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At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

The developmental role of type III and type IV cells in the rat submandibular gland.

In addition to seromucous cells and a few mucous cells (Type II cells), submandibular glands of 2-8 month old rats contain two additional cell types: type III and type IV. Type III cells contain serous-type secretory granules that sometimes have a complex substructure; type IV cells appear to be seromucous, but their granules clearly are different from those in conventional endpiece seromucous cells. Both type III and IV cells are involved in histogenesis of new endpieces in a process that differs markedly from that occurring in perinatal glands. In this process, intercalated ducts bud and give rise to immature endpieces that consist entirely of type III cells. These differentiate into type IV cells, which in turn differentiate into standard seromucous cells. Concurrently, the intercalated ducts become shorter as their most distal cells differentiate into granular duct cells. This type of developmental process begins approximately 2 months postnatally, when histogenesis of endpieces by means of terminal tubules has ended, and continues until 6 months, when its frequency sharply declines.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Regulation of delayed-hypersensitivity response by the submandibular gland of male mice.

This study was performed to determine whether the removal of submandibular gland (SG) of mice influences the delayed-hypersensitivity (DH) response. The removal of the SG increased the weights of thymus and spleen and enhanced DH response, only in males and not in females. The injection of crude extract of male mouse SG returned the enhanced DH response of SG-ectomized males to the normal level whereas the injections of crude extracts of female or castrated male mouse SG was not affected. These results suggested that SG of male mice contains an endocrine factor(s) to regulate DH response.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Electron microscopic immunostaining of kallikrein in rat submandibular glands.

The subcellular localization of glandular kallikrein in ducts and tubules of the rat submandibular gland was determined using a postembedding immunostaining (peroxidase--antiperoxidase) technique on thin sections of Eponembedded tissue. Kallikrein was found in large granules of granular convoluted tubule cells and in small, apical granules of striated duct cells. It was also present in patchy aggregates along the surface of striated duct cells and intercalated duct cells, but not in granules of the latter. Basal dense bodies (lysosomes?) of granular tubules also stained for kallikrein. Absorption of kallikrein antiserum with rat urinary kallikrein, but not with rat urinary esterase A, abolished the specific immunostaining in these sites.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Submandibular gland carcinoma; an audit of local control and survival following adjuvant radiotherapy.

Carcinoma of the submandibular gland is a rare diagnosis, accounting for less than 2% of cases of salivary gland tumours. We have examined the treatment and outcome of a total of 30 patients treated with radiotherapy at the Christie Hospital, Manchester between 1980 and 1993. In most cases this followed radical surgery, though 12 patients were referred following either incomplete excision or biopsy only. Adenoid-cystic histology accounted for 19 cases (63%). Standard radiotherapy was delivered using a beam directed technique to treat the whole submandibular compartment. Doses prescribed were most commonly from 50 to 55 Gy in 16 fractions over three weeks. Cancer specific survival was 79% and 57% at 5 and 10 yr respectively, the continued fall at 10 yr reflected late recurrence seen in patients with adenoid-cystic histology. Local control was 85% and 73%, respectively. Nine of twelve patients with incomplete excision or biopsy only had local control with radiotherapy. Six patients developed lung metastases, all of whom had adenoid-cystic histology. Radiotherapy was well-tolerated acutely, and only one patient experienced osteoradionecrosis requiring surgical intervention. The incidence of adenoid-cystic carcinoma is higher in the submandibular than the parotid gland. This typically results in late recurrence, and a high incidence of lung metastases and this was confirmed in our study. However, overall survival was very similar to that of parotid carcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Increased mucin levels in submandibular glands of aged male mice after chronic isoproterenol treatment.

