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PubMed1999

Urbanisation of yellow fever in Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

BACKGROUND: Reinvasion by Aedes aegypti of cities in the Americas poses a threat of urbanisation of yellow fever. After detection of yellow-fever infection in a resident of the city of Santa Cruz, Bolivia, in December, 1997, we investigated all subsequent suspected cases. METHODS: We introduced active surveillance of yellow fever in the Santa Cruz area. Hospitals and selected urban and rural health centres reported all suspected cases. Patients were serologically screened for yellow fever, dengue, hepatitis A and B, and leptospirosis. We collected clinical and epidemiological information from patients' records and through interviews. We also carried out a population-based serosurvey in the neighbourhood of one case. FINDINGS: Between December, 1997, and June, 1998, symptomatic yellow-fever infection was confirmed in six residents of Santa Cruz, five of whom died. Five lived in the southern sector of the city. Two had not left the city during the incubation period, and one had visited only an area in which sylvatic transmission was deemed impossible. Of the 281 people covered in the serosurvey 16 (6%) were positive for IgM antibody to yellow fever. Among five people for whom this result could not be explained by recent vaccination, there were two pairs of neighbours. INTERPRETATION: Urban transmission of yellow fever in Santa Cruz was limited in space and time. Low yellow-fever immunisation coverage and high infestation with A. aegypti in the city, and the existence of endemic areas in the region present a risk for future urban outbreaks. We recommend immediate large-scale immunisation of the urban population, as well as tightened surveillance and appropriate vector control.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Higher rural mortality or lower urban mortality in France? (author's transl)].

Examination of crude and standardized rates, life expectancies and death probabilities by age shows an excess of mortality for males and females in little towns (less than 10 000 inhabitants) and on the other hand a lower mortality in parisian area. One aspect of the problem--relation between mortality and urbanisation (localities size)--is not the same with the sexes. For males, there is a lower mortality in rural area, on the contrary, for females, mortality is decreasing while the size of the locality is increasing. It would be possible to explain this results by parameters closely connected with urbanisation, such as socio-economic groups, marital status, health system. A next research will take this parameters and medical causes into account.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Development and human resources in the Islamic world: a study of selected countries.

"The present paper attempts to provide an analytical profile of development and human resources in [12] selected [Islamic] countries." The countries--Bangladesh, Somalia, Pakistan, Indonesia, Egypt, Turkey, Malaysia, Algeria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and United Arab Emirates--vary in income levels from low to high and in population size from 1 million to 159 million. Using data from the World Bank and the Population Council, comparisons are made on the basis of mortality and fertility levels, family size, income, urbanization, labor force size and growth, education, nutrition, and health. Governmental policy changes and future directions are discussed.

Africa↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence of malnutrition and intestinal parasites in preschool slum children in Lucknow.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the point prevalence of intestinal parasites and their association with nutritional parameters. SETTING: Anganwadi centers under the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) in Lucknow, North India. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. METHODS: By random draw, 32 out of 153 Anganwadi centers were selected. All eligible subjects registered with the Anganwadi worker were enrolled. These were 1061 children (48.3% girls and 51.7% boys) between the ages of 1.5 to 3.5 years. RESULTS: Of these, 67.6% were underweight (weight for age < -2 SD), 62.8% were stunted (height for age < -2 SD) and 26.5% were wasted (weight for height < -2 SD). Parasites were detected in 17.5% (95% CI 15.3%-19.9%) children by a single direct fecal smear examination. Of these, Ascaris lumbricoides was found in 124 (68.1%) and Giardia lamblia in 60 (32.9%). There was no association between weight or height and parasite positivity. The mean hemoglobin levels for children who were smear positive versus smear negative for ascaris or giardia were 9.1 g/dl and 9.6 g/dl, respectively (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In the urban slums the point prevalence of intestinal parasites is 17.5% in the preschool children. Malnutrition and low hemoglobin levels are also widely prevalent. Urgent remedial steps are needed on community basis to improve their nutritional status and control parasitic infestation.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The metropolitanization and suburbanization of the U.S. elderly population: 1970-1988.

This paper analyzes U.S. Census, Current Population Survey data from 1970 to 1988. It establishes that the young-old (age 65-74) and old-old (75 plus) populations are now more likely to live in metropolitan areas, especially within suburban areas, and are occupying residential locations that are less segregated from other age groups. As early as 1977 the majority of metropolitan elderly people lived in suburban areas, and by 1988 only just over one-quarter of the U.S. elderly population lived in nonmetropolitan areas.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

[Spatial population distribution and development: notes on urban settlements in Latin America].

The relationship between population distribution and development trends is analyzed, with attention to the planning of spatial redistribution policies. Some shortcomings in the investigation of the causes and consequences of urbanization are discussed. The second part of the article "refers to some spatial demographic and socio-economic expressions of the urbanization process in Latin America, the population concentration trends and their relationships with changes in agrarian structure and industrialization, social stratification patterns and forms of urban space organization.... The paper concludes with some critical notes on the theses related to 'optimum' size of urban centres and to 'balanced development' of urban systems, on which some policy proposals have been based." (summary in ENG)

Agriculture↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of social marketing of oral rehydration therapy.

Attempts, at social marketing of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) through television, in changing the knowledge and practice of mothers with regard to its use was assessed. One hundred and eighty seven consecutive mothers (38 excluded due to non use of ORT) were administered a preplanned questionnaire to assess their socio-economic profile, educational status, concept of diarrhea and correct use of ORT. Fifty nine mothers who watched these programmes on TV regularly formed the study group. These were compared with 90 mothers who had gained such knowledge from non-television sources. The correct application of knowledge of ORT was significantly better in study group compared with control group. The educational status of mothers had a positive impact on motivation to use ORT at home in the study group. Mass media campaigns through "TV spots" is an effective way of improving knowledge of mothers on ORT in a developing country.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

On pregnancy tests.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1991

Socio-cultural factors in adolescent septic illicit abortions in Ilorin, Nigeria.

One hundred and ninety-two adolescents (aged 12-18 years) with septic illicit abortions were interviewed to assess socio-cultural factors associated with illegally induced septic abortions at Ilorin, Nigeria. They were mostly unmarried schoolgirls who were ignorant of contraception. Inadequate parental supervision contributed largely to unplanned pregnancies, while poor economic state of these patients influenced the occurrence of illegal septic abortions. Wide-spread availability of an acceptable family-life education, with improved socio-economic state of the adolescents would most probably reduce the socio-cultural factors favouring illicit septic induced abortions in this community.

Abortion, Illegal↗