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PubMed1998

Effect of cadmium chelating agents on organ cadmium and trace element levels in mice.

In experiments performed on male mice (CD-1, Charles River), the mobilizing effects of repeated administration of the carbodithioate analogue BLDTC [N-benzyl-4-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-glucamine-N-carbodithioate+ ++] and CaDTPA (calcium trisodium pentetate) on cadmium deposits in the liver, kidneys, brain and testes were compared. The antidotes were injected alternately every 48 h over a period of 16 d (8 doses in total) following a previous loading with 20 doses of CdCl2.2.5 H2O (single doses of 3 mg kg-1 i.p.). The experiments confirmed BLDTC to be one of the most effective cadmium mobilizing agents. The administration of CaDTPA, which is known as a useful antidote in acute cadmium intoxication, increased the mobilizing effect of BLDTC. Cadmium elevated the concentration of zinc in all organs examined and the level of copper in the liver, kidneys and testes. This accumulation of trace elements was only partially corrected by the chelators. The antidotes administered alone exert only a negligible effect on the trace element levels in the organs.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Hair trace elements in kidney dialysis patients by INAA.

INAA was used to determine selected trace elements--Ca, Al, P, and S--in 104 cleaned scalp hair samples from kidney dialysis patients (n = 54) and healthy controls (n = 50) in order to explore any differences in these elements that might be related to prolonged dialysis and/or associated medication in comparison with blood serum levels of Al and P measured in the same clinic at the time of hair sampling. After correction for P (and Si) interference in Al content, it was observed that there were no significant differences (at 95% confidence level) in hair Al and Ca, which had been expected, whereas while there were definite increases in P and S. Multivariant factor analysis applied to the same data set, however, showed some multiple correlations among four variables: serum Al, duration of dialysis, medication, and hair Al.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The status and dynamics of some trace elements in a savanna soil under long-term cultivation.

A recent study in the savanna suggested that the surface soils might be contaminated with Ti, V, U and Th because of increasing phosphate fertilizer applications. In this study, we determined the dynamics of Ga, V, U, Nb, Y, La, Ce and Nd in a savanna soil that has received NPK fertilizers, farmyard manure (FYM) and FYM + NPK for 50 years using an adjacent uncultivated or native site as a reference. The concentrations of the elements in the soils were determined by X-ray fluorescence. Mass balance calculations indicated that Nb, U, Y, La, Ce and Nd increased by between 8 and 61% in the cultivated soil compared with the uncultivated natural site. Long-term application of FYM increased the masses of Nb (16%), Th (40%), La (26%), Ce (44%) and Nd (54%). There were no discernible changes in the masses of the trace elements that could be unambiguously associated with phosphate fertilizer applications. It was, thus, concluded that physical accumulation as leaching losses and crop removal depleted soluble ions, stabilization by organo-mineral complexes and aeolian deposition are the probable soil enrichment mechanisms of these trace elements during cultivation.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1991

Trace element and vitamin deficiency in alcoholic and control subjects.

A wide range of trace elements and vitamins was studied in alcoholic patients admitted for detoxification and in healthy controls. Alcoholic subjects were found to be deficient relative to controls in magnesium and vitamin E, while a relative excess of serum iron and copper, and sweat nickel, was noted. A surprisingly wide range of deficiencies, as compared with standard laboratory ranges, was seen in the control group. This finding emphasizes the need for adequate control groups in nutritional studies of alcoholism, the insufficiency of an adequate diet alone to guarantee adequate nutrition, and the likely high prevalence of undetected nutritional deficiency in the general population. Further research is required on the clinical benefits of nutritional supplementation as part of the treatment of alcoholism, and the value of conventional supplements as a routine treatment is questioned.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breast milk as a source of vitamins, essential minerals and trace elements.

Human breast milk provides all of the vitamins and essential minerals and trace elements (micronutrients) that are required by the normal term infant, until weaning. With a few exceptions, excessive micronutrient supplies to the mother, or a moderate deficiency in her diet, do not greatly alter the supply to the infant. Thus, the infant is well-protected by maternal homeostatic processes, although the mechanisms of these are not yet well understood. Considerable progressive changes in concentration occur for some of the micronutrients during the course of lactation. Because the concentration of these nutrients, and of other substances that modify their absorption by the infant, such as binding proteins, differs considerably between human milk, animal milk and, hence, commercial milk formulae, there is great interest in the quantitative significance of micronutrient supplies, and their variability in breast milk, in the quest for improvement of commercial formulations. The aim of this review is to summarize the available information about the factors that determine breast milk contents of micronutrients.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Atmospheric supply of trace elements studied by peat samples from ombrotrophic bogs.

