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PubMed1987

Ultrasound transit time gives direct measurement of muscle fibre length in vivo.

The movement occurring in whole muscle during contraction is divided between the muscle fibres, the tendon and the longitudinal change in length due to a change in pennation angle. The relative importance of each of these components varies between muscles and with how they are being used. To date it has not been possible to measure each of these movements. By suturing piezoelectric crystals to each end of a small group of muscle fibres in cat medial gastrocnemius muscle, the transit time of ultrasound between the crystals was measured. Assuming a constant velocity of sound in muscle of 1580 m/s, the transit time was used to calculate the muscle fibre length. In "isometric" tetanic contractions the muscle fibres shortened by up to 25% at the expense of the tendons. Lengthening the muscle by 4 mm between each two tetanii, produced less than 4 mm stretch of the muscle fibres as some of the movement was taken up by a change in pennation angle. Except at long lengths, when passive tensions were present, none of this movement between tetanii could be accounted for by stretch of the tendon.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Functional and morphologic alterations secondary to superior repositioning of the maxilla.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to 1) compare morphological characteristics and functional performance of a sample of patients with vertical maxillary excess (VME) with controls, and to 2) examine how the patients' oral motor function adapts to surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen female VME patients were compared with 26 female controls before and up to 3 years after maxillary intrusion surgery. Measures of skeletal morphology, mandibular range of motion, maximum isometric bite force, and levels of electromyogram (EMG) activity in some of the muscles of mastication were made on all subjects over time. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the controls with the patients before and after surgery. Univariate repeated measures ANOVA was used to study longitudinal changes in the patients. RESULTS: Preoperatively, the patients possessed morphological measurements characteristic of vertical maxillary excess. Superior repositioning of the maxilla averaged 3.3 mm. Concurrently, most skeletal measures were brought closer to normal values. Masseter muscle mechanical advantage was significantly lower in the patients than in controls both before and after surgery (P < or = .05). There was no significant difference between patients and controls for other biomechanical measurements. Mandibular hypomobility was apparent at 6 weeks after surgery, but returned to control values within 6 to 12 months. Before surgery, the patients had maximum isometric bite forces significantly less than those of controls. Bite forces steadily increased after surgery, approaching normal values within 2 years. Before surgery the patients' muscle activity levels per unit of bite forces were equivalent to those of controls or somewhat lower. After surgery some of the patients' muscles had significantly lower levels of muscle activity per unit of bite force than did controls. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that correction of vertical maxillary excess with maxillary intrusion surgery improves some characteristic functional deficits.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol and tobacco use in the Minnesota Heart Health Program.

Correlations between alcohol intake and cigarette smoking have been extensively documented. Prospective data on the relationship between smoking and alcohol remain quite limited. The Minnesota Heart Health Program (MHHP) collected such data as part of a 10-year research and demonstration project intended to reduce the prevalence of heart disease. The study involved six communities, three that received intervention and three, comparison. The current analyses focused upon baseline relationships and longitudinal changes in alcohol and tobacco use. Contrary to prediction, those who quit smoking were no more likely than continuing smokers to reduce alcohol intake. Furthermore, alcohol intake at baseline did not predict smoking status at follow-up. Gender differences were found in a number of comparisons. Further study is needed of changes in smoking and drinking patterns over time in the general population.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

The longitudinal effects of growth on the Wits appraisal.

The longitudinal changes occurring between the ages of 4 and 24 years in the Wits appraisal and its component parts were evaluated in 40 persons. Contrary to what may have been believed previously, the Wits appraisal was not found to remain stable throughout the growth period. When the findings of the Wits appraisal were studied in individual subjects, there was a wide range of variation. Real changes in the Wits appraisal were found to be disguised clinically by the differential sagittal growth of pogonion in relation to B point, especially in male subjects. Furthermore, the appraisal was found to be affected profoundly by changes occurring in the angulation of the occlusal plane. It was concluded that if the Wits appraisal is to be used, it should be used in conjunction with other methods of assessment of apical base discrepancies and with due regard for the likely effects of changes in its component parts.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

A static occlusal analysis based on ideal interarch and intraarch relationships.

