Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Signature”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Evaluation of the Clot Signature Analyzer as a hemostasis test in healthy volunteers exposed to low doses of aspirin.

Several variables affect bleeding time that make it difficult to obtain consistent measurements. The Clot Signature Analyzer (CSA) has been developed to assess in vitro hemostasis using well-controlled flow chambers. In this study, the equivalencies in the CSA parameters with the conventional bleeding time or platelet aggregation methods were evaluated in subjects exposed to aspirin. The CSA parameters, platelet hemostasis time (PHT) and collagen-induced thrombus formation (CITF), were compared to bleeding time (Surgicutt2) and collagen-induced platelet aggregation, respectively. Fifty-three healthy volunteers were given two doses of aspirin (81 and 243 mg) in one day. Following the baseline period, the volunteers took 81 mg of aspirin and then took 243 mg 2 hours later. The changes in each value from the baseline to that at either aspirin dose (2 hours after dosing) were evaluated. Platelet hemostasis time and CITF correlated well with bleeding time and aggregation, respectively, but PHT was not significantly increased after 81 mg of aspirin, whereas bleeding time was significantly increased. The variation in PHT was slightly higher than that of bleeding time. At 81 mg, CITF was significantly increased but aggregation was not, even though the variation was comparable. This suggests that PHT and CITF can simulate the changes in bleeding time and aggregation, respectively, but the sensitivity of PHT for detecting the changes in bleeding time was no better than the conventional method. Also, CITF was more sensitive than aggregation in detecting platelet response to collagen. In conclusion, the proposed CSA is not always suitable for detecting hemostatic abnormalities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Identification of a novel NCF-1 (p47-phox) pseudogene not containing the signature GT deletion: significance for A47 degrees chronic granulomatous disease carrier detection.

The p47-phox gene, NCF-1, has 2 nearly identical pseudogenes (psiNCF-1) in proximity at chromosomal locus 7q11.23. A dinucleotide deletion (DeltaGT) at the beginning of exon 2 that leads to a frameshift and premature stop codon is considered the signature sequence of the pseudogenes. It is also the most prevalent mutation in p47-phox-deficient (A47 degrees ) chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) as a result of the insertion of a DeltaGT-containing fragment of pseudogene into NCF-1. Extending our study of the relationship between NCF-1 and psiNCF-1 to 53 unaffected control individuals, we found that although in most (n = 44), the ratio of pseudogene (DeltaGT) to functional gene (GTGT) sequence in amplicons spanning exon 2 was 2:1, as previously observed, surprisingly, in 7 persons the ratio was 1:1, and in 2 persons the ratio was 1:2. The lowered ratios are explained by the presence, in a heterozygous or homozygous state, respectively, of a pseudogene that contains GTGT rather than DeltaGT. It is possible that this pseudogene has not undergone deletion of GT, but more likely, based on analysis of additional NCF-1/psiNCF-1 markers, it represents the previously unidentified product of the reciprocal crossover of DNA fragments between the functional gene and one of its pseudogenes. The mutated NCF-1 resulting from this event is the predominant A47 degrees CGD allele. The existence of 2 extended haplotypes encompassing NCF-1/psiNCF-1 further complicates the detection of A47 degrees CGD carriers. Although most have a DeltaGT/GTGT ratio of 5:1, some have a ratio of 2:1 and are indistinguishable by this means from unaffected individuals.

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7↗
PubMed2003

Gene profiling of a myeloma cell line reveals similarities and unique signatures among IL-6 response, N-ras-activating mutations, and coculture with bone marrow stromal cells.

