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[Studies on the rectal pads of the honey bee Apis mellifca].

According to earlier investigations young bees show a rectal fluid hypo-osmotic to the haemolymph. It had been assumed, however, that in certain situations honey bees have to be economical with water and simultaneously form a rectal fluid hyperosmotic to the haemolymph. The latter has been confirmed by the present investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Re-processing strategies for biologicals API manufacturing processes.

During the past 10 years, the production of biotechnological products has reached large scale starting from fermentor volumes of several thousand litres. Due to this large scale production, the value of a single batch has significantly increased. Sometimes even in routine production, technical or human failures occur. Without a re-processing procedure in place, such a failed batch has to be discarded leading to a waste of raw materials, time, energy and to a waste of money. This can be avoided by a well-defined re-processing strategy. On the other hand re-processing always raises concerns regarding product quality and stability. Therefore, re-processing should be adequately validated to exclude a negative impact on the product. An example for such a validation study is discussed.

Biological Products↗
PubMed2003

[Olfactory perception and learning in the honey bee (Apis mellifera): calcium imaging in the antenna lobe].

Honey bees are a key-model in the study of learning and memory, because they show considerable learning abilities, their brain is well described and is accessible to a wide range of physiological recordings and treatments. We use in vivo calcium imaging to study olfactory perception in the bee brain, and combine this method to appetitive olfactory conditioning to unravel the neural substrates of olfactory learning. Odours are detected by receptor neurons on the antennae. Each receptor neuron projects to the first-order neuropile of the olfactory pathway, the antennal lobe, connecting to projection neurons in one of its 160 functional units, the glomeruli. In calcium imaging experiments, each odour elicits a particular activity pattern of antennal lobe glomeruli, according to a code conserved between individuals. The antennal lobe is also a site where the olfactory memory is formed. Using optical imaging, two studies have shown modulations of odour representation in the antennal lobe after learning, with different effects depending on the type of conditioning used. While simple differential conditioning (A + B- training) showed an increased calcium response to the reinforced odour, side-specific conditioning (A + B-/B + A- training) decorrelated the calcium responses of odours between brain sides. This difference may owe to the formation of different memories, which will be addressed in future work. By specifically staining antennal lobe neuronal subpopulations, we hope to be able in the future to study synaptic plasticity in the honey bee.

Animals↗