Study models were visually assessed to quantify the number of ideal tooth relationships actually present relative to the potential total. Both intraarch and interarch relationships were used to generate an ideal tooth relationship index (ITRI). Index scores were generated for the entire dentition, which could be divided into anterior, posterior, interarch, and intraarch relationships. Index scores were determined at various time intervals so the longitudinal changes could be studied. Treated orthodontic cases (n = 92) showed an initial total ITRI score of 26% that increased to 52% at the end of orthodontic treatment and continued to improve to 59% during the retention and postretention periods. Anterior segment scores were higher (64%) than posterior segment scores (44%). The intraarch relationships of the anterior segment registered the highest (75%), whereas the lingual cusp relationships of the posterior segment had the lowest scores (35%). Various types of malocclusions exhibited different ITRI scores before treatment but responded equally to treatment showing similar improvement in scores at the end of treatment and the posttreatment period.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Measuring health status: what are the necessary measurement properties?

The different measurement properties necessary for instruments whose goal is to detect differences between subjects at a single point in time (discriminative instruments) and those whose goal is to detect longitudinal change within subjects (evaluative instruments) is becoming increasingly recognized. Up to now, requirements for evaluative instruments have been presented as reproducibility, validity, and responsiveness (i.e. the ability to detect change over time). An alternative conceptualization would characterize any instrument as requiring two crucial measurement properties. One is validity, the other a high ratio of signal to noise. For discriminative instruments, the signal to noise ratio can be summarized in a reliability coefficient; for evaluative instruments, in a responsiveness index or coefficient. This formulation can simplify and clarify the understanding and teaching of issues in health status measurement.

Epidemiologic Methods↗

PubMed2005

Mild dilated cardiomyopathy and increased left ventricular mass predict mortality: the prospective P2C2 HIV Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Many HIV-infected children die with cardiac abnormalities. We sought to understand the course of these HIV-associated abnormalities and their impact on all-cause mortality. METHODS: We describe longitudinal changes in left ventricular (LV) structure and function and mortality in 185 children vertically infected with HIV. Serial cardiac data were obtained from 0.1 to 10 years of age. Age- or body surface area-adjusted z scores were calculated for 10 echocardiographic outcomes. RESULTS: Median age at first echocardiogram was 2 years (range 0.2-9.4 years); median follow-up was 3.6 years (range 0-6.3 years). The 5-year cumulative incidence of congestive heart failure was 12.3%. Mean fractional shortening z scores declined from -0.65 at 1 year of age to -1.47 at 3 years of age without further decline between 3 and 10 years of age. Among children with 2 echocardiograms performed in the first year of follow-up, mild LV dysfunction (fractional shortening of < -2 SD on both echocardiograms) was present in 29 (18%) of 158 children. For these 29 children, the 5-year mortality was 55.4%. Left ventricular mass z scores were elevated at 1 year (mean z score 0.68, P < .001) and remained elevated throughout follow-up. In the 8 children with LV mass z score of > 2 SD on both initial and follow-up echocardiograms, the 5-year mortality was 75%. CONCLUSION: In HIV-infected children, LV structure and function progressively deteriorated in the first 3 years of life, resulting in subsequent persistent mild LV dysfunction and increased LV mass. Chronic mild depression of LV function and elevated LV mass were associated with higher all-cause mortality.

Cardiomyopathy, Dilated↗

PubMed2004

Relative benefit of coronary artery bypass grafting versus stent-assisted percutaneous coronary intervention for angina pectoris and multivessel coronary disease in women versus men (one-year results from the Stent or Surgery trial).