ANBL-6, a myeloma cell line, proliferates in response to interleukin 6 (IL-6) stimulation, coculture with bone marrow stromal cells, and when harboring a constitutively active mutant N-ras gene. Eighteen samples, including 4 IL-6-treated, 3 mutant N-ras-transfected, 3 normal stroma-stimulated, 2 multiple myeloma (MM) stroma-stimulated, and 6 untreated controls were profiled using microarrays interrogating 12 626 genes. Global hierarchical clustering analysis distinguished at least 6 unique expression signatures. Notably, the different stimuli altered distinct functional gene programs. Class comparison analysis (P =.001) revealed 138 genes (54% involved in cell cycle) that distinguished IL-6-stimulated versus nontreated samples. Eighty-seven genes distinguished stroma-stimulated versus IL-6-treated samples (22% encoded for extracellular matrix [ECM] proteins). A total of 130 genes distinguished N-ras transfectants versus IL-6-treated samples (26% involved in metabolism). A total of 157 genes, 20% of these involved in signaling, distinguished N-ras from stroma-interacting samples. All 3 stimuli shared 347 genes, mostly of metabolic function. Genes that distinguished MM1 from MM4 clinical groups were induced at least by one treatment. Notably, only 3 genes (ETV5, DUSP6, and KIAA0735) are uniquely induced in mutant ras-containing cells. We have demonstrated gene expression patterns in myeloma cells that distinguish an intrinsic genetic transformation event and patterns derived from both soluble factors and cell contacts in the bone marrow microenvironment.

Bone Marrow Cells↗
PubMed2005

A redox signature score identifies diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients with a poor prognosis.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous disease in which approximately 40% of the patients respond well to current chemotherapy, but the prognosis for the other 60% is poor. The Leukemia/Lymphoma Molecular Profiling Project (LLMPP) used microarray technology to define a molecular profile for each of 240 patients with DLBCL and develop a molecular outcome predictor score that accurately predicted patient survival. Data from our laboratory and others suggest that alterations in antioxidant defense enzyme levels and redox environment can be oncogenic and affect the response to glucocorticoid treatment, one of the components of combination chemotherapy regimens for lymphoma. The goal of the current study was to reanalyze the LLMPP microarray data to determine whether the levels of antioxidant defense enzymes and redox proteins were correlated with prognosis in DLBCL. We found that patients with DLBCL with the worst prognosis, according to the outcome predictor score, had decreased expression of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, manganese superoxide dismutase, and VDUP1, a protein that inhibits thioredoxin activity. The data suggest that the patients with the worst prognosis combine a decrease in antioxidant defense enzyme expression with an increase in thioredoxin system function (the redox signature score).

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A common phosphotyrosine signature for the Bcr-Abl kinase.

The Bcr-Abl fusion kinase drives oncogenesis in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). CML patients are currently treated with the Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib, which is effective in early stages of the disease. However, resistance to imatinib arises in later disease stages primarily because of a Bcr-Abl mutation. To gain deeper insight into Bcr-Abl signaling pathways, we generated phosphotyrosine profiles for 6 cell lines that represent 3 Bcr-Abl fusion types by using immunoaffinity purification of tyrosine phosphopeptides followed by tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 188 nonredundant tyrosine-phosphorylated sites, 77 of which are novel. By comparing the profiles, we found a number of phosphotyrosine sites common to the 6 cell lines regardless of cellular background and fusion type, several of which are decreased by imatinib treatment. Comparison of this Bcr-Abl signature with the profile of cells expressing an alternative imatinib-sensitive fusion kinase, FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha, revealed that these kinases signal through different pathways. This phosphoproteomic study of the Bcr-Abl fusion kinase highlights novel disease markers and potential drug-responsive biomarkers and adds novel insight into the oncogenic signals driven by the Bcr-Abl kinase.

Benzamides↗
PubMed2004

Transcriptional signature of an adult brain tumor in Drosophila.

BACKGROUND: Mutations and gene expression alterations in brain tumors have been extensively investigated, however the causes of brain tumorigenesis are largely unknown. Animal models are necessary to correlate altered transcriptional activity and tumor phenotype and to better understand how these alterations cause malignant growth. In order to gain insights into the in vivo transcriptional activity associated with a brain tumor, we carried out genome-wide microarray expression analyses of an adult brain tumor in Drosophila caused by homozygous mutation in the tumor suppressor gene brain tumor (brat). RESULTS: Two independent genome-wide gene expression studies using two different oligonucleotide microarray platforms were used to compare the transcriptome of adult wildtype flies with mutants displaying the adult bratk06028 mutant brain tumor. Cross-validation and stringent statistical criteria identified a core transcriptional signature of brat(k06028) neoplastic tissue. We find significant expression level changes for 321 annotated genes associated with the adult neoplastic brat(k06028) tissue indicating elevated and aberrant metabolic and cell cycle activity, upregulation of the basal transcriptional machinery, as well as elevated and aberrant activity of ribosome synthesis and translation control. One fifth of these genes show homology to known mammalian genes involved in cancer formation. CONCLUSION: Our results identify for the first time the genome-wide transcriptional alterations associated with an adult brain tumor in Drosophila and reveal insights into the possible mechanisms of tumor formation caused by homozygous mutation of the translational repressor brat.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A new Apicomplexa-specific protein kinase family: multiple members in Plasmodium falciparum, all with an export signature.

