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PubMed1994

Evaluation of reduced protocols for carcinogenicity testing of chemicals: report of a joint EPA/NIEHS workshop.

The current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other national/international guidelines specify the use of two species and two sexes rodents (usually the rat and the mouse) for carcinogenicity testing of chemicals. In view of the enormous number of chemicals to be tested, the high cost of testing, and the large number of animals used in the present protocol, many academic, industrial, and government authorities are examining the possibility of using a reduced protocol (less than two species and two sexes of rodents) for carcinogenicity testing of chemicals. The use of a reduced protocol offers many advantages as well as some disadvantages. To pursue further the potential implications and impacts of using a reduced protocol for carcinogenicity testing on the processes of hazard identification and risk assessment, a workshop entitled "Evaluation of Reduced Protocols for Carcinogenicity Testing of Chemicals" was held at the Embassy Suites Hotel in Alexandria, Virginia on September 22 and 23, 1992. It was cosponsored by EPA's Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPPTS) and the National Toxicology Program of the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences (NTP/NIEHS) and attended by more than 60 participants from government, industry, academia, and the general public. The Expert Consensus Panel and most of the participants supported the use of reduced protocols in carcinogenicity testing. However, it was recognized that reduced protocols may not be appropriate for the testing of all chemicals and that additional analyses/data may be needed for selection of the most appropriate reduced protocol for certain chemicals/chemical classes.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Evaluation of biologically based dose-response modeling for developmental toxicity: a workshop report.

Biologically based dose-response (BBDR) modeling represents a novel approach for quantitative assessment of health risk by incorporating pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of a chemical and by relating the immediate cellular responses to a cascade of aberrant biological actions that leads to detectable adverse outcomes. The quantitative relationship of each of the intervening events can be described in mathematical forms that are amenable for adjustment and extrapolation over a range of doses and across species. A team of investigators at the Reproductive Toxicology Division of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has explored the feasibility of BBDR modeling by examining the developmental toxicity of a known teratogen, 5-fluorouracil. A panel of researchers from academic and industrial laboratories, biomathematical modelers, and risk assessment scientists was convened in a workshop to evaluate the approaches undertaken by the EPA team and to discuss the future prospects of BBDR modeling. This report summarizes the lessons learned from one approach to BBDR modeling and comments from the panelists: while it is possible to incorporate mechanistic information into quantitative dose-response models for the assessment of health risks, the process is enormously data-intensive and costly; in addition, the confidence of the model is directly proportional to our current understanding of basic biology and can be enhanced only through the ongoing novel discoveries. More importantly, the extent of "uncertainty" (inherent with the default assumptions associated with the NOAEL or benchmark approach) reducible by BBDR modeling requires further scrutiny and comparison.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed2005

Young researchers' workshop.

Research in Europe needs multidisciplinary approaches and young researchers should get the opportunity to become familiar with new perspectives and future research topics. The workshop focused on some particular topics of research: new nutrients in infant formulas, biochemical mechanisms of metabolic programming, influence of early feeding on childhood obesity.

Humans↗

PubMed1991

Workshop on growth factors.

The 'Workshop on Growth Factors' which took place at the Lugano Lymphoma Conference on June 8, 1990, included a presentation by Michael Sporn on the concept that loss of inhibitory control mechanisms may be important in the development and growth of human cancer. Examples illustrating this were taken from current experimental biology research into transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) interactions. Brian Durie presented recent data on the biology of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and its putative role in plasma cell diseases. These studies have culminated in the first clinical study of the role of an antibody to a growth factor as therapy for a human cancer (anti-IL-6 antibody as therapy for patients with myeloma). Derek Crowther presented data concerning the current clinical role of the haematopoietic growth factors in patients undergoing chemotherapy for cancer. Recent clinical research has established the role of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in improving the safety of high-dose or accelerated chemotherapy, and their use is associated with enhanced neutrophil recovery following ablative therapy and bone marrow rescue. This session was followed by the presentation of three papers concerning the use of G-CSF and GM-CSF in association with chemotherapy for patients with malignant lymphoma.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Sister chromatid exchanges in workers employed in car-painting workshops.

