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PubMed1981

A simple screening procedure for evaluating central nervous system tissue sections showing structural and cytochemical alterations of the blood-brain barrier.

A simple method for rapidly screening and evaluating many areas of central nervous system tissue before and after flat embedding in Beem capsules is described. This method uses light microscopy to select regions surrounding needle track injuries of brain tissue for subsequent fine structural and enzyme cytochemical analysis of the blood-brain barrier. The mouse cerebral cortex was sectioned with a tissue chopper at 40-50 micrometers and reacted with diaminobenzidine to demonstrate the presence of exogenous horseradish peroxidase near an injured central nervous system site. Following the enzyme reaction, both osmicated and unosmicated tissue slices were processed for routine electron microscopy, infiltrated with unpolymerized resin, and evaluated on glass slides by light microscopy prior to flat embedding and polymerization. Numerous tissue specimens can be screened in this way for maximum information per tissue slice, and extra tissue samples can be polymerized on the glass slides and conveniently stored for future sectioning.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Continuing medical ignorance: modern myths in the management of genital warts.

Genital warts are the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD) in industrialized countries. Since they also often respond poorly to current treatments, they account for substantial morbidity. Human papillomavirus (HPV) typing methods have shown that HPV 6 and 11, the most common types found in genital warts, are not found in cancer of the cervix. These types, however, do cause minor degrees of cervical dysplasia which also results in morbidity both through fear and through over-treatment. The sexual nature of transmission of genital warts has been known from ancient times; there is also good evidence of vertical transmission and transmission through non-genital contact. Barrier contractive methods do not completely prevent transmission of genital warts and may give little worthwhile protection. These facts, together with the established persistence of HPV contribute to the associated psychological morbidity. There are a number of treatments for genital (and other) warts. This attests to the fact that no one of these is clearly superior to the others. Until better treatments are developed much of the management of this condition must consist of using such treatments that are available to maximize efficacy while trying to reduce unnecessary costs, inconvenience and potential injury and sustaining morale through what may be a long and demoralizing course.

Condylomata Acuminata↗
PubMed1996

Attitudes about condoms and condom use among college students.

The authors assessed the relationships of ethnicity, gender, previous condom use, and intended condom use to perceived attributes of the condom and the contraceptive pill in a multiethnic sample of 197 college students. Factors that appeared to underlie attitudes toward the condom and the Pill included prevention of health problems, peer acceptance, sexual pleasure and spontaneity, convenience, embarrassment, and effectiveness in preventing HIV and sexually transmitted diseases. African American participants viewed the condom more positively than did students from other ethnic groups and were more likely to use condoms than White participants were. The African Americans appeared to know less about the characteristics of the Pill and were less likely to use it than were the White respondents. Only 60% of the persons in the student sample had used condoms in the last 6 months, and less than one half definitely intended to use condoms in the next month. Those who had used a condom at their most recent intercourse and those who intended to use a condom in the next month viewed the condom more favorably than others did. Intended condom use was associated with a perception of oral contraceptives as a less convenient method of birth control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Hey girlfriend: an evaluation of AIDS prevention among women in the sex industry.

Increasingly, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention programs have been developed to reach and influence street-based populations. Standard methods of evaluation do not fit the conditions of such programs. This article describes a process and outcome evaluation of an AIDS prevention program for sex workers in which qualitative and quantitative methods were combined in order to mediate research problems endemic to street-based populations. Methods included epidemiological questionnaires, open-ended interviews with participants, and ethnographic field notes. Process evaluation findings show that field staff who were indigenous to the neighborhood and population readily gained access to the community of sex workers and simultaneously became role models for positive behavior change. Outcome findings show that sex workers do feel at risk for AIDS, but usually from clients rather than from husbands or boyfriends. Accordingly, they use condoms more frequently with clients than with steady partners. Increasing condom use among sex workers with their steady partners remains an important challenge for AIDS prevention. Combining qualitative and quantitative research data provided a more comprehensive assessment of how to reach sex workers with effective AIDS risk reduction messages than either method could have provided alone.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Increase in expression of adhesion molecule receptors on T helper cells during antipsychotic treatment and relationship to blood-brain barrier permeability in schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: The authors estimated the expression of adhesion molecule receptors (VLA-4 and LFA-1) on T helper (CD4+) and T suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8+) lymphocytes in schizophrenic patients before and during antipsychotic treatment and studied the relationship of these subpopulations to CSF measures and blood-brain barrier permeability. METHOD: Blood was drawn from hospitalized patients with schizophrenia before (N = 45) and after (N = 22) neuroleptic treatment and from an age-matched comparison group (N = 41). Lumbar punctures were performed on 32 of the schizophrenic patients. RESULTS: During antipsychotic treatment there were significant increases in the percentage of VLA-4+/CD4+ and VLA-4+/CD8+ cells. VLA-4+/CD4+ and LFA-1+/CD4+ cells were both closely related to disturbance of the blood-brain barrier. Higher values for VLA-4+/CD4+ and LFA-1+/CD4+ cells were found in patients with a disturbed blood-brain barrier. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that adhesion molecules are involved in immunoregulation between the central nervous system and the peripheral immune system in schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive use and sterilization among Puerto Rican women.