BACKGROUND: Malaria caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium spp. is a major health burden in tropical countries. The development of new control tools, including vaccines and drugs, is urgently needed. The availability of genome sequences from several malaria parasite species provides a basis on which to identify new potential intervention targets. Database mining for orthologs to the Plasmodium falciparum trophozoite protein R45, a vaccine candidate, led us identify a new gene family. RESULTS: Orthologs to the P. falciparum trophozoite protein R45 were detected exclusively in protozoan parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa, including several Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum. All family members are hybrid genes with a conserved C-terminal protein kinase domain of a novel type, recently called FIKK kinase, associated with a non conserved N-terminal region without any known functional signature. While a single copy gene was detected in most species, considerable gene expansion was observed in P. falciparum and its closest phylogenic relative P. reichenowi, with 20 and six copies, respectively, each with a distinct N-terminal domain. Based on full length protein sequence, pairs of orthologs were observed in closely related species, such as P. berghei and P.y. yoelii, P. vivax and P. knowlesi, or P. reichenowi and P. falciparum. All 20 P. falciparum paralogs possess a canonical Plasmodium export element downstream of a signal / anchor sequence required for exportation outside the parasitophorous vacuole. This is consistent with the reported association of the trophozoite protein R45, the only paralog characterised to date, with the infected red blood cell membrane. Interestingly, most genes are located in the subtelomeric region of chromosomes, in association with other multigene families contributing to the remodelling of the infected red blood cell membrane, in particular the ring erythrocyte surface antigen multigene family. CONCLUSION: This Apicomplexan-specific gene family was called R45-FIKK kinase. The family hallmark is a kinase domain with unusual characteristics, raising the possibility of designing drug or vaccine strategies targeting this domain. The characteristics of the P. falciparum family suggest a role in remodelling the infected cell and as such possibly contribute to the particular virulence of this species.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Evolution of proteomes: fundamental signatures and global trends in amino acid compositions.

BACKGROUND: The evolutionary characterization of species and lifestyles at global levels is nowadays a subject of considerable interest, particularly with the availability of many complete genomes. Are there specific properties associated with lifestyles and phylogenies? What are the underlying evolutionary trends? One of the simplest analyses to address such questions concerns characterization of proteomes at the amino acids composition level. RESULTS: In this work, amino acid compositions of a large set of 208 proteomes, with significant number of representatives from the three phylogenetic domains and different lifestyles are analyzed, resorting to an appropriate multidimensional method: Correspondence analysis. The analysis reveals striking discrimination between eukaryotes, prokaryotic mesophiles and hyperthemophiles-themophiles, following amino acid usage. In sharp contrast, no similar discrimination is observed for psychrophiles. The observed distributional properties are compared with various inferred chronologies for the recruitment of amino acids into the genetic code. Such comparisons reveal correlations between the observed segregations of species following amino acid usage, and the separation of amino acids following early or late recruitment. CONCLUSION: A simple description of proteomes according to amino acid compositions reveals striking signatures, with sharp segregations or on the contrary non-discriminations following phylogenies and lifestyles. The distribution of species, following amino acid usage, exhibits a discrimination between [high GC]-[high optimal growth temperatures] and [low GC]-[moderate temperatures] characteristics. This discrimination appears to coincide closely with the separation of amino acids following their inferred early or late recruitment into the genetic code. Taken together the various results provide a consistent picture for the evolution of proteomes, in terms of amino acid usage.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2005

Application of Affymetrix array and Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing for identification of genes involved in prostate cancer progression.

