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PubMed2004

Human-centric intelligent systems for exploration and knowledge discovery.

This speculative article discusses research and development relating to computational intelligence (CI) technologies comprising powerful machine-based search and exploration techniques that can generate, extract, process and present high-quality information from complex, poorly understood biotechnology domains. The integration and capture of user experiential knowledge within such CI systems in order to support and stimulate knowledge discovery and increase scientific and technological understanding is of particular interest. The manner in which appropriate user interaction can overcome problems relating to poor problem representation within systems utilising evolutionary computation (EC), machine-learning and software agent technologies is investigated. The objective is the development of user-centric intelligent systems that support an improving knowledge-base founded upon gradual problem re-definition and reformulation. Such an approach can overcome initial lack of understanding and associated uncertainty.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2001

Effects of discourse context on the intelligibility of synthesized speech for young adult and older adult listeners: applications for AAC.

The use of speech synthesis in electronic communication aids allows individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices to communicate with a variety of partners. However, communication will only be effective if the speech signal is readily understood by the listener. The intelligibility of synthesized speech is influenced by a variety of factors, including the provision of context. Although the facilitative effects of context have been demonstrated extensively in studies with young adults, there are few investigations into older adults' ability to decode the synthesized speech signal. The present study investigated whether discourse context affected the intelligibility of synthesized sentences for young adult and older adult listeners. Listeners were asked to repeat 15-word sentences that were either presented in isolation or preceded by a story that set the context for the sentence. Participants correctly repeated significantly more words in the sentences when they were preceded by related sentences than when the sentences were presented in isolation. This research shows a facilitating effect of context in discourse, wherein previous words and sentences are related to later sentences, for both younger and older adult listeners. These results have direct implications for AAC system message transmission.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Individual speaker influence on relative intelligibility of esophageal speech and artificial larynx speech.

Comparisons were made of the relative intelligibility of esophageal and artificial larynx speech. Care was taken to minimize the variable effects of individual speaker characteristics. For example, rather than relying solely on data comparisons between groups of different speakers, contrasts were also made between samples from subjects who could use both means of alaryngeal speech. Fifteen proficient male laryngectomized speakers were selected. Five used only esophageal speech, five used only artificial larynx speech, and five produced both forms of speech. Recordings were made while the subjects read 50 PB (Phonetically Balanced) words embedded in a carrier phrase and were transcribed by 30 naive listeners. Differences in intelligibility between esophageal and artificial larynx speech resulted when data comparisons were based on different speaker groups. However, differences were not evident when data from the same speakers were compared. The results were interpreted to highlight the possible influence of individual speaker characteristics, rather than differences between communication methods.

Humans↗
PubMed1982

Effects of a prosthetic tongue on vowel intelligibility and food management in a patient with total glossectomy.

Effects of a prosthetic tongue on vowel intelligibility and food management in a patient who underwent total glossectomy are discussed. Results of the vowel intelligibility study indicate improvement from 48% to 64% on the Vowel Rhyme Test with use of the prosthesis. Analyses of listener confusions suggest that the most significant effects of the prosthesis were reductions in height and antero-posterior confusions, and a proportionately larger number of same category errors. Results further reveal that front vowels appear better preserved than back and central vowels, in both prosthesis and nonprosthesis conditions. Effects of the prosthesis on food management are discussed and consideration is given to future prosthesis design and fabrication.

Deglutition↗
PubMed1979

Intonation and intelligibility of time-compressed speech. Supplementary report: English vs. French.

Comparative data are reported for the intelligibility of English and of French time-compressed speech when heard spoken either in normal intonation or in intonation patterns conflicting with underlying syntactic structure. Within an overall decrement in intelligibility with increasing compression, both French and English show similar superiority functions for sentences heard in normal intonation. Results suggest a role of prosodic features in perceptual processing of French comparable to that previously reported for English.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The intelligibility of deaf speech to experienced and inexperienced listeners.

The study examines differences between experienced and inexperienced listeners in understanding the speech of the deaf. Listeners heard test words in three conditions: in sentences, as isolated words, and as segmented words (the later being words originally produced in sentences, excised, and then presented in isolation). Factors believed to account for listener differences were examined. These were relative word intelligibility, context, including the amount of linguistic information in a sentence, the overall length, and the position of the test word in the sentence. Scores for experienced listeners were consistently higher than those for inexperienced listeners across each factor considered. Differences between listeners were greatest for test words in sentences, followed by isolated and segmented test words. However, there was no statistically significant interaction between listener experience and any of the factors considered. Thus, the data do not support the hypotheses that have been proposed to account for listener differences. For both experienced and inexperienced listeners, scores varied systematically depending on the relative predicted intelligibility of the test words and the amount of context in the sentence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Marking word boundaries to improve the intelligibility of the speech of the deaf.

