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At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Anti-plaque dentifrices: current status and prospects.

A dentifrice can, in principle, be an effective delivery vehicle for anti-plaque agents, provided bioavailability of the agent concerned can be achieved, because the agent is applied and delivered at the site of action and favourable patient compliance can be obtained. It is widely assumed that anti-plaque agents need to be retained in the oral cavity after application ('substantivity'). To use a dentifrice as a dosing vehicle successfully the anti-plaque agents have to be compatible with the dentifrice formulation to achieve release from the formulation and subsequent retention of the anti-plaque agent after application. Various anti-plaque agents have been described, such as quarternary ammonium compounds (e.g., chlorhexidine), metal ions and phenolic agents. Recently progress has been achieved with a selection of compatible anti-plaque agents for inclusion in a dentifrice such as metal ions and non-charged phenolic agents. Studies on long-term unsupervised brushing have shown favourable anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis activity from anti-plaque agents dosed from a dentifrice [corrected].

Dental Plaque↗
PubMed1991

[Disinfection studies with Salmonella senftenberg using egg shells as germ carriers].

The present investigation was carried out to study the efficiency of 8 chemical disinfectants on Salmonella senftenberg in the presence or absence of serum (organic matter) using egg shell as bacterial carrier. The most of the tested disinfectants were effective in the used concentrations after a working time of 60 min. at room temperature. Some quaternary ammonium compounds proved to be not effective.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Dermatologists facing the risk of viral transmission. Analysis of the precautionary measures of 472 practitioners].

On the occasion of the "Journées Dermatologiques de Paris", in March 1988 we designed a survey to evaluate the sterile practices of French dermatologists in the "AIDS era". During the two days meeting, attended by 2,584 participants, 472 questionnaire forms were filled in (answer rate 18.5 p. 100). Among responders 43 p. 100 were exclusively office-based, 13 p. 100 only worked in hospitals, and 44 p. 100 were practicing both in office and hospital. The overall utilisation of gloves by French dermatologists remained highly variable, depending on the procedure. For example 6.7 p. 100 of responders reported never using gloves for excisions, 13 p. 100 for shave biopsies, 18 p. 100 for punch biopsies, 40 p. 100 for curettage and 47 p. 100 for electrocoagulation. Five per cent of the dermatologists surveyed did not sterilize their curettes regularly and 42 p. 100 their electrocoagulation needles. Heat sterilization was the most commonly used, in 69 p. 100 of cases for curettes and 42 p. 100 for electrocoagulation needles. On the other hand, chemical tray sterilization was used in 58 p. 100 of the cases for electrocoagulation needles, and in 31 p. 100 for curettes. For chemical sterilization, 63 p. 100 of responders used alcohol, 15 p. 100 glutaraldehyde, 15 p. 100 sodium hydrochloride, and 7 p. 100 other agents, mainly quartenary ammonium compounds. Twelve per cent of the physicians surveyed have adopted the practice of using a single electrocoagulation needle, belonging to each patient, for long term repeated procedures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

[Effects of solute on growth and intracellular salt concentration of Pediococcus halophilus CCRC 12884 isolated from Inyu mash].

Optimal growth conditions for Pediococcus halophilus CCRC 12884, a halophilic strain of lactic acid bacterium isolated from Inyu (black bean sauce) mash, were MRS broth with 10% NaCl and 35 degrees C of incubation temperature. The NaCl in media could not be replaced by sucrose or glycerol of same concentrations, and under certain osmolarity, growth of P. halophilus CCRC 12884 only in NaCl was better than that in NaCl plus sucrose or glycerol. To determine effects of monovalent and divalent ions on P. halophilus CCRC 12884, it was found that close relations were present among Na+, K+ and PO4(-3). The intracellular concentration of Na+ in P. halophilus CCRC 12884 was not correspondent to its extracellular concentration of NaCl, but intracellular K+ and quaternary ammonium compounds significantly increased as extracellular NaCl increased. Adding 0-3.5 mM betaine to media with different contents of NaCl would not affect the growth of this halophilic bacterium. On feeding 14C-ethanolamine to the bacterium, no intracellular 14C-betaine was synthesized.

Betaine↗
PubMed1990

Contact dermatitis in hospital patients.