BACKGROUND: Affymetrix GeneChip Array and Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing (MPSS) are two high throughput methodologies used to profile transcriptomes. Each method has certain strengths and weaknesses; however, no comparison has been made between the data derived from Affymetrix arrays and MPSS. In this study, two lineage-related prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP and C4-2, were used for transcriptome analysis with the aim of identifying genes associated with prostate cancer progression. METHODS: Affymetrix GeneChip array and MPSS analyses were performed. Data was analyzed with GeneSpring 6.2 and in-house perl scripts. Expression array results were verified with RT-PCR. RESULTS: Comparison of the data revealed that both technologies detected genes the other did not. In LNCaP, 3,180 genes were only detected by Affymetrix and 1,169 genes were only detected by MPSS. Similarly, in C4-2, 4,121 genes were only detected by Affymetrix and 1,014 genes were only detected by MPSS. Analysis of the combined transcriptomes identified 66 genes unique to LNCaP cells and 33 genes unique to C4-2 cells. Expression analysis of these genes in prostate cancer specimens showed CA1 to be highly expressed in bone metastasis but not expressed in primary tumor and EPHA7 to be expressed in normal prostate and primary tumor but not bone metastasis. CONCLUSION: Our data indicates that transcriptome profiling with a single methodology will not fully assess the expression of all genes in a cell line. A combination of transcription profiling technologies such as DNA array and MPSS provides a more robust means to assess the expression profile of an RNA sample. Finally, genes that were differentially expressed in cell lines were also differentially expressed in primary prostate cancer and its metastases.

Cell Line, Tumor↗
PubMed2004

Molecular signatures of cell cycle transcripts in the pathogenesis of Glial tumors.

BACKGROUND: Astrocytic brain tumors are among the most lethal and morbid tumors of adults, often occurring during the prime of life. These tumors form an interesting group of cancer to understand the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis. Histological grading of Astrocytoma based on WHO classification does not provide complete information on the proliferation potential and biological behavior of the tumors. It is known that cancer results from the disruption of the orderly regulated cycle of replication and division. In the present study, we made an attempt to identify the cell cycle signatures and their involvement in the clinical aggressiveness of gliomas. METHODS: The variation in expression of various cell cycle genes was studied in different stages of glial tumor progression (low and high grades), and the results were compared with their corresponding expression levels in the normal brain tissue. Macroarray analysis was used for the purpose. RESULTS: Macroarray analysis of 114 cell cycle genes in different grades of glioma indicated differential expression pattern in 34% of the gene transcripts, when compared to the normal tissue. Majority of the transcripts belong to the intracellular kinase networks, cell cycle regulating kinases, transcription factors and transcription activators. CONCLUSION: Based on the observation in the expression pattern in low grade and high grade gliomas, it can be suggested that the upregulation of cell cycle activators are seen as an early event in glioma; however, in malignancy it is not the cell cycle activators alone, which are involved in tumorigenesis. Understanding the molecular details of cell cycle regulation and checkpoint abnormalities in cancer could offer an insight into potential therapeutic strategies.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2007

Pathways as "signatures in landscape": towards an ethnography of mobility among the Mbya-Guaraní (Northeastern Argentina).

Processes of spatial mobility among the Mbya are of interest in anthropological and ethnobiological studies, as these processes are related to transformations in the landscape and the environment. Despite this, ethnographic literature usually focuses itself on the mobility of Guaraní communities from the perspective of population dynamics on a regional scale. Our research among two Mbya-Guaraní communities in the Argentinean province of Misiones has enabled us to recognize patterns of mobility on a micro-scale. Certainly, the mobility of adult members of these communities as they perform hunting and gathering activities delimit spaces of individual use. We consider the different pathways as "signatures in landscape", resulting from processes of spatial mobility inherent to those activities. Taking into account the gathering and circulation of medicinal plants for treatment of gastrointestinal illnesses, we have been able to identify different pathways inherent in their search, towards the monte or other spaces away from de settlement. The design and construction of the pathways is determined by the specific personal knowledge of individuals who search for these valuable resources. Using both strategies of direct observation--as members of the community manipulate different resources during these search and gathering trips--and interviews, we have been able to gather and interpret significant information on the strategies used by the Mbya to domesticate the monte areas. As a consequence of our approach we suggest that the landscape design resulting from these trips should not be considered a consensual or collective strategy of the whole community; it is rather the result of the daily strategies of individuals, which involves the selection of resources mainly based on each individual's knowledge and interests.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Intrinsic molecular signature of breast cancer in a population-based cohort of 412 patients.