Information on the relative benefit of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) versus stent-assisted percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for improvement of cardiac-related health status in women and how it compares with men is limited. The Stent or Surgery trial compared randomly assigned CABG and stent-assisted PCI in 206 women and 782 men with multivessel disease. We examined longitudinal changes at 6 and 12 months from baseline by gender and treatment in 3 subscales of the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ): physical limitation, angina frequency, and quality of life. At the time of revascularization, women were older, more severely ill, and tended to have lower SAQ scores than men. At 6 months, SAQ scores after both procedures improved significantly in both genders, with greater improvement achieved with CABG. After adjustment for other factors, in men, CABG was associated with a 54.7% greater improvement in physical limitation compared with PCI, 31.3% greater improvement in angina frequency, and 18.3% greater improvement in quality of life. In women, these relative differences were 11.6%, 43.2%, and 39.3%, respectively. At 1 year, men continued to show greater improvement with CABG in all 3 dimensions (50.6%, 19.7%, and 15.3%, respectively), but in women the relative differences decreased substantially (1.6%, 11.1%, and 0.6%, respectively) due to a greater later improvement after PCI (p = 0.049 for the interaction among treatment, gender, and follow-up for the quality of life domain). Although CABG may be superior to PCI in men, in women, at 1 year after intervention, both procedures appear equally effective.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

One-year follow-up study of blood pressure and dietary patterns in dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH)-sodium participants.

BACKGROUND: We conducted a 12-month follow-up study on participants in the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)-Sodium trial to determine the impact of the DASH diet and 150, 100, or 50 mmol/day of sodium after discontinuation of the feeding intervention. METHODS: Upon completion of the trial, 56 of the 113 participants at the clinical center at Duke University entered a longitudinal observational study. Measurements including 24-h ambulatory systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), weight, and 24-h urinary electrolytes were obtained at 1, 6, and 12 months after completion of the DASH-Sodium trial. Block food frequency questionnaires were completed at the 12-month visit. Linear mixed-effects regression models were used to analyze the effect of the diet and sodium intake on longitudinal changes in BP during the final feeding period. RESULTS: The DASH participants significantly increased their intakes of fruits or juices and vegetables at 12 months. Control participants had no change in DASH food group intake. Both groups increased sodium intake. Among control participants, systolic and diastolic BP increased 5.33 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28, 10.37) and 3.20 mm Hg (95% CI 0.25, 6.16), respectively. Among DASH participants, systolic and diastolic BP increased 3.12 (95% CI -0.44, 6.68) and 0.79 mm Hg (95% CI -1.15, 2.72), respectively. There was a significant effect of the final sodium level by diet on the change in SBP over time (P = .04 for three-way interaction among diet, time of visit, and sodium). CONCLUSIONS: After the feeding intervention, DASH diet participants ate more fruits/vegetables and had sustained reductions in BP despite increased sodium intake.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

RANKL expression in rat periodontal ligament subjected to a continuous orthodontic force.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated longitudinal changes in receptor activator NF kappa B ligand (RANKL) expression in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells subjected to a continuous orthodontic force. DESIGN: Fifty-five-day-old male Wistar rats were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group had the first molars laterally expanded by a continuous orthodontic force. In each group, the horizontal section specimens were embedded in OTC compound and frozen at 0, 1, 3 and 7 days after the expansion. Sections were observed by immunostaining with anti-RANKL and the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. RESULT: Immunoreaction of RANKL and TRAP-positive cells were observed in the distal region of the controls and on the compressed side of the expansion group in the 3 and 7 days. Immunoreaction of RANKL was also observed after 1 day on the compression side of the expansion group, but here TRAP-positive cells were few. CONCLUSIONS: The experiments have showed that PDL cells are continuously producing RANKL on the PDL pressure side of rats subjected to mechanical stress with a continuous orthodontic force, there was no noticeable the excessive appearance of osteoclasts however. Considering this, it is expected that not only RANKL production but also other cytokines play an important role in the balancing adjustment in the alveolar bone remodeling.

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMed2004

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in cognitive research.

