarm and flight reaction to fast moving patterns. Only the speed, not the shape, was relevant.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

Control of tantrum behavior by operant techniques during experimental verbal training.

A technique of controlling undesirable or disruptive behavior during an ongoing program of verbal training with a retardate is described. The technique required that the stimulus materials of the verbal training program be graded according to difficulty, i.e., in terms of the length and complexity of the stimulus materials. (This resulted in an initial grading of the stimulus materials into different levels of probability of reinforcement.) Changes by the experimenter from high-difficulty to low-difficulty stimuli for two trials contingent upon disruptive behavior increased the rate of that behavior; changes from low-difficulty to high-difficulty stimuli for two trials contingent upon disruptive behavior decreased its rate. Thus, contingent alternation of the stimulus materials of the ongoing training program controlled the frequency of undesirable behaviors within the experimental sessions. This technique may comprise an alternative to other procedures which require punishment or timeout from the ongoing program.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Pheromone perception and behavior in Drosophila.

Pheromones have essential roles in the social behavior of most animals. Studies of pheromone-driven behaviors are especially attractive in Drosophila melanogaster, because these insects are genetically and molecularly well characterized, have relatively simple central nervous systems compared with vertebrates, and yet they display complex behaviors controlled by sophisticated sensory systems. Like most other aspects of biology, studies on pheromone-driven behaviors have entered a new area, as candidate pheromone receptors and signaling molecules have been identified through the deciphering of the Drosophila genome. These advances have made it possible to make specific manipulations of pheromone pathways for further investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Behavioral specificity of non-genomic glucocorticoid effects in rats: effects on risk assessment in the elevated plus-maze and the open-field.

The rapid effects of glucocorticoids on various behaviors suggest that these hormones play a role in rapidly coping with challenging situations. The variety of behaviors affected in different situations raise, however, questions regarding the specificity and roles of glucocorticoids in controlling behavior. To clarify this issue, we assessed the rapid behavioral effects of glucocorticoids in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and the open-field (OF) tests in male rats. Both tests measure three different kinds of behavioral responses: locomotion, anxiety-like behaviors (central area and open arm exploration in the OF and EPM tests, respectively), and risk assessment (investigating aversive areas in a stretched attend posture). The acute inhibition of glucocorticoid synthesis by metyrapone decreased risk assessment but did not affect locomotion and anxiety-like behaviors. Corticosterone administration increased risk assessment, without affecting locomotion and anxiety-like behaviors. Moreover, plasma corticosterone levels measured immediately after testing strongly correlated with the intensity of risk assessment. The effects of corticosterone were rapid, as occurred even when the hormone was injected 2 min before behavioral testing. In addition, the effect was resistant to protein synthesis inhibition. These data demonstrate that glucocorticoids are able to increase specifically risk assessment behaviors by non-genomic mechanisms in two different, novelty-related, non-social challenging situations. Thus, glucocorticoids appear to rapidly induce specific behavioral adjustments to meet immediate requirements set by the challenge. These data support earlier assumptions on the role of glucocorticoids in coping, and it can be hypothesized that the rapid activation of the HPA-axis may play a role in forming coping responses.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Could we have known? A qualitative analysis of data from women who survived an attempted homicide by an intimate partner.

OBJECTIVE: To examine in-depth the lives of women whose partners attempted to kill them, and to identify patterns that may aid in the clinician's ability to predict, prevent, or counsel about femicide or attempted femicide. DESIGN: Qualitative analysis of 30 in-depth interviews. SETTING: Six U.S. cities. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty women, aged 17-54 years, who survived an attempted homicide by an intimate partner. RESULTS: All but 2 of the participants had previously experienced physical violence, controlling behavior, or both from the partner who attempted to kill them. The intensity of the violence, control, and threats varied greatly, as did the number of risk factors measured by the Danger Assessment, defining a wide spectrum of prior abuse. Approximately half (14/30) of the participants did not recognize that their lives were in danger. Women often focused more on relationship problems involving money, alcohol, drugs, possessiveness, or infidelity, than on the risk to themselves from the violence. The majority of the attempts (22/30) happened around the time of a relationship change, but the relationship was often ending because of problems other than violence. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should not be falsely reassured by a woman's sense of safety, by the lack of a history of severe violence, or by the presence of few classic risk factors for homicide. Efforts to reduce femicide risk that are targeted only at those women seeking help for violence-related problems may miss potential victims.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The impact of delayed fatherhood on the father-child relationship.