BACKGROUND: Molecular markers and the rich biological information they contain have great potential for cancer diagnosis, prognostication and therapy prediction. So far, however, they have not superseded routine histopathology and staging criteria, partly because the few studies performed on molecular subtyping have had little validation and limited clinical characterization. METHODS: We obtained gene expression and clinical data for 412 breast cancers obtained from population-based cohorts of patients from Stockholm and Uppsala, Sweden. Using the intrinsic set of approximately 500 genes derived in the Norway/Stanford breast cancer data, we validated the existence of five molecular subtypes--basal-like, ERBB2, luminal A/B and normal-like--and characterized these subtypes extensively with the use of conventional clinical variables. RESULTS: We found an overall 77.5% concordance between the centroid prediction of the Swedish cohort by using the Norway/Stanford signature and the k-means clustering performed internally within the Swedish cohort. The highest rate of discordant assignments occurred between the luminal A and luminal B subtypes and between the luminal B and ERBB2 subtypes. The subtypes varied significantly in terms of grade (p < 0.001), p53 mutation (p < 0.001) and genomic instability (p = 0.01), but surprisingly there was little difference in lymph-node metastasis (p = 0.31). Furthermore, current users of hormone-replacement therapy were strikingly over-represented in the normal-like subgroup (p < 0.001). Separate analyses of the patients who received endocrine therapy and those who did not receive any adjuvant therapy supported the previous hypothesis that the basal-like subtype responded to adjuvant treatment, whereas the ERBB2 and luminal B subtypes were poor responders. CONCLUSION: We found that the intrinsic molecular subtypes of breast cancer are broadly present in a diverse collection of patients from a population-based cohort in Sweden. The intrinsic gene set, originally selected to reveal stable tumor characteristics, was shown to have a strong correlation with progression-related properties such as grade, p53 mutation and genomic instability.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2006

Gene expression signatures of morphologically normal breast tissue identify basal-like tumors.

INTRODUCTION: The role of the cellular microenvironment in breast tumorigenesis has become an important research area. However, little is known about gene expression in histologically normal tissue adjacent to breast tumor, if this is influenced by the tumor, and how this compares with non-tumor-bearing breast tissue. METHODS: To address this, we have generated gene expression profiles of morphologically normal epithelial and stromal tissue, isolated using laser capture microdissection, from patients with breast cancer or undergoing breast reduction mammoplasty (n = 44). RESULTS: Based on this data, we determined that morphologically normal epithelium and stroma exhibited distinct expression profiles, but molecular signatures that distinguished breast reduction tissue from tumor-adjacent normal tissue were absent. Stroma isolated from morphologically normal ducts adjacent to tumor tissue contained two distinct expression profiles that correlated with stromal cellularity, and shared similarities with soft tissue tumors with favorable outcome. Adjacent normal epithelium and stroma from breast cancer patients showed no significant association between expression profiles and standard clinical characteristics, but did cluster ER/PR/HER2-negative breast cancers with basal-like subtype expression profiles with poor prognosis. CONCLUSION: Our data reveal that morphologically normal tissue adjacent to breast carcinomas has not undergone significant gene expression changes when compared to breast reduction tissue, and provide an important gene expression dataset for comparative studies of tumor expression profiles.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The expression signature of in vitro senescence resembles mouse but not human aging.