Contact dermatitis in hospital patients resulting from diagnostic and therapeutic procedures presents various causes and clinical aspects. Antiseptics are the most frequent cause of contact dermatitis in patients undergoing surgery. Thimerosal may cause allergic sensitization mainly in patients previously exposed to contact with different sources of these mercurials, such as tinctures and preservatives in other products. Iodine-containing solutions and quaternary ammonium compounds rarely sensitize. They may cause irritation under certain circumstances, however. Adhesive tapes formulated on a rubber and colophony base are rarely found nowadays in medical adhesives; however, some tapes and skin closures have still been found to contain them. Acrylate-based adhesives sensitize less frequently. Cardiology patients may present contact dermatitis from several different sources. Electrode gels and pastes may cause allergic contact dermatitis mainly from preservatives. Modern electrocardiographic equipment does not require the use of these products, so many of these problems are now easy to avoid. Adhesive-coated pregelled foam disks for holding long-term chest contacts may cause irritant dermatitis. Transdermal drug delivery systems such as nitroglycerin disks may cause irritation attributable to the acrylic adhesives. Silicone-based adhesive disks are a good alternative in this case. Sensitization to nitroglycerin itself is rare. Dermatitis originated from implantation of pacemakers is attributable either to epoxy resin or to the metal used for the casing of the pacemaker. Changing to a different material solves the problem. In other instances, the etiology remains unclear. Dermatoses in patients with stomas constitute an important problem not only because of their frequency but also because of the multiplicity of pictures involved. Irritant dermatitis from intestinal efflux in ileostomy patients is the most frequent problem. Allergic dermatitis may originate from the ostomy device, cementing materials, or topical medicaments. Individuals receiving hemodialysis have been reported to develop widespread dermatitis, probably secondary to rubber or metal components leached out from the hemodialysis apparatus. Systemic exposure to these compounds, although not certainly proved, seems to be the explanation. Allergic dermatitis at the puncture site on arteriovenous shunts has been demonstrated to be produced by epoxy resin adhesives present in catheters. Identification of the allergen allows one to find a safe alternative for these patients who depend on this procedure to survive. Contact dermatitis in hospital patients requires a precise diagnosis. Extensive patch testing is sometimes needed for establishing the cause, which in turn provides a more accurate prognosis and a rational treatment.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1989

Obligatory role of macrophages in dengue virus antigen presentation to B lymphocytes.

The study was undertaken to investigate the role of dengue type 2 virus (DV)-infected mouse peritoneal macrophages (M phi) in presentation of the DV antigen to B lymphocytes as shown by counting virus-specific IgM antibody plaque-forming cells (PFC). It was observed that heat-killed or glutaraldehyde-fixed M phi did not present the antigen. Pretreatment of M phi with the lysosomotropic compounds ammonium chloride and chloroquine inhibited the antigen presentation. Depletion of M phi from the spleen cell cultures abrogated the immune response to DV. The tryptic-digested DV antigen could stimulate immune responses in B-lymphocyte enriched (depleted of M phi and T cells) spleen cell cultures, and the digested antigen could be presented by glutaraldehyde-fixed M phi. Pretreatment of M phi with a trypsin inhibitor abrogated antigen presentation. The findings thus show that even for presentation to B cells the DV antigen must be processed by M phi by a trypsin-like protease.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMed1985

Demonstration of the mucous layer of the tear film by electron microscopy.

The mucous layer on the ocular surface maintains the stability, spread, and coherence of the tear film and is essential for normal vision. In spite of its importance, the precise thickness and localization of mucus on the surface of the eye are not known because it is not preserved in conventional electron-microscopic preparations. The authors used two different methods to show mucus on the guinea pig cornea and conjunctiva. First, the authors precipitated mucous glycoproteins by adding a quaternary ammonium compound, either cetylpyridinium chloride or hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, to aldehyde fixatives. This procedure stabilized the mucus over the goblet cells and adjacent epithelium, although the mucous layer was not preserved uniformly in other areas. Tannic acid intensely stained mucus precipitated by these methods and showed it to be 0.8 micron thick on the cornea and 1.4 micron thick on the conjunctiva. To confirm these results, the authors also prepared specimens of cornea and conjunctiva by freeze substitution. This technique preserved the mucus in a smooth, uninterrupted layer. The thickness of the mucus was somewhat variable; it measured 1.0 micron over the cornea and varied from 2.0 to 7.0 micron over the conjunctiva because of the greater irregularity of the tissue. The authors' results show that mucus constitutes a considerable part of the precorneal tear film and is thicker than was recognized formerly.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Mass-spectrometric analysis of an anti-microbial preparation decamethoxine].

I. I. Mechnikov Kharkov Research Institute of Microbiology, Vaccines and Sera, Ministry of Public Health of the Ukrainian SSR. The results of mass spectrometric investigation of decamethoxine++, an antimicrobial chemotherapeutic drug, are presented. It was shown that desorption-field mass spectrometry provided recording decamethoxine++ intensive quasimolecular ions [M.Cl]+ and [M]++ forming under conditions of high electric intensity only from the intact parent molecule. Hence, the presence of the peaks in the desorption field mass spectra made it possible to definitively determine decamethoxine++ in the samples. Therefore, the procedure of desorption-field mass spectrometry proved reliable in identification of bisquaternary ammonium compounds. Ways for thermal decomposition and mass spectrometric fragmentation of the decamethoxine++ molecule under various ionization conditions are also discussed.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1987

Gas phase sequencing of the proteolipid subunit 9 of the human H+-ATPase in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.