Speech of deaf talkers has often been characterized as staccato, leading to the perception of improper grouping of syllables. In an attempt to compensate for this syllabication, word boundaries of 30 sentences spoken by 10 deaf children were acoustically marked by means of silent pauses with a duration of 160 ms inserted between words. Subsequent tests with normal-hearing listeners demonstrated that after insertion of pauses the intelligibility of the sentences increased significantly (p less than .01) from 27% to 31%. A control measure showed that this increase was not merely due to a general deceleration of speech rate: When all phonemes were lengthened until the same sentence duration was obtained as after insertion of pauses, a (nonsignificant) decrease in intelligibility (M = 26%) resulted. The results are compared to earlier studies of speech of the deaf in which segmental and suprasegmental aspects were manipulated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The importance of consonant-vowel intensity ratio in the intelligibility of voiceless consonants.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which variations in the consonant-vowel (C-V) intensity ratio could account for variations in speech intelligibility among the productions of 10 talkers. Fifty normal-hearing individuals listened in noise to syllables consisting of voiceless consonants followed by the vowel /a/ under three conditions in which: (a) C-V ratio varied naturally as produced by the talkers, and the stimuli were calibrated according to vowel intensity; (b) C-V ratios were increased and equated via digital signal processing; and (c) C-V ratios were unmodified, but the syllables were calibrated according to consonant level rather than vowel level. Results indicated that variations in C-V ratio explained a great deal of the variation in the intelligibility of some consonants (/s, S, tS/) but not others (the voiceless stops). This difference may well be due to differences in audibility between the two groups of consonants when they are presented at similar consonant-to-noise ratios. The majority of the data suggest that the importance of C-V ratio is related to the intensity of consonants but is independent of the ratio per se between consonant and vowel levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A note on intelligence assessment within studies of specific language impairment.

The purpose of this paper is to review the procedures, reported in three journals, that researchers have adopted to evaluate the intelligence of children with specific language impairment. The results indicated that researchers used one of the following procedures: no mention of intelligence, statements of negative history for mental retardation (without further documentation), reporting cut-off scores on one or more standardized assessment instruments, reporting means on one or more standardized assessment instruments, or reporting individual test scores from such instruments. A majority of researchers adopted the procedures in the first three categories. Implications of such reporting procedures are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Intelligibility of telephone speech for the hearing impaired when various microphones are used for acoustic coupling.

This study set out to systematically measure the effect of using various candidate microphones for acoustic coupling of hearing aids to a telephone receiver. Intelligibility of words was determined for three microphones and three levels of interfering noise for a total of nine conditions. The subjects all had moderate hearing loss. It was found that microphones that exhibit pressure gradient sensitivity can, when properly positioned relative to the telephone receiver, increase intelligibility scores significantly. Results show that comparable listening performance is achieved with a pressure gradient microphone at a 10 dB higher level of interfering noise than with a microphone that is only sensitive to pressure. The results quantify the effect of microphones in acoustic coupling of hearing aids to telephones and point to a possible means for improving some types of hearing aids to facilitate telephone use for the hearing-impaired.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1996

Influence of verbal and nonverbal contexts on the sentence intelligibility of a speaker with dysarthria.

The influence of verbal and nonverbal contextual factors on intelligibility was examined using sentences produced under varying conditions by a speaker with severe flaccid dysarthria. Contextual factors included (a) concurrent production of communication gestures, (b) predictiveness of message content, (c) relatedness of sentences to specific situational contexts, and (d) prior familiarization with the speaker. Sentences produced by the speaker were audio- and video-recorded and presented to 96 listeners/viewers who were assigned to three different methods of presentation of the stimuli: (a) audio+video, (b) audio-only, or (c) video-only conditions. Results indicated that gestures, predictiveness, and context influenced intelligibility; however, complex interactions were observed among these factors and methods of presentation of the stimuli. Results were interpreted in light of Lindblom's "mutuality model," indicating that when signal fidelity is poor, as in the present speaker with dysarthria, differing combinations of signal-independent information may be employed to enhance listener understanding of spoken messages.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

DECTalk and MacinTalk speech synthesizers: intelligibility differences for three listener groups.

This study examined word level intelligibility differences between DECTalk and MacinTalk speech synthesizers using the Modified Rhyme Test in an open format transcription task. Three groups of listeners participated: inexperienced, speech-language pathologists, and speech synthesis experts. Results for between-subjects ANOVA showed that the expert group correctly identified a significantly higher number of words than each of the other listener groups. For the within-subjects factor of voice, simple effects ANOVA and post hoc contrasts within each group showed that listeners had higher intelligibility scores for the DECTalk male voice, Perfect Paul, than for the MacinTalk male voice, Bruce. No other pairwise gender/age-matched differences were found between the two synthesizers.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Social intelligence, innovation, and enhanced brain size in primates.