There is little empirical research on the impact of delayed fatherhood on the father-child relationship. From a large, nationally representative sample of adults in the United States, a subsample was drawn of 47 men who were both fathers of minor children and had fathered their first child after their 35th birthday. Ordinary least-squares regression analysis was used to test four hypotheses. Late-time fathers were found to (a) spend more time in leisure activities with their children, (b) have higher expectations for their children's behavior, and (c) be more nurturant toward their children, but they (d) showed no difference in controlling behavior toward their children when compared with on-time fathers. Empirical support is presented for the establishment of age 35 as the criterion for delayed fatherhood in future studies. Recommendations for future research are offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Hypnotic interview and age regression procedures in the elicitation of multiple personality symptoms: a simulation study.

Patients diagnosed as suffering from multiple personality (i.e., multiples) behave as though they possess two or more distinct personal identities. When behaving as one identity, these patients often display signs of amnesia for events that occurred while they were behaving as a different identity (Sutcliffe and Jones 1962; Taylor and Martin 1944). In most theoretical accounts multiples are conceptualized as the passive victims of unconscious psychological processes that are beyond their sphere of control. For instance, patients' secondary identities are typically described as "dissociated" mental entities, as "taking over" behavioral control, as behaving independently of (and often in opposition to) patients' wishes and intentions, and so on (Allison and Schwarz 1980; Gruenewald 1984; Prince 1930; Watkins and Johnson 1982). Our paper criticizes this traditional account and suggests instead that multiple personality may be more usefully conceptualized as a social role enactment. Along these lines we present a study using college student role players as subjects to test the hypothesis that the kinds of clinical interview procedures employed routinely to diagnose multiple personality may instead encourage and legitimate enactments of this syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Factors promoting infestation of newly planted, nonbearing apple orchards by dogwood borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae).

The initiation and level of infestation by dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris), was tracked over three consecutive years in two nonbearing apple (Malus spp.) orchards in West Virginia and Virginia. The orchards were planted on a number of rootstock-variety (approximately cultivar) combinations and grown using different cultural practices. Infestations were detected during the first season after planting and continued to increase annually. The amount of burr knot tissue had the greatest impact on dogwood borer populations, because increasing amounts of burr knot tissue resulted in higher infestation rates. The use of plastic spiral wrap tree guards seemed to increase the development of burr knot tissue, resulting in significantly greater infestation compared with trees without tree guards in the West Virginia orchard. Variety also had a significant effect, because 'Idared' trees on M.26 had significantly greater levels of infestation compared with 'Buckeye Gala' on M.26, with or without tree guards, in the Virginia orchard. Mounding soil around the rootstock to a height just above the graft union prevented or tremendously curtailed infestation by dogwood borer, but it led to scion rooting that seemed to have an impact on size-controlling features of dwarfing rootstocks. Removal of the mounds at the beginning of the third growing season resulted in infestation of the rooted tissue during the same season. As long as apple cultivars continue to be planted on size-controlling rootstocks, dogwood borer will likely remain a serious pest, requiring either chemical treatments or a behavioral control strategy, such as mating disruption, to protect trees from infestation and damage.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1984

Ontogenesis of learning: I. Variation in the rat's reflexive and learned responses to gustatory stimulation.

These experiments indicate that by Day 15 after birth, the processes that mediate a number of taste-controlled behaviors in the rat are functional. These include the sensory processes necessary to detect and respond reflexively to sucrose, the event-learning processes that reduce the rat's neophobic reaction to sucrose, and the integrative-learning processes that enable it to learn an aversion to sucrose when paired with lithium toxicosis, even when these events are separated by 1 hr. These capacities, however, did not emerge simultaneously. Those necessary to detect and respond reflexively to sucrose emerged prior to those that contribute to the learned control of taste-guided behaviors. It is argued that these age-related dissociations in behavioral capacities reflect a caudal-to-rostral maturational sequence of components of the ascending gustatory system that are thought to underlie these capacities.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Derivation and prediction of temperamental types among preschoolers.