Mucin levels are reduced in submandibular glands of mice during ageing. Isoproterenol (IPR) was given to mice 27 and 29 months old to assess whether levels of mucin could be restored to levels similar to those in younger mice. When compared with controls, mucin levels per gland were significantly elevated (p less than 0.05) after IPR treatment, and exceeded the peak amounts in young animals. Mucin concentrations were also higher after IPR. These observations support the contention that the gland has the ability to return to or exceed pre-senescent levels of mucin. Mean sialic acid levels were elevated in each experiment after IPR treatment. There was evidence for significant diurnal variation in mucin in the aged control animals, but little evidence for such a relationship in the IPR-treated animals. After administration of pilocarpine there was a modest stimulation of sialic acid and protein levels in 20-month-old animals while mucin levels showed virtually no indication of stimulation.

Aging↗
PubMed1986

Transformation of androgen receptors from mouse submandibular glands by gel chromatography.

[3H]Methyltrienolone-bound and unbound androgen receptors from mouse submandibular glands bound to DNA-cellulose to a similar extent after gel chromatography. The receptors sedimented at 6 S in a low-salt gradient whereas if receptors were transformed with KCl (0.4 mol/l) they sedimented at 4 S. On DEAE-anion exchange chromatography both were eluted at a concentration of 0.07 mol KCl/l. These results suggest that two states of transformed androgen receptors exist. A 6 S transformed receptor may well derive by partial dissociation of an 8 S non-transformed receptor and this is caused by gel chromatography. Molybdate ions completely prevent both the transformation induced by gel chromatography and the secondary transformation during DEAE-anion exchange chromatography.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase activity of rat submandibular gland after pilocarpine stimulation.

gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT) activity of the rat submandibular gland was studied after pilocarpine stimulation. After a single i.p. dose pilocarpine or physiologic saline the animals were sacrificed in intervals within 24 h p.i. The glands were homogenized and enzyme activity was calculated by measuring the release of p-nitroanilid per minute where rates of product formation were linear towards time and DNA-concentration. The specific activity of gamma-GT rapidly declined after pilocarpine injection until 3-6 h p.i. when a plateau stage was seen. During 6-24 h p.i. the gamma-GT activity slowly increased but never reached the original level. The controls receiving physiologic saline showed only a slight reduction of gamma-GT activity. However, in the control animals the initial level of enzyme activity was restored after 24 h. A depletion of cellular glutathione by pilocarpine is unlikely to explain the decrease of gamma-GT activity observed. The results indicate that pilocarpine affects the enzyme itself.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Some factors influencing stimulation-induced release of potassium from the cat submandibular gland to fluid perfused through the gland.

1. The release of K from the cat submandibular gland to the extracellular fluid (ECF) after stimulation with acetylcholine (ACh) and the subsequent uptake of K from the ECF was studied in glands perfused artificially with Locke solutions.2. The first injection of ACh after shift of the perfusion fluid from control to K-free Locke solution evoked a normal loss of K and a normal secretion of saliva. The second injection only evoked a small release of K and a reduced secretion.3. Perfusion with dinitrophenol (DNP) (10(-4)M) containing solutions, Na-free Li Locke solutions and chloride-free nitrate Locke solutions inhibited salivary secretion and the uptake of K. The first injection of ACh after shift of the perfusion fluid from control to test solution gave a normal K loss, but thereafter the ACh-induced K-loss declined.4. Perfusion with g-strophanthin (10(-5)-10(-4)M) always inhibited K uptake whereas K release was not affected primarily. The sensitivity of the secretory mechanism of different glands to strophanthin varied considerably.5. Perfusion with tetraethylammonium Locke solution inhibited secretion, K uptake and release of K.6. It is suggested that the release of K from salivary glands to the ECF after stimulation with ACh can be explained by diffusion as a consequence of an enhanced permeability of the cell membranes to K. Concomitantly with the release of K, Na is taken up. It is suggested that the subsequent uptake of K and extrusion of Na is due to active transport processes probably involving a Na-K activated ATP-ase.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2000

Tuft cells in the main excretory duct of the rat submandibular gland.

