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PubMed1981

Effect of PEEP on gas exchange, pulmonary mechanics, and hemodynamics in adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

The effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on a value resulting in maximum static effective compliance was studied in 13 artificially ventilated patients suffering from adult respiratory distress syndrome. Applying positive end-expiratory pressure in this manner resulted in improvement of oxygen delivery and left ventricular stroke work. In the patients with high venous admixture under zero end-expiratory pressure cardiac output increased but in those with moderate pre-existing venous admixture cardiac output decreased. We conclude that the response to positive end-expiratory pressure depends on the importance of the venous admixture. Artificial ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure on a level resulting in maximum static effective compliance is indicated in cases with high venous admixture.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Effect of various dietary carbohydrates on supplementary cholesterol].

The effect of addition of different carbohydrates (starch, glucose, fructose) to the feed was investigated using the experimental animal. Additionally, the admixture of cholesterol and of cholesterol plus cholic acid was tested. Fructose (70% of the feed) causes a slight increase in serum triglyceride concentration and a very slight increase in triglyceride concentration in the liver. Fructose and to a lesser degree glucose cause an increase in pyruvate kinase activity in the liver. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is increased slightly following high-dosed glucose, whereas the increase is very pronounced following fuctose-rich feed. The admixture of cholesterol (with cholic acid) causes a decrease in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity up to 70%. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase is decreased also following cholesterol admixture. A fructose-rich diet causes a slight degree of hyperlipemia with a metabolic situation similar to a latent diabetic state. This effect is greatly intensified by the addition of cholesterol and cholic acid to the diet of the rats. Especially striking was the increase in serum-free-fatty-acid concentrations in all groups of animals. This is speculated to be a sign of insulin deficiency. The so-called "carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia" is obviously intensified within a short period by the admixture of cholesterol plus cholic acid to the experimental diet.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Applications of biopolymers and other biotechnological products in building materials.

Bio admixtures are functional molecules used in building products to optimize material properties. They include natural or modified biopolymers, biotechnological and biodegradable products. Concrete and dry-mix mortars (e.g. wall plasters or tile adhesives) represent two major applications for bio admixtures. Examples of bio products used in concrete are lignosulfonate, sodium gluconate, pine root extract, protein hydrolysates and Welan gum; and in dry-mix mortar methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl starch, guar gum, tartaric acid, casein, succinoglycan and Xanthan gum. In a number of applications, bio admixtures compete well with synthetic admixtures. Sometimes, they are indispensable in the formulation of certain building products. Their market share is expected to increase because of technological advances, particularly in the field of microbial biopolymers, and because of the growing trend to use naturally based or biodegradable products in building materials.

Biopolymers↗
PubMed2003

Markers informative for ancestry demonstrate consistent megabase-length linkage disequilibrium in the African American population.

Admixture mapping is a potentially powerful tool for mapping complex genetic diseases. For application of this method, admixed individuals must have genomes composed of large segments derived intact from each founding population. Such segments are thought to be present in African Americans (AA) and should be demonstrable by examination of linkage disequilibrium (LD). Previous studies using a variety of polymorphic markers have variably reported long-range LD or rapid decay of LD. To further define the extent and characteristics of LD caused by admixture in the AA population, the current study utilized a set of 52 diallelic markers that were selected for large standard variances between putative representatives of the founder populations. LD was examined in over 250 marker-pairs, including linked markers from four different chromosomal regions and an equal number of matched unlinked comparisons. In the representative founder populations, strong LD was not observed for markers separated by more than 10 kb. In contrast, results indicated significant LD ( P<0.001, D'>0.3) in AA over large genomic segments exceeding 10 centiMorgans (cM) and 15 megabases (Mb). Only marginally significant LD was present between unlinked markers in this population, suggesting that choosing appropriate levels of significance for admixture mapping can minimize false positive results. The ability to detect LD for extended chromosomal segments in AA decayed not only as a function of the distance between markers, but also as a function of the standard variance of the markers. This examination of several genomic segments provides strong evidence that appropriate selection of informative markers is a crucial prerequisite for the application of admixture mapping to the AA population.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1994

Major histocompatibility complex class II alleles and haplotypes and blood groups of four Amerindian tribes of northern Colombia.