The neurophysiological basis of cognition is relatively unexplained, with most studies reporting weak relationships between cognition and measures of brain function, such as event-related potentials, brain size and cerebral blood flow. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is an in vivo method used to detect neurochemicals within the brain that are relevant to certain brain processes. The most widely used methods are 1H-MRS and 31P-MRS, which detect compounds that contain hydrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Recent studies have shown that the absolute concentrations or ratios of these neurochemicals, in particular N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), which is associated with neuronal viability, correlate with performance on neuropsychological tests or other measures of cognitive function in normal subjects. Many studies in adults and children have shown a relationship between neurometabolite values and cognitive status or extent of cognitive dysfunction in various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. We review these studies and conclude that MRS has potential applications for the study of cognitive processes in health and disease and may be used clinically for differential diagnosis, the early detection of pathology and the examination of longitudinal change.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Compound muscle action potential amplitudes in newborn screen positive spinal muscular atrophy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes as biomarkers of disease severity in newborn screening (NBS)-positive infants with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of 21 infants identified through SMA NBS (11 with 2 SMN2 copies and 10 with 3 SMN2 copies). Baseline and serial right median, ulnar, and fibular motor nerve CMAP amplitudes (millivolts, mV) were obtained during the study. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders (CHOP-INTEND). RESULTS: At baseline, infants with 2 SMN2 copies demonstrated significantly lower median, ulnar, and fibular CMAP amplitudes compared with infants with 3 SMN2 copies (p < 0.05). In contrast, baseline CHOP-INTEND scores did not differ significantly between the two groups. Prior to genetic confirmation, a right median CMAP amplitude ≥3.2 mV predicted ≥3 SMN2 copies. Following treatment, right median and fibular CMAP amplitudes demonstrated significant improvement over time, including in analyses accounting for SMN2 copies number. CONCLUSION: CMAP amplitudes obtained from multiple upper- and lower-extremity motor nerves provided objective electrophysiological measures that distinguished infants with two versus three SMN2 copies, despite similar baseline CHOP-INTEND scores. Furthermore, CMAP abnormalities were detectable in some cases before confirmatory genetic testing results became available. Serial CMAP measurements demonstrated significant longitudinal changes following treatment, whereas functional assessments approached ceiling values, supporting the potential value of electrophysiological monitoring in the era of disease-modifying therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: CMAP assessment is a useful adjunct in the evaluation of infants identified through SMA NBS.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Effects of CPAP on endothelial activation and fibrinolytic balance in coronary artery disease with obstructive sleep apnea: The RICCADSA randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) promotes endothelial activation and a prothrombotic milieu through intermittent hypoxia, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation, mechanisms closely linked to atherosclerosis progression. The vascular effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy in patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD) remain incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the longitudinal effects of CPAP treatment on endothelial adhesion molecules and fibrinolytic balance in patients with CAD and OSA. METHODS: In this randomized controlled analysis from the RICCADSA trial, 210 revascularized CAD patients with moderate-to-severe OSA were assigned to CPAP (n = 104) or no-CPAP (n = 106) and had available biomarker measurements at baseline and 12 months. Circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were assessed. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine longitudinal changes and time-by-treatment interactions adjusted for cardiometabolic covariates. RESULTS: For ICAM-1, no significant time-by-treatment interaction was observed. For PAI-1, a borderline time-by-treatment interaction suggested a numerically smaller increase in the CPAP group compared with no-CPAP (p = 0.09). CPAP treatment was associated with a significantly greater reduction in VCAM-1 over time compared with no-CPAP (time-by-treatment interaction p = 0.045 in adjusted models). CONCLUSIONS: CPAP treatment was associated with selective modulation of vascular biomarkers in patients with CAD and OSA, characterized by attenuation of endothelial activation reflected by reduced VCAM-1 levels, while fibrinolytic imbalance appeared largely resistant to intervention. These findings support pathway-specific vascular responses to CPAP and provide mechanistic insight into residual atherosclerotic risk in this high-risk population.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Goal attainment scaling as a clinical measurement technique in communication disorders: a critical review.