The compatibility of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a quaternary ammonium compound with detergent properties, with gas phase protein sequencing has been examined. Two proteins, one hydrophilic (sperm whale apomyoglobin) and one hydrophobic (the proteolipid subunit 9 of the human mitochondrial H+-ATPase), were successfully sequenced in the presence of this detergent. The presence of CTAB did not affect the repetitive yield during sequencing when compared with polybrene although at high detergent concentrations the initial yield was apparently lower. The sequence of the first forty amino acid residues of the human H+-ATPase proteolipid subunit 9 shows complete homology to the bovine sequence.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Thirty years of disinfection 1955-1985].

The article deals with disinfectants and disinfection during 1955-1985 and analyses the disinfectant lists no. 1-6 made up by the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology. It is shown that changes in test methods may influence the composition of disinfectants. During the time taken in consideration a change from phenols/phenol derivatives as main active material in disinfectants to aldehydes took place. Main active materials in hand disinfectants are the alcohols ethanol, iso-propanol and n-propanol. Since 1974 (list no. 4) the number of products based on PVP-iodine for hand disinfectants increases. Strikingly quaternary ammonium compounds in detergent disinfectants increase as well as sole active material or in combination with aldehydes. This depends on the fact, that their acceptance is well because they are less smelling. On the other hand in combination with aldehydes they make it possible to reduce the amount of bad smelling aldehydes.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed1987

[Value of the germ-carrier method for testing of the activity of disinfectants against mycobacteria strains].

We investigated bactericidal activity of four disinfectants against mycobacterium smegmatis and others mycobacteria species such as those responsible for respiratory and lymphadenitis diseases. We used the germ carried method according to all the AFNOR requisites changing only the strains culture conditions and for some studies time of contact (15 and 30 minutes). In addition we realized a preliminary essay to control efficacy of washing in order to maximally eliminate the product after the time of contact. Under AFNOR standard conditions (15 minutes) only phenolic complex and glutaraldehyde solution were bactericidal for all strains including M. tuberculosis. Another series of test with contact during 30 minutes showed that with aldehyde and quaternary ammonium compounds bactericidal activity was limited against M. fortuitum and M. chelonei and nearly non existent at usual concentrations against M. kansasii, M. avium and M. tuberculosis.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1977

Reduction of Salmonella and fecal contamination of pork during swine slaughter.

Experiments were designed to reduce Salmonella and fecal contamination of pork, using several sanitizing methods and agents. Sanitizing the hauling vehicle and holding pens with chlorine or quaternary ammonium compounds proved ineffective in reducing carcass contamination. When the eviscerator wore a plastic glove and sanitized his knife in 82-C water before using it on each carcass, contamination was reduced about 50%. Sanitizing the eviscerator's knife in 500-ppm chlorine solution adjusted to a pH of 6.0, or in 25-ppm iodine solution reduced contamination approximately 75%.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1987

[Effects of various disinfectants on the development and survival possibilities of the pre-parasitic stages of Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia oncophora and Ascaris suum].

Eleven disinfectants varying in chemical composition and containing active chlorine, phenol, cresol, sodium or potassium hydroxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, glutaraldehydes or paraformaldehyde were tested for their lethal effect on eggs and infective larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora and non-embryonated and embryonated eggs of Ascaris suum. Suspensions of all tested stages were mixed with the disinfectants in the concentrations recommended by the manufacturer and with double concentrations during the recommended period of exposure or for 24 hours. Survival of eggs of O. ostertagi and C. oncophora was evaluated by incubation for 24 hours at 20 degrees C of thoroughly washed, treated eggs followed by microscopic examination and differentiation into developed or undeveloped eggs. Survival of non-embryonated eggs of A. suum was measured by incubation for thirty days at 30 degrees C of thoroughly washed, treated eggs followed by microscopic examination of their development. Survival after treatment of infective larvae of O. ostertagi and C. oncophora and of embryonated eggs of A. suum was determined by the motility of the larvae. When 90 per cent of killing was considered to be effective, then none of the disinfectants was effective against the eggs of O. ostertagi or the two types of A. suum. Eggs of C. oncophora were killed by phenols, and infective larvae of O. ostertagi and C. oncophora were killed by sodium hydroxide.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Bretylium tosylate: profile of the only available class III antiarrhythmic agent.