Concentrations of Fe and 12 trace elements in peat from ombrotrophic bogs were used to estimate the atmospheric deposition of these elements on a temporal and spatial scale. Peat samples were collected at 21 different sites in Norway encompassing large geographical differences in marine influence and air pollution. The study demonstrates that surface peat is an excellent medium to study geographical differences in heavy metal deposition, provided that effects of the surface plant cover are properly considered. Long-range atmospheric transport of pollutants is the main source for As, Cd, Pb, Sb, and Zn, and to a lesser extent for Cu and Se. Biogenic emissions from the ocean appear to be the main source of Se to the peat. The metals Co, Cr, Fe, and Ni are mainly associated with wind-blown local soil dust. Surface enrichment of Mn, and in part Zn, is mainly caused by nutrient circulation between the surface peat and vascular plants growing on it. Deposition of marine salts appears to be the main reason for lower Mn concentrations in the peat near the coast.

Air Movements↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Micronutrients in women's reproductive health: II. Minerals and trace elements.

It is widely accepted that micronutrients have a major function in many periods of women's life, particularly during pregnancy and lactation. Inadequate stores or intake of micronutrients might have adverse effects both to the mother (hypertension, anemia, complications of labor) and the fetus (congenital malformations, pre-term delivery, intrauterine growth retardation). The effect of improper nutrition is influenced by gestational age, severity of deficiency, or both. Generally, the daily requirements in minerals and trace elements are easily met in women having a balanced diet. Such diet during pregnancy should provide the recommended daily allowance of all nutrients except elemental iron. Consequently, deficiency states are supposed to be rare in developed countries, and supplementation should be made on an individual basis. On the other hand, nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy might be difficult to detect. Studies from developing countries where micronutrient malnutrition is common during pregnancy gave us strong evidence that supplementation of certain trace elements and minerals could prevent some of the most severe adverse pregnancy outcomes. While some micronutrients have been studied extensively (e.g. calcium, iron, zinc, iodine), much less is known about others. It has been shown that multiple micronutrient deficiencies, rather than single deficiencies, are common. Our knowledge about the significance of interactions between micronutrients in relation to pregnancy outcome is limited. The role of these interactions in improving pregnancy outcome need to be investigated more precisely. According to the summarized data, the potential benefits of routine supplementation seem to outweigh any potential adverse reaction that can be attributed to their consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Iodine and/or selenium deficiency alters tissue distribution pattern of other trace elements in rats.

Tissue distribution of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn, the essential trace elements associated with oxidant and/or antioxidant processes, was examined in iodine- and/or selenium-deficient rats (ID, SeD, ISeD). Fe and Mn were the most affected minerals in all types of deficiency states. Mn levels decreased significantly in the liver in all deficiency states (approx 20-30%), in the heart in ID and SeD rats (approx 30-35%) and in the testis in ID rats (approx 15%). Whereas Mn enhancement was noted in kidney (approx 45%) and plasma in SeD and ISeD (approx 20% and 50%, respectively) animals. However, most striking alterations were seen with Fe. Significant elevation of Fe concentrations were observed in all deficiency states in the kidney (approx 90-125%) and heart (approx 20-25%), and in the liver in SeD (approx 35%) and ISeD (approx 75%) rats, whereas significant (approx 20%) Fe enhancement in the testis was observed only in ISeD animals. Lower Cu (approx 10-15%) and higher Zn (approx 10-20%) concentrations in heart tissues in all deficiency states were found; higher Zn (approx 20-35%) in the kidney of SeD and ISeD rats, and lower Cu in the testis of SeD animals were observed. In brain tissue, no alteration was seen in Fe, Mn, and Zn content, however, significantly increased (approx 15-20%) Cu concentrations were noted in all deficiency states. The results of this study indicated that iodine and/or selenium deficiency may modify the distribution and the homeostasis of other minerals.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Trace elements, cholesterol and ultrastructural alterations of aorta in hypodynamic stress].