A comparison of contraceptive use in the early to mid-1980s among married Puerto Rican women aged 15-49 in the New York City area reveals that island-born Puerto Rican women living in New York rely on female sterilization to nearly the same extent as do women living in Puerto Rico (45% and 41%, respectively) and that mainland-born Puerto Rican women use sterilization as much as do all women in the United States (19% for both groups). Puerto Rican women in New York use reversible methods to a greater extent than do women in Puerto Rico (22% v. 16%), but to a lesser extent than do all women in the United States (37%). Although mainland-born Puerto Rican women in New York use reversible methods more than do island-born women in New York (42% v. 23%), they tend not to adopt these methods to the same extent as do all U.S. women during the early reproductive years, when education and employment are critical to socioeconomic attainment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Male participation and responsibility in fertility regulation. Research.

Women's health advocates have consistently called for men to take more personal responsibility for reproductive health and fertility regulation. The UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction has carried out several studies on men's needs and preferences with regard to methods of fertility regulation, especially in less-developed countries. Although there were significant intercountry differences, a high percentage of men studied knew at least one method of fertility regulation, most often the condom. On average, some 75% of men approved of the use of family planning, even in developing countries, which is contrary to the commonly held notion that men in these countries are against family planning. It is not clear from the data, however, how many men approve the use of male methods, but in spite of this, the actual use of such methods was very low. Condom use was low even in the countries that are relatively more effected by the AIDS pandemic. Vasectomy use remains negligible in Africa (0.1%) and Latin America (1%), although it was used by 10% of respondents in East Asia.

Condoms↗
PubMed1989

[Birth control in the Netherlands, 1982 and 1988].

Analysis of family planning and contraceptive use in the Netherlands for 1988 reveals that "a large share of the [female] population practices reliable methods of birth control. At young ages many girls already take the pill. As the rates of sexual intercourse by age do not differ very much from elsewhere in the western world...the Netherlands can also be characterized as a country with a very low incidence of teenage pregnancy and abortion. From the differential analysis it can be concluded that nonuse of birth control methods coincides with the absence of a male partner. Women with a partner, depending on the completeness of their family, use very reliable methods (pill, IUD, condom or sterilization)." Statistical information on the use of various methods is also presented. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1998

Views of Cameroonian sex workers on a woman-controlled method of contraception and disease protection.

Five hundred and twenty female Cameroonian sex workers participating in a clinical trial of the effectiveness of nonoxynol-9 (N-9) contraceptive film to prevent HIV infection were interviewed to determine their experience with this woman-controlled method. The sex workers liked the film, with over 80% stating they would continue to use it if it were shown to be effective against HIV and were to become widely available. However, they were much more likely to use condoms and films simultaneously with their clients (40%) than with their regular partners (16%). The advantages ascribed to the film were that its use was under the woman's control; it could be used without the partner's knowledge; it allowed direct contact between partners; and it provided back-up protection in case of condom breakage. Data from this small study suggest that development of an effective, woman-controlled method of pregnancy and disease protection would be welcomed by these women.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Coitus-dependent family planning methods: observations from Bangladesh.

Some coitus-dependent methods of family planning, such as withdrawal, periodic abstinence, and the condom, require male involvement for their use, and using these methods in combination has proved to be sensible. An investigation of why male and female respondents in a survey conducted in Bangladesh often gave conflicting answers about which methods they were currently using, particularly about "traditional" methods and condoms, showed that inconsistency in their reports arose because these methods are used in combination to such an extent that they are difficult to distinguish. In order to obtain reliable responses about these methods, a survey approach different from the long-established one is required.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

AIDS knowledge and condom use in a birth cohort of 16 year olds.