MHC class II alleles and haplotypes were determined from unrelated individuals and families of the Arhuaco (n = 107), Kogi (n = 42), Arsario (n = 18), and Wayú (n = 88) tribes located in the northern part of Colombia. Class II DRB, DQA1, and DQB1 alleles were determined by PCR-SSO and PCR-RFLP based methods. Four haplotypes, [DRB1*0407, DRB4*0101, DQA1*03, DQB1*0302]; [DRB1*0403, DRB4*0101, DQA1*03, DQB1*0302]; [DRB1*1402/1406, DRB3*0101, DQA1*0501, DQB1*0301]; and [DRB1*0802, DQA1*0401, DQB1*0402], were observed among these four tribes. In addition to these haplotypes, the Wayú Indians showed a frequency of 21.3% for the [DRB1*1602, DRB5*02, DQA1*0501, DQB1*0301] haplotype, 13.1% for the [DRB1*0411, DRB4*0101, DQA1*03, DQB1*0302] haplotype, and 8.1% for the [DRB1*0411, DRB4*0101, DQA1*03, DQB1*0402] haplotype. Red cell antigen typing was used to calculate genetic admixture. The Kogi and Arsario showed no genetic admixture while the Arhuaco tribe showed admixture with genes of African origin and the Wayú showed admixture with Caucasians as well as genes of African origin. These findings were confirmed by the MHC class II allele and haplotype data obtained, as alleles and haplotypes of Caucasian and African origin were detected in the Wayú and Arhuaco and not in the Kogi or Arsario. These studies will be important in disease association and transplantation studies for Amerindian and colombian populations and for correlating genetic traits with the anthropologic and linguistic data available in order to better understand the Amerindian populations.

Alleles↗
PubMed1988

Tumor bed expression in xenografted artificial heterogeneous colon tumors.

Artificial heterogeneous xenograft tumors (AHTs) were produced by injecting admixtures of two clonal cell lines (A and D) originally isolated from the DLD-1 human colon adenocarcinoma. The volumetric growth of unirradiated pure A or D tumors and 2 different admixtures (approximately 90% A + 10% D or 10% A + 90% D) were compared to growth of similar tumors growing in normal tissue stroma that had received 5, 10, or 15 Gy of X rays 1 day prior to cell injections. The X-irradiations produced a dose dependent delay in growth at sizes of 500 mm3 (designated as the tumor bed effect, TBE) for both pure and admixed tumors of about 2 at 15 Gy. There were no significant differences in TBE among the various groups. Also, determination of tumor cell yields, or colony forming efficiencies, showed no differences among tumors growing in undamaged or damaged stroma. However, beginning at about 20 days postirradiation, there was a significant change in the percentage composition of the tumors growing in the irradiated stroma. Both admixtures became significantly enriched in the subpopulation that was originally predominant. In contrast, the percentage compositions of the admixtures growing in unirradiated stroma remained stable over the duration of the experiment period (to about 70 days postirradiation). We interpret these data to indicate that the radiation damage to the normal tissue produced an intratumor environment leading to competitive exclusion dynamics of the minority subpopulation. Clinical implications of these results are discussed.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1984

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in South American hallucinogenic plants: tryptamine and beta-carboline constituents of ayahuasca.

Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic beverage derived by boiling the bark of the Malpighiaceous liana Banisteriopsis caapi together with the leaves of various admixture plants, viz. Psychotria viridis, Psychotria carthagenensis , or Diplopterys cabrerana . B. caapi contains harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine while the admixtures contain N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). DMT, a potent hallucinogen, is inactive orally due to degradation by visceral monoamine oxidase (MAO). The beta-carbolines, however, are highly active reversible inhibitors of MAO and may protect the DMT from deamination by MAO and render it orally active. This mechanism has been proposed to underlie the oral activity of ayahuasca but has not been experimentally confirmed. In the present study the constituents of the admixture plants and the alkaloids of eight ayahuasca samples from Peru were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Several B. caapi cultivars were quantitatively compared for variations in alkaloid content. Three admixture plants used rarely in the manufacture of ayahuasca were also screened for alkaloids. A selected sample of beta-carbolines were screened for activity as MAO inhibitors using an in vitro assay system, and structure/activity relationships were compared. Inhibition observed with single compounds was compared with the activity of selected samples of ayahuasca which were screened in the system and also with the activity of mixtures of beta-carbolines. The levels of DMT and beta-carbolines found in the ayahuasca samples examined in the present study were an order of magnitude greater than the levels reported in a previous study. Ayahuasca was found to be an extremely effective inhibitor of MAO in vitro and the degree of inhibition was directly correlated with the concentration of MAO-inhibiting beta-carbolines. Inhibition experiments using mixtures of beta-carbolines indicated that their effects in combination are additive, rather than synergistic or antagonistic. Implications of the results in understanding the pharmacology of ayahuasca are discussed.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2005

Emission of ammonia from indoor concrete wall and assessment of human exposure.