BACKGROUND: The biological mechanisms that underlie aging have not yet been fully identified. Senescence, a phenomenon occurring in vitro, limits the number of cell divisions in mammalian cell cultures and has been suggested to contribute to aging. RESULTS: We investigated whether the changes in gene expression that occur during mammalian aging and induction of cellular senescence are similar. We compared changes of gene expression in seven microarray datasets from aging human, mouse and rat, as well as four microarray datasets from senescent cells of man and mouse. The datasets were publicly available or obtained from other laboratories. Correlation measures were used to establish similarities of the expression profiles and gene ontology analyses to identify functional groups of genes that are co-regulated. Robust similarities were established between aging in different species and tissues, indicating that there is an aging transcriptome. Although some cross-species comparisons displayed high correlation, intra-species similarities were more reliable. Similarly, a senescence transcriptome was demonstrated that is conserved across cell types. A similarity between the expression signatures of cellular senescence and aging could be established in mouse, but not in human. CONCLUSION: Our study is the first to use microarray data from several studies and laboratories for dissection of a complex biological phenotype. We demonstrate the presence of a mammalian aging transcriptome, and discuss why similarity between cellular senescence and aging is apparent in aging mice only.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

An environmental signature for 323 microbial genomes based on codon adaptation indices.

BACKGROUND: Codon adaptation indices (CAIs) represent an evolutionary strategy to modulate gene expression and have widely been used to predict potentially highly expressed genes within microbial genomes. Here, we evaluate and compare two very different methods for estimating CAI values, one corresponding to translational codon usage bias and the second obtained mathematically by searching for the most dominant codon bias. RESULTS: The level of correlation between these two CAI methods is a simple and intuitive measure of the degree of translational bias in an organism, and from this we confirm that fast replicating bacteria are more likely to have a dominant translational codon usage bias than are slow replicating bacteria, and that this translational codon usage bias may be used for prediction of highly expressed genes. By analyzing more than 300 bacterial genomes, as well as five fungal genomes, we show that codon usage preference provides an environmental signature by which it is possible to group bacteria according to their lifestyle, for instance soil bacteria and soil symbionts, spore formers, enteric bacteria, aquatic bacteria, and intercellular and extracellular pathogens. CONCLUSION: The results and the approach described here may be used to acquire new knowledge regarding species lifestyle and to elucidate relationships between organisms that are far apart evolutionarily.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2006

Classification methods for the development of genomic signatures from high-dimensional data.

Personalized medicine is defined by the use of genomic signatures of patients to assign effective therapies. We present Classification by Ensembles from Random Partitions (CERP) for class prediction and apply CERP to genomic data on leukemia patients and to genomic data with several clinical variables on breast cancer patients. CERP performs consistently well compared to the other classification algorithms. The predictive accuracy can be improved by adding some relevant clinical/histopathological measurements to the genomic data.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Signatures of human regulatory T cells: an encounter with old friends and new players.

BACKGROUND: Naturally occurring CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (TReg) are involved in the control of autoimmune diseases, transplantation tolerance, and anti-tumor immunity. Thus far, genomic studies on TReg cells were restricted to murine systems, and requirements for their development, maintenance, and mode of action in humans are poorly defined. RESULTS: To improve characterization of human TReg cells, we compiled a unique microarray consisting of 350 TReg cell associated genes (Human TReg Chip) based on whole genome transcription data from human and mouse TReg cells. TReg cell specific gene signatures were created from 11 individual healthy donors. Statistical analysis identified 62 genes differentially expressed in TReg cells, emphasizing some cross-species differences between mice and humans. Among them, several 'old friends' (including FOXP3, CTLA4, and CCR7) that are known to be involved in TReg cell function were recovered. Strikingly, the vast majority of genes identified had not previously been associated with human TReg cells (including LGALS3, TIAF1, and TRAF1). Most of these 'new players' however, have been described in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Real-time RT-PCR of selected genes validated our microarray results. Pathway analysis was applied to extract signaling modules underlying human TReg cell function. CONCLUSION: The comprehensive set of genes reported here provides a defined starting point to unravel the unique characteristics of human TReg cells. The Human TReg Chip constructed and validated here is available to the scientific community and is a useful tool with which to study the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate TReg cells under physiologic and diseased conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A method for high-throughput gene expression signature analysis.

Genome-wide transcriptional profiling has shown that different biologic states (for instance, disease and response to pharmacologic manipulation) can be recognized by the expression pattern of relatively small numbers of genes. However, the lack of a practical and cost-effective technology for detection of these gene expression 'signatures' in large numbers of samples has severely limited their exploitation in important medical and pharmaceutical discovery applications. Here, we describe a solution based on the combination of ligation-mediated amplification with an optically addressed microsphere and flow cytometric detection system.

Base Sequence↗