The fine structure of tuft cells in the main excretory duct of rat submandibular gland was investigated using the high pressure freezing and freeze substitution (HPF-FS) method and compared with that seen with both conventional chemical fixation (CF) method and en bloc treatment with ruthenium red. Some MEDs also were subjected to histochemistry for lectins. The apical vesicles and tubules of tuft cells observed by TEM after the HPF-FS method were different in shape from those treated by CF. With the first method, these vesicles and tubules, which may represent sections of a tubular system, appeared more slender and filled with a material of moderate density. A prominent glycocalyx covering the microvillar plasma membrane was observed in tuft cells processed both with the HPF-FS method and with ruthenium red. The surface of microvilli and the tubulo-vesicular structures of these cells exhibited the same soybean agglutinin (SBA) reactivity, suggesting a relationship between them.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The granulated convoluted tubules of the rat submandibular glands under experimental conditions.

Granulated convoluted tubules are the specific ductal segment of the submandibular glands of mice and rats. These tubules are functionally integrated into hormonal circuits, produce regulatory peptides as well as epidermal and nerve growth factor. The experimental studies on adult male Wistar and Fischer 344 rats demonstrate acute cytotoxic lesions of the granulated tubules by means of a single dose of 2-acetylaminofluorene. After only a few administrations of the compound the intralobular duct tree is lined by an atrophic epithelium with loss of specific structures, the EGF immunoreactivity and the susceptibility to further cytolethal effects. The early selective damage of the granulated convoluted tubules indicates that the growth factor production and certain drug-metabolizing/drug-excreting capacities are situated within the same ductal segment. It is considered that other systemically administered compounds might also influence this growth factor-producing ductal segment, though less dramatically than 2-acetylaminofluorene.

2-Acetylaminofluorene↗
PubMed1975

Morphological studies on the synthesis of secretory granules in convoluted tubules of mouse submandibular gland.

The synthesis of zymogen-like secretory granules in convoluted tubules of mouse submandibular gland (SMG) was investigated by histometry, light microscopy and electron microscopy. In normal males secretory granules in the SMG increased greatly from 25 days after birth and reached a maximum level 50 days after birth. Castration of adult male mice markedly decreased the level, but it was completely restored by testosterone administration. A parallel was found between change in the granule level and the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in the convoluted tubular cells during development or after various treatments. Development of the Golgi apparatus was also observed in the cells when the granules increase. Both the increase in the granules and in the RER induced by testosterone were prevented by actinomycin D or puromycin. These results indicate that the granule contents are synthesized on the RER under the control of testosterone, and then condensed in the Golgi apparatus.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Possible role of the submandibular glands in the control of glucose metabolism in mouse enterocytes.

We evaluated the effect of sialadenectomy on hexokinase activity and on rates of lactate formation and of [U-14C]glucose decarboxylation in 3 cellular fractions of the small intestine epithelium from male adult mice. The surgery was carried out under ether anesthesia and a sham-operated group was used as control. Three cell fractions were obtained by shaking the inverted small intestine: 1) tip of the villus, 2) villus and 3) villus and crypt cells. Five days after sialadenectomy, hexokinase activity was reduced in fractions 1 (3.53 +/- 0.65 vs 1.98 +/- 0.25 nmol min-1 mg protein-1, expressed as mean +/- SEM for 7 mice) and 3 (5.01 +/- 0.55 vs 3.15 +/- 0.42 nmol min-1 mg protein-1, mean +/- SEM for 7 mice). After removal of the submandibular glands, the rates of lactate formation were decreased in fractions 2 (4.16 +/- 0.54 vs 2.30 +/- 0.25, mean +/- SEM for 10 and 11 mice, respectively) and 3 (1.74 +/- 0.24 vs 0.87 +/- 0.14, mean +/- SEM for 13 mice) and the rates of [U-14C] glucose decarboxylation were reduced in fraction 1 (1.14 +/- 0.12 vs 0.61 +/- 0.10, mean +/- SEM for 11 and 12 mice, respectively). We conclude that the secretion of submandibular glands plays a physiological role in the control of glucose metabolism in enterocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Cell proliferation, differentiation and transformation in the rat submandibular gland during early postnatal growth. A quantitative and morphological study.