Addition of urea-based antifreeze admixtures during cement mixing can make it possible to produce concrete cement in construction of buildings in cold weather; this, however, has led to increasing indoor air pollution due to continuous transformation and emission from urea to gaseous ammonia in indoor concrete wall. It is believed that ammonia is harmful to human body and exposure to ammonia can cause some serious symptoms such as headaches, burns, and even permanent damage to the eyes and lungs. In order to understand the emission of ammonia from indoor concrete wall in civil building and assess the health risk of people living in these buildings, the experimental pieces of concrete wall were first prepared by concreting cement and urea-based antifreeze admixtures to simulate the indoor wall in civil building in this work. Then environmental chamber was adopted for studying the effect of temperature, relative humility and air exchange rate on emission of ammonia from experimental pieces of concrete wall. Also the field experiment was made at selected rooms in given civil buildings. Exposure and potential dose of adult and children exposed to indoor/outdoor ammonia in summer and in winter are calculated and evaluated by using Scenario Evaluation Approach. The results indicated that high air exchange rate leads to decreased ammonia concentration, and elevation of temperature causes increasing ammonia concentration and volatilizing rate in chamber. The complete emission of ammonia from the wall containing urea-based antifreeze admixtures needs more than 10 years in general. Ventilating or improving air exchange can play a significant role in reducing ammonia concentration in actual rooms in field experiments. Urea-based antifreeze admixtures in concrete wall can give rise to high exposure and potential dose, especially in summer. Generally, adults have a high potential dose than children, while children have personal average dose rate beyond adults in the same conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Population structure of Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in the United States and forensic implications for constructing Y chromosome STR databases.

A set of 61 Y chromosome single-nucleotide-polymorphisms (Y-SNPs) is typed in a sample of 2517 individuals from 38 populations to infer the geographic origins of Y chromosomes in the United States and to test for paternal admixture among African-, European-, Hispanic-, Asian-, and Native-Americans. All of the samples were previously typed with the 11 core U.S. Y chromosome short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) recommended by SWGDAM, which revealed high levels of among ethnic group variation and low levels of among-population-within-ethnic-group variation. Admixture estimates vary greatly among populations and ethnic groups. The frequencies of non-European (3.4%) and non-Asian (4.5%) Y chromosomes are generally low in European-American and Asian-American populations, respectively. The frequencies of European Y chromosomes in Native-American populations range widely (i.e., 7-89%) and follow a West to East gradient, whereas they are relatively consistent in African-American populations (26.4+/-8.9%) from different locations. The European (77.8+/-9.3%) and Native-American (13.7+/-7.4%) components of the Hispanic paternal gene pool are also relatively constant among geographic regions; however, the African contribution is much higher in the Northeast (10.5+/-6.4%) than in the Southwest (1.5+/-0.9%) or Midwest (0%). To test for the effects of inter-ethnic admixture on the structure of Y-STR diversity in the U.S., we perform subtraction analyses in which Y chromosomes inferred to be admixed by Y-SNP analysis are removed from the database and pairwise population differentiation tests are implemented on the remaining Y-STR haplotypes. Results show that low levels of heterogeneity previously observed between pairs of Hispanic-American populations disappear when African-derived chromosomes are removed from the analysis. This is not the case for an unusual sample of European-Americans from New York City when its African-derived chromosomes are removed, or for Native-American populations when European-derived chromosomes are removed. We infer that both inter-ethnic admixture and population structure in ancestral source populations may contribute to fine scale Y-STR heterogeneity within U.S. ethnic groups.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Immunogenicity and lower dose requirement of polymer entrapped tetanus toxoid co-administered with alum.