Bretylium tosylate, the only approved class III antiarrhythmic agent, is a unique quaternary ammonium compound with prominent experimental and clinical antifibrillatory effects. Intravenous bretylium causes a biphasic hemodynamic response; initial norepinephrine release is followed by sympathetic ganglionic blockade. Cardiac output is well maintained. Electrocardiographic intervals are unchanged, and global conduction unchanged or facilitated. With long-term experimental use, proportionate lengthening of ventricular action potential and refractory period occurs. Bretylium is largely eliminated unchanged in the urine, with a long terminal half-life of about 13 hours. Bretylium demonstrates substantial activity in several animal models and clinical circumstances of ventricular fibrillation, including those in which standard antiarrhythmic therapy is ineffective. Bretylium is thus currently approved as a first-line agent for prophylaxis and treatment of ventricular fibrillation, and as a second-line agent for ventricular tachycardia and other prefibrillatory ventricular arrhythmias. In contrast, bretylium's weak antiectopic activity and limited oral absorption make it a poor choice for management of simple ventricular ectopy. Side effects of bretylium are generally limited to its hemodynamic actions (eg, postural hypotension). Nausea may occur with rapid intravenous administration. Emerging clinical concepts emphasize the clinical importance of antifibrillatory action over antiectopic effects alone. Bretylium is thus likely to continue to find increasing usage in the acute management of malignant ventricular arrhythmia.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1986

Microwave facilitation of methylatropine antagonism of central cholinomimetic drug effects.

Pilocarpine-induced hypothermia and oxotremorine-induced tremors in mice are central cholinomimetic drug effects that are readily blocked by the muscarinic antagonist atropine. However, the quaternary ammonium derivative of atropine, methylatropine, is unable to block these cholinomimetic drug effects by virture of its inability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebral spinal fluid barrier (B-CSFB). Dose-response curves for pilocarpine and oxotremorine effects are not appreciably affected either by pretreatment with methylatropine (1.0 mg/kg) or by exposure to moderate-level microwave irradiation (2.45 GHz, 23.7 W/kg, CW, 10-min exposure). However, in mice receiving both the methylatropine pretreatment and microwave irradiation, the dose-response curves for both pilocarpine and oxotremorine effects were significantly shifted to the right, signifying a central anticholinergic action by methylatropine. These data indicate that a single acute exposure to a thermogenic level of microwave irradiation facilitates methylatropine antagonism of centrally mediated cholinomimetic drug effects. One possible explanation for this observation is that microwave radiation may enhance passage of quaternary ammonium compounds like methylatropine across the BBB and B-CSFB.

Animals↗
PubMed1966

An intracerebral assay procedure in mice for chemical inactivation of rabies virus.

An intracerebral assay technique in mice is described for testing chemical disinfectants acting on the rabies virus. The assay determines whether more than 99% of 10 000 mouse intracerebral LD(50) of virus are inactivated within 1-2(1/2) minutes. By this test, several substances usually available for the treatment of animal bite wounds were found to be effective. They are: 1%-20% soap solutions; 43%-70% alcohol; 1:1000 (0.1%) or lower dilutions of two quaternary ammonium compounds, benzalkonium chloride and cetrimonium bromide; 1:10 000 or lower dilutions of iodine; acetone; and ether.Several other substances tested for possible use in environmental disinfection were also found to be virucidal. They were: 3% caustic soda and commercial preparations of organic phenols, iodine, and a mixture of trisodium phosphate and sodium hypochlorite. No virucidal effect was exerted by a 2% aqueous solution of mercurochrome, a 1:1000 aqueous solution of thiomersal, or 3% formalin (1% formaldehyde).A number of substances that inactivate rabies virus have thus become available for local treatment of bite wounds and for environmental disinfection. The assay procedure described may be useful in testing other disinfectants and chemical substances.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Electrocardiographic observation on goats with urea-ammonia poisoning and a consideration on the main cause of death.

Changes in electrocardiograms, blood pressure, pH, and partial pressure of gases (Po2 and Pco2) in arterial blood were studied in goats poisoned by urea or ammonium compounds under spontaneous and artificial respiration and in nonconvulsive state. Abnormal electrocardiogram patterns, such as ventricular flutter, ventricular premature beat, atrioventricular dissociation, depression of ST-segment and sinus tachycardia, were all observed after the occurrence of tetanic convulsion. The electrocardiogram pattern seen at the respiratory arrest showed sinus or supraventricular tachycardia; respiratory arrest preceded cardiac arrest in all the goats, but one. Blood pressure was markedly elevated, accompanied with tetanic convulsion. Po2 decreased gradually and the level was below 30 mm Hg (37.0 degrees C) at respiratory arrest and the final opisthotonus. Artificial respiration starting at the final opisthotonus could delay the cardiac arrest. Under nonconvulsive urea-poisoning with gallamine triethiodide and with artificial respiration of air or a mixture of air and oxygen to elevate the Po2 level, changes of electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and Po2 were similar to those seen under convulsive urea-poisoning. The main cause of death was discussed and presumed to be respiratory and cardiovascular failure.

Ammonia↗