Car painting workers are exposed to a number of potentially genotoxic agents. The frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were determined in a group of 22 workers involved in painting repaired cars in small workshops. An occupationally non-exposed age-matched group served as controls. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) in the mean SCE levels in exposed (7.81 +/- 1.50) and non-exposed (4.92 +/- 0.10) groups. Smoking habit was the other factor most influencing SCE levels. Among both the exposed workers and the controls, smokers had a higher SCE frequency than non-smokers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Report from a National Cancer Institute (USA) workshop on quality of life assessment in cancer clinical trials.

To promote the inclusion of quality of life (QOL) end-points in clinical research on cancer, the National Cancer Institute (USA) sponsored a workshop on QOL assessment in cancer clinical trials in July, 1990. Experts in clinical trials and QOL research formed four working groups to identify current areas of cancer treatment in which QOL end-points are most important; to discuss methodologic problems in QOL assessment; to address common problems in implementing clinical studies with QOL end-points; and to consider statistical issues in design, implementation, and data analysis. Recommendations made by the working groups are summarized in this paper.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed1982

Chemotherapy for larval echinococcosis in animals and humans: report of a workshop.

Mebendazole, its fluorine analogue flubendazole, and other benzimidazole derivatives are active against many gastrointestinal and tissue-stage helminths. This article reviews the published literature and proceedings of a workshop on the use of benzimidazoles against larval echinococcosis (hydatid disease). Orally administered high doses (30-50 mg/kg body weight) of mebendazole given daily for 20-90 days to rodents or sheep infected with larval Echinococcus granulosus cause damage of destruction of the cyst wall, loss of cyst fluid, and death of protoscolices. Similar treatment of rodents infected with E. multilocularis with mebendazole, flubendazole, fenbendazole, and albendazole for 60-300 days leads to reduction of weight, inhibition of growth and the metastases formation of E. multilocularis tissue, and to prolonged host survival time although the metacestodes are not killed. Mebendazole or flubendazole treatment of human patients infected with E. granulosus is followed by subjective improvement in most, and evidence of regression of cysts in some; in other patients, cysts continue to grow or have been proven viable even after several months of high-dose mebendazole therapy. In patients infected with E. Multilocularis, the progressive course of the disease appeared to be arrested, but treatment apparently did not kill the parasite. Side effects of some patients have included allergic reactions, alopecia, and reversible neutropenia. Some possible reasons for different responses to treatment include inadequate plasma drug absorption from the gut and age, condition, and location of cysts. Many remaining questions concerning the risk versus benefits of mebendazole therapy can be answered only through controlled clinical trials.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Cyclosporin A in aplastic anemia--report of a workshop.

The management of aplastic anemia continues to challenge clinical investigators. With bone marrow transplantation or immunosuppression the prognosis of the patient with aplastic anemia has improved remarkably. For patients who are not eligible for bone marrow transplantation, antilymphocyte globulin has become the standard treatment. There is growing evidence that some patients also respond to immunosuppression with cyclosporin A. Further data suggest that combination of cyclosporin A with antilymphocyte globulin or androgens might be beneficial. An international workshop summarized the data on cyclosporin A treatment in aplastic anemia and attempted to create guidelines for the use of cyclosporin A in the management of aplastic anemia.

Androgens↗

PubMed1993

Interferon in chronic myeloid leukemia. A workshop report.

The therapeutic efficacy of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia is currently being tested in a number of institutional, interinstitutional, and international trials. There is no doubt that responses are achieved in many patients, and in a small subset complete eradication of clonogenic cells may be possible. However, it has not yet been shown that overall survival of patients treated with IFN-alpha is better than that of those treated with conventional cytoreductive drugs. There are still controversial opinions on problems such as dosages and duration of treatment, combination with cytostatic agents, definition of responses, and relevance of cytogenic and molecular data. An international workshop discussed the data on interferon therapy and attempted to define the role of interferon today in the management of chronic myeloid leukemia.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗

PubMed2006

The 5th International Conference on Basic and Therapeutic Aspects of Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins. Workshop review: assays and detection.