Low adjuvanticity of microparticles based vaccine formulation necessitates the use of alum along with particles to elicit improved antibody titers from single point immunization. It was observed that antibody response from immunization with admixture of alum and polymer entrapped antigen was dependent on particle size, amount of antigen released during burst phase and dose of microencapsulated antigen. In the animals immunized with polymer entrapped tetanus toxoid (TT) very large particles (50-150 microm) did not elicited high antibody titers where as microparticles in the range 2-8 microm exhibited remarkable improvement in the antibody response. Very small size particles (<2 microm) were also not as effective as 2-8 microm size particles for generation of antibody response. Presence of alum improved the immune response by adsorbing the burst released antigen from the particle surfaces. Role of alum in potentiation of immune response from polymer entrapped TT was highly significant at lower dose regimes. Polymer entrapped TT as little as 0.1 Lf when immunized along with alum generated antibody responses superior to those elicited by 10 Lf soluble antigen. Immunization with admixture of particles and alum generated two to three times higher antibody titer than that observed from immunization with similar single doses of alum adsorbed TT. Single point immunization of admixture of particles entrapped TT and alum generated sustained long lasting antibody responses comparable to two divided doses of alum-adsorbed antigen. Superiority of single dose polymeric formulation in comparison to two divided doses of alum adsorbed TT was more evident at lower doses of TT immunization. This reflected the profound synergistic effect of both the adjuvants at lower doses. Affinity of antibodies generated from single point immunization was comparable to that achieved with two doses of alum adsorbed TT immunization. Particle alone elicited more of IgG2a type antibody where as immunization with admixture of alum and particles improved the overall antibody response and more of Th2 type response.

Alum Compounds↗
PubMed1999

Effects of PVC bags sterilization process on the 5-fluorouracil stability.

The stability and compatibility of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in undiluted or diluted admixtures stored in beta-radiation sterilized portable poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) infusion bags were investigated. Admixtures containing 5-FU 50 mg ml(-1) not diluted or 25 mg ml(-1) diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride injection were placed in 100 or 250 ml empty PVC reservoirs sterilized initially by beta-irradiation. They were protected from light and placed at 37 degrees C. Two ml quantities were withdrawn immediately after preparation and after storage for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 14 days. For each condition, samples from each admixture were tested for drug concentration by stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography. The admixtures were also monitored for precipitation, color change and pH. Evaporative water loss from the containers was also measured. 5-FU was compatible with PVC containers in all tested conditions for 14 days. No loss of drug and no color change were detected throughout the storage period. pH values were stable and neither precipitation nor loss of water through the reservoirs was observed when drug 50 or 25 mg ml(-1) (diluted using 0.9% sodium chloride) was stored in 100 ml capacity polyvinyl PVC bags. However, when stored in 250 ml capacity PVC bags, the 5-FU solution showed precipitation after 13 and 14 days of storage, but no drug loss was detected due to a substantial loss of water. The precipitation of the drug was due to the decrease of pH induced by the dehydrochlorination of PVC during beta-irradiation leading to the formation of hydrochloric acid in solution. Differences observed between 100 and 250 ml capacity bags can be explained by the greater area of PVC present in 250 ml reservoirs, and consequently more HCl formed. Finally, more plasticizer, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), was then detected in drug solutions stored in 250 ml PVC bags. So, we recommend the use of 100 ml bags to store 5-FU at longer storage times and higher temperatures.

Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic↗
PubMed2002

The influence of medium-chain triglycerides on the stability of all-in-one formulations.

When mixed with parenteral nutrients as an all-in-one admixture, previous data have demonstrated that lipid emulsions composed of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) and long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) yield more stable formulations compared with those compounded with pure LCT lipid emulsions. We investigated the physical stability of various preparations of intravenous lipid emulsions as all-in-one admixtures. Each final lipid emulsion used to compound the all-in-one formulation was a 20% w/v mixture containing MCTs and LCTs as either a single emulsion containing both triglycerides, or an emulsion made extemporaneously from separate starting emulsions of pure MCT and LCT. The first emulsion was composed of a 50:50 (by weight) physical mixture of MCTs and LCTs, and consisted of 50% MCT:40% omega-6 LCT (soybean oil):10% omega-3 LCT (fish oil) that was available as a single 20% w/v lipid emulsion. The second and third emulsions were specially prepared from separate stock dispersions containing pure 20% w/v MCT and pure 20% w/v LCT (soybean oil) lipid emulsions, and were made in volume ratios of 75% MCT:25% omega-6 LCT and 50% MCT:50% omega-6 LCT, respectively. This was done in order to investigate whether the method of emulsion preparation and/or ratio of MCT to LCT influenced all-in-one admixture stability. Each all-in-one admixture was studied at four intervals over 30 h at room temperature conditions by light extinction (or obscuration) using a single-particle optical sensing (LE/SPOS) technique. The data, performed in duplicate at each interval, is expressed as the volume-weighted percent of fat (PFAT) globules >5 microm. The results confirm the stabilizing effects of MCTs when made as a physical oil mixture as a single lipid emulsion. However, stabilization is lost if the MCT and LCT emulsions are mixed from separate starting emulsions and then compounded as an all-in-one formulation. The extemporaneous mixing of commercial lipid emulsions is not recommended.