AIMS: The aims of this study were to examine levels of AIDS knowledge and contraceptive practices in a birth cohort of 16 year old Christchurch born children. METHODS: The study was based on the birth cohort of young people participating in the Christchurch Health and Development Study. At age 16 years 953 subjects were questioned about: (a) levels of AIDS knowledge using a 16 item AIDS knowledge questionnaire; (b) rates of sexual activity; (c) patterns of contraceptive use. RESULTS: Members of this cohort had a generally very high knowledge of AIDS with 92% of the sample responding correctly to 14 or more of the 16 AIDS knowledge questions. Just over a quarter of this sample were sexually active during their 16th year and it was estimated that condoms were used in 59% of all sexual acts reported by sample members. There was a clear tendency for rates of condom use to decline with increasing sexual experience with this decline being due to the fact that as teenagers become more sexually experienced condoms were progressively replaced by other contraceptive methods. Those with high levels of AIDS knowledge used condoms at a higher rate of those with low levels of AIDS knowledge even when due allowance was made for the frequency of sexual activity and other potentially confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that publicity and education about AIDS has been successful in producing high levels of knowledge about this condition in this cohort. However, this knowledge was not directly translated into high levels of condom use largely as a result of the fact that as teenagers became increasingly sexually experienced there was a tendency for condom use to be replaced by other methods of contraception and notably the contraceptive pill.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of condom breakage during human use with performance in laboratory testing.

This paper combines results from a study of the determinants of condom quality and use conducted by The Population Council in two countries in the Caribbean with results from a condom breakage study conducted by Family Health International (FHI) in the United States. The studies, conducted two years apart, compared the breakage rates of condoms from the same lot during human use to their performance in laboratory test results. Breakage rates of 12.9% for Barbados, 10.1% for St. Lucia and 6.7% for the United States compared to passing ASTM laboratory tests suggest that existing laboratory tests as used with the current pass/fail standards are either not sufficiently sensitive or not well-defined to reliably predict condom performance during human use. The study also suggests that user behaviors and practices may be a factor in condom breakage. If the condom is to be an effective method against unplanned pregnancy and STD/HIV infection, and if consumer confidence is to be retained, condom breakage during sexual intercourse must be reduced.

Barbados↗
PubMed2006

IFN-gamma-induced TNFR2 expression is required for TNF-dependent intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a critical role in intestinal disease. In intestinal epithelia, TNF causes tight junction disruption and epithelial barrier loss by up-regulating myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activity and expression. The aim of this study was to determine the signaling pathways by which TNF causes intestinal epithelial barrier loss. METHODS: Caco-2 cells that were either nontransfected or stably transfected with human TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) or TNFR2 and mouse colonocytes were used for physiologic, morphologic, and biochemical analyses. RESULTS: Colitis induced in vivo by adoptive transfer of CD4(+)CD45RB(hi) T cells was associated with increased epithelial MLCK expression and myosin II regulatory light chain (MLC) phosphorylation as well as morphologic tight junction disruption. In vitro studies showed that TNF caused similar increases in MLCK expression and MLC phosphorylation, as well as barrier dysfunction, in Caco-2 monolayers only after interferon (IFN)-gamma pretreatment. This reductionist model was therefore used to determine the molecular mechanism by which IFN-gamma and TNF synergize to cause intestinal epithelial barrier loss. IFN-gamma priming increased TNFR1 and TNFR2 expression, and blocking antibody studies showed that TNFR2, but not TNFR1, was required for TNF-induced barrier dysfunction. Transgenic TNFR2, but not TNFR1, expression allowed IFN-gamma-independent TNF responses. CONCLUSIONS: IFN-gamma primes intestinal epithelia to respond to TNF by inducing TNFR2 expression, which in turn mediates TNF-induced MLCK-dependent barrier dysfunction. The data further suggest that epithelial TNFR2 blockade may be a novel approach to restore barrier function in intestinal disease.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Spermicidal activity of menfegol-coated condom.

The spermicidal activity of menfegol-coated condoms was investigated. Menfegol (P-menthanyl-phenyl-polyxyethylene [8,8] ether) showed strong spermicidal activity at 0.5 mg/ml and higher concentrations. Semen was ejaculated directly into menfegol-coated condoms (20 mg/condom) or uncoated condoms. Immediately after ejaculation, sperm motility and viability were examined. In the menfegol-coated condoms, sperm motility was completely suppressed and no viable sperm were observed. In the uncoated condoms, most of the sperm were alive, although their motility was almost suppressed. These results indicate that the menfegol-coated condom represents a new birth control method in which the contraceptive efficacy of the condom is enhanced by the spermicidal activity of menfegol.

Contraceptive Devices, Male↗