The development of the submandibular gland of the rat was studied between days 2 and 55 of the postpartum. Besides confirming previous ultrastructural findings wer observed at the electron microscope that the architecturally complex terminal tubules, proacinar, acinar and striated duct cells retained mitosis the major ultrastructural features they exhibited in interphase. The ultrastructure of cells that were in the S period of the proliferative cycle was evaluated in high resolution autoradiographs from rats injected with thymidine-H3. All cell types were thus studied and no obvious cytoarchitectural modifications could be detected in these cells preparing for dividion. We obtained ultrastructural evidence that between days 20 and 30 some terminal tubule cells undergo transformation into acinar cells. The intercalated duct cells showed the highest rate of proliferation and the lowest daily increment in number. This suggests that cells from the intercalated ducts migrate to the neighboring morphological compartments. Quantitative data on the rate of cell proliferation and accumulation in the straited duct indicated that cells from the intercalcated ducts should differentiate into straited duct cells. Differentiation of intercalated duct cells into the terminal tubule cells was observed with the electron microscope.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Occurrence of unusual heterogeneous lipid-containing granule-storing cells in the main excretory duct epithelium of the male mouse submandibular gland.

The fine structure of the main excretory duct epithelium of the male mouse submandibular glands was investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Three principal cell-types were observed: type I and II, and basal cells. This epithelium was characterized by the presence of intercellular canaliculi. Type-I cells were the most numerous. They had an abundance of mitochondria, well-developed Golgi apparatus, a few electron-lucent lipid-containing granules and poorly developed basal infoldings. These cells were also characterized by many glycogen granules throughout the cytoplasm and abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the apical cytoplasm. Type-II cells were the second most numerous. Their most characteristic feature was the presence of abundant heterogeneous lipid-containing granules having acid phosphatase activity at the periphery. They were concentrated in the infra- and supra-nuclear cytoplasm. The granules may be derived from mitochondrial transformation and seem to be a special kind of secondary autolysosome. Type-II cells also contained abundant mitochondria throughout the cytoplasm, much smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the apical cytoplasm, a well developed Golgi apparatus adjacent to the heterogeneous lipid-containing granules and no basal infoldings. Basal cells were situated adjacent to the basal lamina. They had a large nucleus and the cytoplasm was filled with glycogen granules.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2005

Metal tissue kinetics in regenerating liver, thymus, spleen, and submandibular gland after partial hepatectomy in mice.

Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (pHx) is a well-defined process, which involves the concerted action of extra- and intracellular factors resulting in induction of cell replication and its inhibition at the time when the entire liver mass is restored. Concomitantly, the breakdown of previously maintained tolerance and the exposure of self-antigens lead to the activation of preimmune and immune repertoires, which participate in surveillance against aberrant cells and the re-establishment of previous morphostasis. Because, in these events, important biological function might have tissue minerals that are affecting the structural integrity and enzyme activities, transduction signals, transcription and replication factors during cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as the development and maintenance of immune functions and cytokine production, in this study we analyzed tissue dynamics of zinc, iron, magnesium, and calcium in the liver, thymus, spleen, and submandibular gland in intact and pHx mice on the 1st, 2nd, 7th, and 15th d after one-third pHx, using microwave digestion and inductivity coupled plasma spectrometry. The data showed that pHx induces significant and interconnected changes in all of the estimated metals not only in the regenerating liver but also in the lymphatic tissues and submandibular gland, indicating their importance for the control of growth processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Immunohistochemical localisation of urogastrone to human duodenal and submandibular glands.

Urogastrone has been localised by immunostaining to granules of the cells of human duodenal (Brunner's) glands and their ducts and of acinar cells in the human submandibular gland. The immunoreactive peptide is present in large quantities in duodenal glands and their secretory ducts. Urogastrone or human epidermal growth factor promotes cellular proliferation in vivo as well as in vitro and inhibits gastric acid secretion and may, therefore, be one of the duodenal factors inhibiting gastric activity. Thus it may have an important regulatory and protective function for the intestinal mucosa and may possibly become a useful therapeutic agent.

Brunner Glands↗