The development of diagnostic tests for the botulinum neurotoxins is complicated by their extremely high potencies and the considerable diversity observed within the neurotoxin family. Current approaches for the detection of the toxins and the organism include amplified immunoassays and PCR techniques. Assays which exploit the biological activities within the botulinum toxins are also in development. These are based on both antibody and mass spectrometric techniques which measure the endopeptidase activities of the neurotoxins. This overview of the Assays and Detection Workshop of the 5th International Conference of on Basic and Therapeutic Aspects of Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins discusses recent progress in the development of these assay systems and the issues that need to be overcome prior to their implementation.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

[Workshop "Radio-oncology and the Law"].

From 25 to 27 Sept 1997, a workshop was organized at the Essen Medical School (Universitätsklinikum Essen), at which radiooncologists and jurists from universities and courts as well as lawyers contributed their views on mutual problems. The following topics were discussed by papers and in round table meetings: "Requirements on the patient's information", "definition of therapeutic guidelines-limits of clinical research and standard treatments", "treatment documentation", "liability of the physician for treatment faults" and "technical standard and preserve of quality". The consensual guidelines to the topics "patient's information", "therapeutic guidelines" and "liability" are presented here.

Documentation↗

PubMed2007

[Prevention and control of the spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci: results of a workshop held by the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology].

The incidence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), especially E. faecium, is increasing in several German hospitals and some facilities have experienced VRE outbreaks. The German National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System has also noticed a sharp increase in the incidence of nosocomial VRE infections per 10,000 patients from 0.5 in 2003 to 11.0 in 2005 accompanied by a rise in VRE-associated mortality. However, the reasons of this increase remain unknown. As VRE may cause severe nosocomial infections, transmission must be restricted. This article provides the guidelines as defined by the workshop of the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology for the prevention of VRE transmission in both, endemic and epidemic, settings. The following topics are discussed: indication for VRE screening, microbiological diagnostics, general infection control measures (isolation precautions and use of protective clothing) and additional hygiene measures in the nosocomial VRE outbreak setting.

Cross Infection↗

PubMed2004

Renal effects and erythrocyte oxidative stress in long-term low-level lead-exposed adolescent workers in auto repair workshops.

Lead poisoning is an old but persistent public health problem in developing countries. The present study investigated blood lead levels and its effects on markers of renal function and parameters of erythrocyte oxidative stress in adolescent male auto repair workers in Turkey. Blood Pb level and the ALAD index (logarithm of activated delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase/nonactivated delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase) were measured as indicators of exposure to Pb. Markers of tubular damage urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), beta2-microglobulin (beta-2 MG), creatinine (Cr), uric acid (UA), and calcium, markers of glomerular filtration blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum Cr, UA, and parameters of oxidative damage in erythrocyte were studied in 79 Pb-exposed adolescent and 71 healthy control subjects. Blood lead levels and ALAD index were found significantly higher in the study group than that of normal control group. BUN, UA level, and glomerular filtration rates were detected in normal range in the lead-exposed group. Urinary NAG excretion and calciuria were higher in the study group than in controls. Urinary excretion of NAG was positively correlated with the blood lead levels (r=0.427). There was no relationship between blood lead levels and UA or beta-2 MG in urine. Malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase levels were significantly elevated in lead-exposed adolescents than controls, but changes in the catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in lead-exposed adolescents did not reach statistical significance. In conclusion, chronic low-dose lead exposure seems as a cause of subtle renal impacts in adolescent workers of auto repair workshops. Lead-induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes probably contributes to these subclinical renal effects.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Careers in toxicology in Europe--options and requirements. Report of a workshop organized on behalf of the Individual Members of EUROTOX during the EUROTOX Congress 2000 in London (September 17-20, 2000).