UNLABELLED: Evaluation of client progress is an important topic in communicative disorders research and clinical literature. Goal attainment scaling (GAS) is a technique for evaluating individual progress toward goals. Despite recognition of GAS as a clinical-outcome assessment technique in other clinical professions, the current debate on measuring client progress and outcome measurement in communication disorders has largely ignored GAS. The purpose of this paper is threefold: (a) to introduce GAS to the field of communication disorders, (b) to offer a critical review, and (c) to explore directions for harnessing the value of GAS for the field. In addition to the ability of GAS to evaluate individualized longitudinal change, it offers the following positive attributes: (a) grading of goal attainment, (b) comparability across goals and clients through aggregation, (c) adaptability to any International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health levels and domains, (d) versatility across populations and interventions, (e) linkage tied to expected outcomes, (f) facilitator of goal attainment, and (g) a focal point for team energies. The unique value of GAS could render this technique as a welcomed addition to the present set of options available to clinicians interested in assessing progress and evaluating change. Reliability and validity of GAS will be discussed. Finally, directions for harnessing the potential of GAS for communication disorders are offered for clinical practice and clinical-outcome research. LEARNING OUTCOMES: (1) As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to delineate the steps involved in GAS. (2) As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to describe the positive attributes of GAS as a method for assessing client progress. (3) As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to identify issues that enhance the reliability and validity of GAS.

Communication Disorders↗

PubMed2006

Catecholamines, infection, and death in acute ischemic stroke.

Experimental studies have recently suggested that acute ischemia may facilitate the appearance of fatal infections as part of a brain-induced immunodepression syndrome. However, the mechanisms and neurological consequences of infections complicating acute ischemic stroke have received much less attention at the bedside. The incidence of infection and death after non-septic stroke was compared in this prospective study with longitudinal changes of cytokines, leukocytes, normetanephrine (NMN) and metanephrine (MN) in 75 consecutive patients. In multivariate analysis, infection, n = 13 (17%), was associated with the upper quartile of MN (OR 3.51, 95% CI 1.30-9.51), neurological impairment (NIHSS) on admission (OR 3.99, 95% CI 1.34-11.8), monocyte count (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.13-2.79), and increased interleukin (IL)-10 (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.00-2.38). Mortality at 3 months, n = 16 (21%), was associated with increased levels of NMN on admission (OR 2.34 95% CI 1.15-4.76), NIHSS score (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.29-5.11), and higher IL-6 levels (OR 1.29, 95% 1.00-1.67). These findings suggest that acute ischemic stroke is associated with an early activation of the sympathetic adrenomedullar pathway that lowers the threshold of infection and increases the risk of death. Moreover, these findings are independent of the blood borne effects of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and circulating leukocytes.

Aged↗

PubMed2026

Oxymetazoline hydrochloride nasal spray for nasal function recovery after endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary adenectomy: a propensity score-matched cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether short-term adjunctive oxymetazoline hydrochloride nasal spray is associated with improved early nasal recovery after endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma. METHODS: This single-center retrospective propensity score-matched cohort study included adults undergoing first-time endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery between January 2021 and December 2024. Patients receiving oxymetazoline hydrochloride 0.05% nasal spray plus routine saline irrigation were compared with those receiving saline irrigation alone. The primary outcome was longitudinal change in Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) score from postoperative baseline to weeks 1, 2, and 4. Secondary outcomes included endoscopic nasal findings, nasal comfort, responder-defined NOSE improvement, and short-term safety outcomes. RESULTS: Among 860 eligible patients, 630 remained after 1:1 propensity score matching, with 315 patients in each group. Baseline covariates and postoperative pre-intervention nasal status were well balanced. Adjunctive oxymetazoline was associated with lower NOSE scores and modestly more favorable endoscopic findings and nasal comfort during early follow-up, although the absolute between-group differences were small and attenuated by week 4. Responder analyses based on ≥ 30% NOSE score reduction showed no statistically significant between-group differences. Major postoperative nasal complications were comparable between groups. Potentially drug-related adverse reactions occurred in 55 patients in the oxymetazoline group (17.5%), mainly mild local symptoms, and no serious drug-related adverse events or treatment discontinuations were documented. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term adjunctive oxymetazoline combined with routine saline irrigation was associated with modest early nasal recovery benefits after endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery. Its use should remain cautious, selective, and time-limited, pending prospective confirmation of clinical benefit and long-term safety.