Drug Combinations↗
PubMed2003

Bone regeneration following injection of mesenchymal stem cells and fibrin glue with a biodegradable scaffold.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a combination of fibrin glue, beta-tricalcium phosphate as a biodegradable (beta-TCP) and mesenchymal stem cells would provide three-dimensional templates for bone growth resulting in new bone formation at heterotopic sites in the rat with plasticity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Growing stem cells and developing matrices, explanted from the rat femur, were fragmented and mixed with fibrin glue in a syringe. The cells/beta-TCP fibrin glue admixtures were injected into the subcutaneous space on the dorsum of the rat. RESULTS: Eight weeks after implantation, gross morphology revealed a pearly opalescence and firm consistency. Histological inspections showed newly formed bone structures in all admixtures, but none in the control groups when only fibrin glue and beta-TCP were injected. Osteopontin, a protein important in bone development, was identified by using antibodies in all cells/beta-TCP fibrin glue admixtures. CONCLUSION: Mesenchymal stem cells/beta-TCP fibrin glue admixtures can result in successful bone formation. This technique holds the promise of a minimally invasive means of generating autogenous bone to correct or reconstruct bony defects.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Founder mutations in the LDL receptor gene contribute significantly to the familial hypercholesterolemia phenotype in the indigenous South African population of mixed ancestry.

The South African population harbors genes that are derived from varying degrees of admixture between indigenous groups and immigrants from Europe and the East. This study represents the first direct mutation-based attempt to determine the impact of admixture from other gene pools on the familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) phenotype in the recently founded Coloured population of South Africa, a people of mixed ancestry. A cohort of 236 apparently unrelated patients with clinical features of FH was screened for a common mutation causing familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 (FDB) and seven low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene defects known to be relatively common in South Africans with FH. Six founder-type 'South African mutations' were responsible for FH in approximately 20% of the study population, while only 1 patient tested positive for the familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 mutation R3500Q. The detection of multiple founder-type LDLR gene mutations originating from European, Indian and Jewish populations provides direct genetic evidence that Caucasoid admixture contributes significantly to the apparently high prevalence of FH in South African patients of mixed ancestry. This study contributes to our knowledge of the biological history of this unique population and illustrates the potential consequences of recent admixture in populations with different disease risks.

Founder Effect↗
PubMed2004

mtDNA polymorphisms in five French groups: importance of regional sampling.

According to classical markers, France has been reported to be regionally heterogeneous. Here, we propose to test the homogeneity of the French mitochondrial gene pool by analysing D-Loop and coding regions polymorphisms in 210 individuals stemming from five regions. The data set obtained was also used to test the ability of mitochondrial DNA to detect well historically established admixtures (admixtures between British/Irish people and native Breton people in our case). For these purposes, the sampling procedure was subject to special care, concerning the individuals' geographical origin and maternal pedigree. The mtDNA analysis revealed some regional specificities in haplogroup distribution, which is discussed in terms of successive settlements of France. Statistical analyses were conducted to investigate mtDNA diversity and structure within and between British, Irish and French groups. They tended to show affinities between Morbihan region and Britain plus Ireland. Furthermore, genetic evidences were in line with the fact that Morbihan region results from an admixture event, agreeing with historical evidences of successive migrations from Britain and Ireland into Brittany. These results also tended to outline the fact that two geographically very adjacent samples (Morbihan and Finistère), sharing a cultural and linguistic area, can present a distinct genetic pattern. Although mtDNA analyses were able to identify a historically reported admixture event, we point out here the high influence of the sampling procedure and representativeness over the migrations hypothesis. We also underline the importance of regional sampling for studies on the spread and/or origin of specific European haplogroups (here U5a1a and U8).

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Compatibility of ropivacaine with morphine, sufentanil, fentanyl, or clonidine.