Hypodynamic stress of 48-day duration was provoked by permanent and periodically recurrent intervention (the hypodynamics periodically exchanged to physically activity) for Chinchilla rabbits (weight 2.5-3.0 kg) (n=19) by placing them in metal hutches according to B. V. Fiodorow. Rabbits (n=10) of the control group which had no intervention were kept in vivarium conditions. The concentration of trace elements (Zn, Mn, Cu) in the blood plasma and thoracic aorta was assessed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer 503, USA). The level of cholesterol was determined by enzymatic analysis. Ultrathin sections of thoracic aorta were examined with electron microscope "Tesla BS-500" (Italy). After 48 days of permanent hypodynamic stress the concentration of Zn and Mn in blood plasma of rabbits was found to be significantly decreased while the cholesterol and Cu level was greater than before the stress. In case of permanent stress significant decrease also was found in the concentration of Cu and Mn in aorta in comparison with that in the case of periodically recurrent stress. The mentioned changes of the trace elements and cholesterol concentration in tissues of rabbits in case of permanent hypodynamic stress were accompanied by ultrastructural alterations in endothelium--desintegration of cells, and winding and fragmentation of internal elastic lamina, accumulation of lipids. In case of periodically recurrent hypodynamic stress of the some duration these changes were less expressed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Iodine deficiency, other trace elements, and goitrogenic factors in the etiopathogeny of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD).

Severe goiter, cretinism, and the other iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) have their main cause in the lack of availability of iodine from the soil linked to a severe limitation of food exchanges. Apart from the degrees of severity of the iodine deficiency, the frequencies and symptomatologies of cretinism and the other IDD are influenced by other goitrogenic factors and trace elements. Thiocyanate overload originating from consumption of poorly detoxified cassava is such that this goitrogenic factor aggravates a relative or a severe iodine deficiency. Very recently, a severe selenium deficiency has also been associated with IDD in the human population, whereas in animals, it has been proven to play a role in thyroid function either through a thyroidal or extrathyroidal mechanism. The former involves oxidative damages mediated by free radicals, whereas the latter implies an inhibition of the deiodinase responsible for the utilization of T4 into T3. One concludes that: 1. Goiter has a multifactorial origin; 2. IDD are an important public health problem; and 3. IDD are a good model to study the effects of other trace elements whose actions in many human metabolisms have been somewhat underestimated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Risk assessment of trace elements in the stomach contents of Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins and Finless Porpoises in Hong Kong waters.

The potential health risks due to inorganic substances, mainly metals, was evaluated for the two resident marine mammals in Hong Kong, the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin (Sousa chinensis) and the Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides). The stomachs from the carcasses of twelve stranded dolphins and fifteen stranded porpoises were collected and the contents examined. Concentrations of thirteen trace elements (Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Se, V and Zn) were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). An assessment of risks of adverse effects was undertaken using two toxicity guideline values, namely the Reference Dose (RfD), commonly used in human health risk assessment, and the Toxicity Reference Value (TRV), based on terrestrial mammal data. The levels of trace metals in stomach contents of dolphins and porpoises were found to be similar. Risk quotients (RQ) calculated for the trace elements showed that risks to the dolphins and porpoises were generally low and within safe limits using the values based on the TRV, which are less conservative than those based on the RfD values. Using the RfD-based values the risks associated with arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel and mercury were comparatively higher. The highest RQ was associated with arsenic, however, most of the arsenic in marine organisms should be in the non-toxic organic form, and thus the calculated risk is likely to be overestimated.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Determination of trace elements hg and Rh in gelatin by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry--applying MSF model to improve the precision and detection limit].

Using ICP-AES, the method was developed to quantitatively determine the trace elements Hg and Rh in gelatin for the first time. The unknown samplers were processed with the wet digestion method. Multiple trace elements in gelatin could be quantitatively determined by ICP-AES at the same time. Applying the MSF model, the method to correct the spectral interference and the background was discussed. The result's precision and detection limit could be greatly improved by MSF model. The results of the experiment showed that the method features high accuracy, rapidity, high performance and a wide linear dynamic range, and the results were very satisfactory.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2003

Trace element contamination in industrial regions of Poland studied by moss monitoring.

The use of terrestrial mosses as biomonitors in large-scale multi-element studies of heavy metal deposition from the atmosphere is a well established technique in Europe. In such studies it is advantageous to determine as many elements as possible in order to distinguish between different source categories. A combination of INAA and AAS has been found very useful in this respect, in particular when epithermal activation is used for instrumental neutron activation analysis. A total of 33 elements (Al, Cl, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Sb, I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Tb, Yb, Hf, Ta, W, Au, Pb, Th, and U) in Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. moss samples from the Silesia-Kraków Industrial Region and Legnica-Głogów Copper Basin and from the control (background) area in Northeast Poland were identified. The highest concentrations of the majority of trace elements were found in mosses growing in the Silesia-Kraków Industrial Region, only Cu and As concentrations were higher in mosses in the Legnica-Głogów Copper Basin. These results are in conformity with the load of trace elements emissions in these areas.