Despite considerable current interest in the evolution of intelligence, the intuitively appealing notion that brain volume and "intelligence" are linked remains untested. Here, we use ecologically relevant measures of cognitive ability, the reported incidence of behavioral innovation, social learning, and tool use, to show that brain size and cognitive capacity are indeed correlated. A comparative analysis of 533 instances of innovation, 445 observations of social learning, and 607 episodes of tool use established that social learning, innovation, and tool use frequencies are positively correlated with species' relative and absolute "executive" brain volumes, after controlling for phylogeny and research effort. Moreover, innovation and social learning frequencies covary across species, in conflict with the view that there is an evolutionary tradeoff between reliance on individual experience and social cues. These findings provide an empirical link between behavioral innovation, social learning capacities, and brain size in mammals. The ability to learn from others, invent new behaviors, and use tools may have played pivotal roles in primate brain evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Agent-based modeling for understanding social intelligence.

The advantages of agent-based modeling for a general theory of intelligence at the individual and social level are emphasized over other existing approaches mainly relying on rationality theories. As was pointed out during the National Academy of Sciences Sackler Colloquium session "Implications of Agent-Based Modeling for Understanding Human Rationality and Learning," held in October 2001, properties of social intelligent agents include adaptability and learning capacity, as well as the capacity to produce and employ artifacts and manipulate symbols.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

The Satz-Mogel short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--revised: effects of global mental status and age on test-retest reliability.

Abbreviated versions of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) have been developed as time saving devices that provide accurate estimates of overall level of general intellectual functioning while decreasing test administration time. The Satz-Mogel short form of the WAIS-R has received substantial attention in the literature as an accurate measure of intellectual functions when compared with the Full WAIS-R. However, most studies comparing the Satz-Mogel version to the Full WAIS-R have only provided correlational analyses. Our study was an attempt to apply a more rigorous statistical methodology in determining if the Full WAIS-R and abbreviated versions are equivalent. We explored the impact of level of global mental status and age on the Satz-Mogel version. Although the two forms of the test correlated highly, repeated measures design indicated significant differences between Satz-Mogel and Full WAIS-R when participants were divided into groups based on level of global impairment and age. Our results suggest that the Satz-Mogel version of the test may not be equivalent to the full WAIS-R and is likely to misrepresent a patient's level of intellectual functioning, particularly for patients with progressive degenerative conditions. The implications of applying Satz-Mogel scoring to the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III) are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

PPVT-R as an estimate of premorbid intelligence in older adults.

The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) was examined as an estimate of premorbid intelligence in a clinical sample of elderly patients (N = 150) undergoing clinical neuropsychological evaluation. PPVT-R standard scores were compared across grossly cognitively intact, mildly/moderately and severely impaired groups of patients, and compared to a short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) and the Barona regression equation. Results indicate that, while the PPVT-R is vulnerable to increasing levels of cognitive impairment among patients with fewer years of education, the PPVT-R is stable across mild to moderate levels of impairment for patients with greater than 12 years of education. In a sub-sample of grossly cognitively intact patients (n = 91), the PPVT-R standard score correlated significantly with estimated WAIS-R FSIQ (r =.61). Compared to the Barona equation, the PPVT-R was less likely to over-estimate WAIS-R FSIQ in the grossly cognitively intact patients. These data suggest the PPVT-R to be a useful estimate of premorbid ability for patients with a greater than high-school education.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Synthesized speech intelligibility among native speakers and non-native speakers of English.

Using synthesized and digitized speech in electronic communication devices may greatly benefit individuals who cannot produce intelligible speech. However, multiple investigations have demonstrated that synthesized speech is not always sufficiently intelligible for its listeners. Listening to synthesized speech may be particularly problematic for listeners for whom English is a second language. We compared native and non-native English-speaking adults' listening accuracy for English sentences in natural voice and synthesized voice conditions. Results indicated a disproportionate disadvantage for the non-native English-speaking group when listening to synthesized speech compared to their native English-speaking age peers. There was, however, significant variability in performance within the non-native English group, and this was strongly related to independent measures of English language skill. Specifically, a large portion of the variance in performance on the synthesized speech task was predicted by participants' receptive vocabulary scores.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A graphical method for calculating the speech intelligibility index and measuring hearing disability from audiograms.

The speech intelligibility index (SII) is interpreted as the proportion of total speech information available to the listener's ear for a given speech material. Consequently, SII varies in the range 0-1. A simple graphical method for determining SII for monaural listening at 1 m distance from a talker producing "average speech" (or PB-words) at normal speech effort is described. The speech area is visualized by 10 x 10 = 100 points in the audiogram form, each point contributing 0.01 to the SII. The SII thus equals 0.01 times the number of points in the audible range. A sensorineural hearing loss gives rise to an additional loss in speech recognition due to reduced frequency discrimination and time resolving ability. This suprathreshold deficit is corrected for, if the SII contribution in each frequency band is multiplied with a hearing threshold level dependent "desensitization factor". The SII is related to the intelligibility of speech, and may be used to evaluate a hearing disability.

Adult↗