In view of the lack of information regarding careers for toxicologists in Europe, the Individual Members of EUROTOX organised a workshop on careers in toxicology during the EUROTOX Congress 2000 in London. Toxicologists are mainly employed in academia, regulatory agencies, contract research organisations (CROs) and the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. There are also a few governmental institutes involved with toxicological work other than teaching or regulation. Toxicologists can also work as independent consultants, especially for commercial organisations. The requirements for starting a career in any of the above organisations, the need and the advantages and disadvantages of specialisation, and further career prospects are summarised and briefly discussed. The organisations, and also working as an independent toxicology consultant, offer interesting professional work of relevance to modern-day society. There is currently a shortage of toxicologists not only in the traditional field of risk assessment but also especially in new areas, e.g. toxicogenomics. This shortage may be at least in part due to insufficient training opportunities. Further consideration of career opportunities is planned and will be published in due course.

Career Mobility↗

PubMed2004

Technology of production of red figure pottery from Attic and southern Italian workshops.

Samples from Greek figure vases were investigated by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, thermomechanical analysis and reflectance spectroscopy to achieve a technological characterisation. The vases, dating from the end of the sixth to the fourth century BC, had been excavated at Locri Epizephiri (Calabria, Italy) and attributed to Attic or local workshops, respectively. Information on the morphology of black slip areas and firing temperatures was compared with that previously obtained for Attic and local black gloss pottery from the same site; results show that the peculiar technique required for the production of black slips was mastered by both Attic and local potters and employed for monochrome and figured products. The black coating is usually well vitrified and 15- to 20-microm thick; the evaluated maximum firing temperature is around 900 degrees C, while a temperature lower than 800 degrees C is generally estimated for ceramic body re-oxidation.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

Preoperative diagnosis and surgical management of neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors: general recommendations by a consensus workshop.

In 1996 a consensus workshop on the preoperative diagnosis and surgical treatment of neuroendocrine tumor disease took place in Berlin. Although there was a consensus on the diagnosis and surgical treatment by world experts in neuroendocrine surgery in some areas, it became clear that certain management policies vary among centers. In large part, diverging policies reflect a lack of controlled studies. This paper summarizes the various opinions brought forward during this conference and emphasizes consensus approaches for the diagnosis and therapy of neuroendocrine neoplasms.

Gastrointestinal Neoplasms↗

PubMed2003

[Patient education in practice-a workshop in a small group].

The aim of the workshop was to work out concrete plans and steps for implementing patient education courses in an outpatient setting by the collaborative arthritis centers in Germany. Primarily the patient education model of Lower Saxony was illustrated as an example of successful implementation of patient education programs in practice. In this state patient education courses are run in cooperation between the Arthritis Center of Hannover and the League against Rheumatism in Lower Saxony. Both institutions are in discussion with the health insurance companies for paying the costs for the patient education courses. Then the group discussed several important aspects which have to be considered when establishing patient education courses such as recruiting and motivating the trainers, recruiting the participants, choosing adequate rooms, fund raising and responsibilities. The participants considered the patient education model of Lower Saxony as a transferable model for every collaborative arthritis center in Germany and recommended to follow that path.

Ambulatory Care↗

PubMed2004

[The cryoglobulinemic syndrome--report from the workshop on classification and on the 10th conference of the Italian Society for the treatment of Cryoglobulinemia, Modena, 29 Sept., 2003].

The conference was preceded by a workshop of an European expert group on the n evaluation, testing, and workup of a new classification for cryoglobulinemic syndrome. Several studies on the potential role of infections, especially hepatitis C virus (HCV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV), in the pathogenesis of human autoimmune diseases were presented and discussed at the conference. A cross-reactivity between CMV proteins and different auto-antigens could play a role with respect to the initial endothelial damage in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. A number of immune mechanisms may be involved in the induction of the cryoglobulinemic syndrome such as the formation of cross-reacting antibodies, chronic B-cell stimulation, an interaction between the HCV core protein and tumor suppressor genes p53 and/or proto-oncogens, and the t(14;18) translocation with bcl-2 activation and prolonged B-cell survival.

Cryoglobulinemia↗