BACKGROUND: Ropivacaine hydrochloride (HCl) ('Naropin') is a long-acting local anaesthetic agent, administered epidurally to patients undergoing various surgical procedures. A combination of local anaesthetic and opioid is often administered for the management of severe pain to ensure that a minimal dose of each is used. Ropivacaine might be used in combination with an alpha2-adrenergic agonist for the management of visceral pain. Stability data have shown that ropivacaine is compatible with the systemic narcotic opioid analgesics morphine sulphate, sufentanil citrate and fentanyl citrate for 14 days in a Polybag (AstraZeneca-AB, Sweden), but no data have been obtained for the longer-term compatibility of ropivacaine with these opioids or with the alpha2-adrenergic agonist clonidine HCl. OBJECTIVE: This study used the Mark II Polybag (AstraZeneca-AB, Sweden) to test the physical and chemical compatibility of these products for up to 30 days. METHODS: Ropivacaine HCl solution for epidural infusion, 2 mg/mL, in 200 mL Mark II Polybag and commercially available additives in glass ampoules or vials were used as starting material. Appropriate admixtures were made and their appearance, pH, and drug concentrations were monitored on days 0, 7, 14, and 30. The appearance of the admixtures was examined with the aid of a stereomicroscope (Olympus, no. 220186, New York, USA) at 10x magnification. Drug concentration and enantiomeric purity were determined using high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. RESULTS: All combinations at all doses stayed within the compatibility criteria (if no visible signs of physical changes in the admixture appeared throughout the 30 days of storage, and if pH and drug concentrations in each admixture did not vary by more than 10% between day 0 and days 7, 14, or 30 in storage). In addition, there were no important differences in the enantiomeric purity of ropivacaine with each combination. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that ropivacaine was suitable for use in combination with the opioids morphine sulphate, sufentanil citrate, and fentanyl citrate, or with the alpha2-adrenergic agonist clonidine HCl, for up to 30 days of storage before the management of severe or visceral pain. From a microbiological point of view, combinations not prepared under aseptic conditions should be used immediately. 'Naropin' is a trade mark of the AstraZeneca group of companies.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed2002

Estimating the long-term effects of stocking domesticated trout into wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations: an approach using microsatellite DNA analysis of historical and contemporary samples.

Indigenous salmonid fish gene pools are affected by domesticated conspecifics, derived from aquaculture escapes and deliberate releases. Variability was examined at nine microsatellite loci in order to assess the long-term impact of stocking domesticated trout in two brown trout populations. The study was based on analysis of two historical samples (1945-56), represented by old scale collections, and seven contemporary samples (1986-2000). In one population historical and contemporary samples were remarkably genetically similar despite more than a decade of intense stocking. Estimation of admixture proportions showed a small genetic contribution from domesticated trout (approximately 6%), and individual admixture analysis demonstrated a majority of nonadmixed individuals. The expected genetic contribution by domesticated trout was 64%, assessed from the number of stocked trout and assuming equal survival and reproductive performance of wild and domesticated trout. This demonstrates poor performance and low fitness of domesticated trout in the wild. In another population there was a strong genetic contribution from domesticated trout (between 57% and 88% in different samples), both in samples from a broodstock thought to represent the indigenous population and in a sample of wild spawners. Survival of domesticated trout and admixture with indigenous fish in the broodstock and subsequent stocking into the river, combined with a low population size of native trout relative to the number of stocked trout, could explain the observed introgression. Few nonadmixed individuals remained in the introgressed population, and I discuss how individual admixture analysis can be used to identify and conserve nonintrogressed remains of the population.

Alleles↗
PubMed2001

Prospective survey of parenteral nutrition in Switzerland: a three-year nation-wide survey.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The goals of this national survey were to determine the current PN practices and admixture formulations used in Switzerland. METHODS: During three years, an annual questionnaire was sent to all heads of Swiss hospital pharmacies. RESULTS: 92% of Swiss hospitals with a full-time pharmacist participated. Different PN systems were commonly used for adult patients: 2 commercial formulas in 2 or 3 compartments bags, 2 commercial formulas with/without lipid, 3 formulas compounded by the hospital pharmacy. For hospitalized adults, 83% of PN bags were administered as commercial multicompartment bags. The compounding of individualized PN admixtures takes place primarily in pharmacies of medium to large size hospitals. For pediatric PN, hospital compounding is routine because of individualized PN compositions and absence of commercially available standardized admixtures. Long-term home-PN was mostly delivered by hospital pharmacies (57%) or by private nutrition support home delivery services (37%). Most PN formula compositions complied with European guidelines and represented 2.6+/-2.0% of the hospital drug budget. Multi-disciplinary nutritional support teams were present in 52% of hospitals. CONCLUSION: In Switzerland, most PN for hospitalized adults were administered as commercial multi-compartment bags. The compounding of individualized PN admixtures were still important for pediatric patients and long-term home-PN.

Adult↗