Humans↗

PubMed2007

Accuracy of high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography for measurement of bone quality.

The introduction of three-dimensional high-resolution peripheral in vivo quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) (XtremeCT, Scanco Medical, Switzerland; voxel size 82 microm) provides a new approach to monitor micro-architectural bone changes longitudinally. The accuracy of HR-pQCT for three important determinants of bone quality, including bone mineral density (BMD), architectural measurements and bone mechanics, was determined through a comparison with micro-computed tomography (microCT) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Forty measurements from 10 cadaver radii with low bone mass were scanned using the three modalities, and image registration was used for 3D data to ensure identical regions were analyzed. The areal BMD of DXA correlated well with volumetric BMD by HR-pQCT despite differences in dimensionality (R(2) = 0.69), and the correlation improved when non-dimensional bone mineral content was assessed (R(2) = 0.80). Morphological parameters measured by HR-pQCT in a standard patient analysis, including bone volume ratio, trabecular number, derived trabecular thickness, derived trabecular separation, and cortical thickness correlated well with muCT measures (R(2) = 0.59-0.96). Additionally, some non-metric parameters such as connectivity density (R(2) = 0.90) performed well. The mechanical stiffness assessed by finite element analysis of HR-pQCT images was generally higher than for microCT data due to resolution differences, and correlated well at the continuum level (R(2) = 0.73). The validation here of HR-pQCT against gold-standards microCT and DXA provides insight into the accuracy of the system, and suggests that in addition to the standard patient protocol, additional indices of bone quality including connectivity density and mechanical stiffness may be appropriate to include as part of a standard patient analysis for clinical monitoring of bone quality.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2026

Human brown fat metabolism associates with systemic branched-chain amino acids homeostasis.

Circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are linked with insulin resistance, but the human tissues contributing to systemic BCAA homeostasis remain incompletely defined. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a metabolically active adipose depot associated with favourable insulin sensitivity, yet its role in BCAA metabolism in humans remains unclear. We tested whether human BAT metabolism is associated with circulating BCAA levels, BAT-resident BCAA-catabolic signatures, and longitudinal changes in systemic BCAA homeostasis. We studied 83 adults who underwent metabolic phenotyping, PET-CT assessment of cold-stimulated BAT metabolism, and serum metabolomic profiling at room temperature and during acute mild cold exposure. Supraclavicular BAT biopsies from 25 participants were analysed by transcriptomics and metabolomics, and 40 participants were re-examined for circulating BCAA profiles after approximately five years. Participants with high BAT metabolism had lower circulating BCAA levels than those with low BAT metabolism. Within BAT, metabolically active individuals exhibited lower relative BCAA abundance together with higher expression of genes involved in BCAA catabolism. These BAT BCAA-catabolic signatures aligned with thermogenic capacity and indices of systemic insulin sensitivity. In contrast, individuals with low BAT metabolism showed increases in circulating BCAAs over five years. Integrative analyses further linked circulating lipopolysaccharide, a marker of metabolic endotoxemia, with higher BAT BCAA and aminomalonate abundance, together with transcriptional patterns involving inflammatory and mitochondrial pathways. Together, these findings identify human BAT metabolism as a tissue phenotype linked to systemic BCAA homeostasis and extend the role of human BAT beyond thermogenesis, suggesting that BAT-associated BCAA handling may contribute to systemic metabolic health.

Humans↗