The number and nature of temperamental types in 488 children aged 3 years 6 months was examined on the basis of a broad set of temperamental characteristics, including positive and negative emotionality and the attentional and behavioral control domains. Configural frequency analysis methods showed clear support for two temperament types: controlled-nonexpressive and noncontrolled-expressive. These types showed meaningful differences against external criteria related to a wide range of problem behaviors from the emotional, social, and attentional domains. The reports of problem behaviors were obtained contemporaneously from fathers and caregivers. These findings replicated a year later when children were aged 4 years 6 months. Furthermore, the findings showed that infant and toddler-age temperamental characteristics differentiated these preschool-aged types. The authors discuss the implications of the results for a categorical view of temperament-personality.

Attention↗
PubMed2005

The role of serotonin in impulsive and aggressive behaviors associated with epilepsy-like neuronal hyperexcitability in the amygdala.

Neuronal hyperexcitability in limbic areas, especially the amygdala, is a significant underlying mechanism associated with complex partial seizures (CPS). CPS may be comorbid with emotional disturbances, especially major mood disorders, anxiety, and aggression. Anticonvulsant medications such as phenytoin are also mood-stabilizing, and have been used for treatment of behavioral dyscontrol in impulsive aggressive individuals. Because the amygdala has important functional roles in epilepsy, emotion, and behavioral control, there may be common biological mechanisms involving neuronal excitability that contribute to both seizure activity and psychopathology. This review examines physiological mechanisms in the amygdala that regulate neuronal excitability and discusses how this may underlie, in part, disturbances in emotional behavior.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

Acute treatment of mania: an update on new medications.

Acute mania is frequently a medical emergency requiring hospitalization for behavioral control, rapid resolution of irritability, agitation, de-escalation of mood, and decreasing of risk-taking behavior. Lithium efficacy in the management of acute mania was reported in 1949 and approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1970. Chlorpromazine, from the class of typical antipsychotics, was approved for treatment of bipolar disorder in 1973. Typical antipsychotics were frequently used alone and as adjunct for the treatment of bipolar mania for the next 2 decades. Divalproex was approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute mania in 1994. Since the approval of olanzapine in 2000, all five atypical antipsychotics, namely risperidone (2003), quetiapine (2004), ziprasidone (2004), and aripiprazole (2004), have been approved by the FDA for the management of acute mania. Clozapine is the only atypical antipsychotic not FDA approved for any phase of bipolar disorder. This article will systematically review some of the major studies published, randomized controlled monotherapy, and adjunct therapy trials involving five atypical antipsychotics and newer anticonvulsants for the treatment of acute bipolar mania.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2001

Open trial of risperidone in 24 young children with pervasive developmental disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To describe tolerability and efficacy of risperidone in very young children with pervasive developmental disorders. METHOD: Twenty-four children aged 3.6 to 6.6 years (mean 4.6 years +/- 8 months) enrolled during 1999 and 2000 participated in a 16-week open-label trial with risperidone monotherapy. Outcome measures included the Children's Psychiatric Rating Scale (CPRS), Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I), and Children's Global Assessment Scale (C-GAS). RESULTS: Two subjects did not complete the trial because of side effects. The optimal dose was 0.5 mg/day. After the treatment a 21% improvement in CPRS and a 14% improvement in CARS total scores was found. Items related to behavioral control (hyperactivity, fidgetiness, rhythmic motions) and affect regulation (lability of affect, angry affect) improved more than 25%. Based on improvement of at least 25% on the CPRS and a score of 1 or 2 on the CGI-I, eight subjects were considered responders. Functional impairment (C-GAS) improved more than 25%. Thirteen subjects (54%) were free of any side effects; in the other participants risperidone was well tolerated. Only three subjects had a weight gain greater than 10%. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose risperidone may positively affect symptoms in young autistic children, improving disruptive/hyperactive behavior and affective dysregulation. Further controlled studies in this age group are warranted.

Antipsychotic Agents↗