Bryophyta↗
PubMed1975

Serum and tissue enzyme activity and trace-element content in response to zinc deficiency in the pig.

Zinc deficiency is associated with poor growth and development. It has been postulated that a deficiency of the various zinc metalloenzymes results from the lack of dietary zinc. From present study, an examination of some aspects of this postulate, we conclude the following about zinc deficiency in pigs: (1) Of the tissues studied, it results im diminished zinc content only in liver, kidney, and pancreas. (2) It is associated with tissue abnormalities of various trace elements other than zinc. (3) Histochemical enzyme assays are satisfactory for qualitative but not quantitative determination of zinc metalloenzymes. (4) Deficiency of various tissue zinc metalloenzymes is difficult to demonstrate, even in severe zinc deficiency. (5) It is associated with decreased activity of hepatic leucine aminopeptidase and ornithine transcarbamylase, and decreased serum cholesterol concentrations. Our findings are consistent with the postulate that alterations in a number of trace elements may occur in the entity called zinc deficiency.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Distribution and possible source of trace elements in the sediment cores of a tropical macrotidal estuary and their ecotoxicological significance.

The paper presents the first document regarding concentration, distribution and possible sources of selected trace elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Co, Ni, Pb, Al, B and Ba) in core sediments (<63 micro particle size) from the lower stretch of Hugli (Ganges) estuary, northeast coast of Bay of Bengal by ICP-AES and EDXRF to evaluate geochemical processes influencing their distribution and possible environmental consequences. The levels of elements showed a wide range of variations in different core depths, in upper and lower intertidal zones as well as among three sampling stations. The most interesting feature of the study is the downward increase of concentrations of majority of the elements reaching overall maximum values at a depth of 20-28 cm in upper littoral zone of the site located in the extreme downstream stretch of the estuary. Values of organic carbon showed very strong positive correlations with most of the elements as revealed by correlation matrix (r) values. The interelemental relationship revealed the identical behavior of element during its transport in the estuarine environment. The overall variation in concentration can be attributed to differential discharge of untreated effluents originating from industrial, agricultural, and aquacultural sources as well as from domestic sewage along with the fishing and boating activities. The resulting compositional dataset was tested by principal component analyses and cluster analyses. Pollution load index (PLI) and index of Geoaccumulation (Igeo) revealed overall low values but the enrichment factors (EFs) for Pb were typically high for all the stations. The mean concentrations of Zn and to some extent Cu exceeded the Effects Range-Low (ER-L) values in the majority of the cases indicating that there may be some ecotoxicological risk to organisms living in sediments. The concentration of the trace elements reported in this work is useful as baselines for comparison in future sediment quality studies.

Carbon↗
PubMed2004

Consumption of some selected trace elements (Fe, Zn and Cu) and reproductive health of women from the Podkarpackie province.

The objective of the present research study was to estimate the average daily consumption of some selected trace elements (Fe, Zn and Cu) by women of reproductive age and connect it to some aspects of health-oriented behaviour in the Podkarpackie province. We noticed that patients under 30 years of age consumed more examined trace elements (Fe, Zn i Cu) in their daily food rations than patients over 30 years of age.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Changes in trace element concentrations in hair of growing children.

Head hair concentrations of zinc, copper, manganese, alid iron from a total of 418 subjects (154 male and 264 female) aged between 6 mo and 20 yr were measured mainly with flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Only zinc analysis of a part of the female samples (n = 140) were analyzed with inductively coupled plasmaatomic emission spectrometry. The two analytical methods showed close agreement. The mean concentration of copper and manganese were significantly higher in male subjects than in female subjects. The trace element concentrations in hair varied with the subject's age. Zinc concentration in hair decreased from 6 mo to 14 yr in the male subjects and decreased from 6 mo to 12 yr in the female subjects. Then, the concentrations increased gradually to 20 yr in the both sexes. Age-dependent variations of copper and manganese concentrations in hair showed similar trends to those of zinc. The results of this study suggest that a higher concentration in the diet of these trace elements may be required for growing children, especially in the period of adolescence.

Adolescent↗