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PubMed2002

Effects of commercial processing on levels of antioxidants in oats (Avena sativa L.).

The effects of various commercial hydrothermal processes (steaming, autoclaving, and drum drying) on levels of selected oat antioxidants were investigated. Steaming and flaking of dehulled oat groats resulted in moderate losses of tocotrienols, caffeic acid, and the avenanthramide Bp (N-(4'-hydroxy)-(E)-cinnamoyl-5-hydroxy-anthranilic acid), while ferulic acid and vanillin increased. The tocopherols and the avenanthramides Bc (N-(3',4'-dihydroxy-(E)-cinnamoyl-5-hydroxy-anthranilic acid) and Bf (N-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxy)-(E)-cinnamoyl-5-hydroxy-anthranilic acid) were not affected by steaming. Autoclaving of grains (including the hulls) caused increased levels of all tocopherols and tocotrienols analyzed except beta-tocotrienol, which was not affected. Vanillin and ferulic and p-coumaric acids also increased, whereas the avenanthramides decreased, and caffeic acid was almost completely eliminated. Drum drying of steamed rolled oats resulted in an almost complete loss of tocopherols and tocotrienols, as well as a large decrease in total cinnamic acids and avenanthramides. The same process applied to wholemeal made from groats from autoclaved grains resulted in less pronounced losses, especially for the avenanthramides which were not significantly affected.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2004

Effects of different cooking procedures on lipid quality and cholesterol oxidation of farmed salmon fish (Salmo salar).

Salmon fillets were steamed, or pan-fried without oil, with olive oil, with corn oil, or with partially hydrogenated plant oil. The exchange between the salmon and the pan-frying oils was marginal, but it was detectable as slight modifications in the fatty acid pattern and the tocopherol contents according to the oil used. Primary and secondary oxidation products were only slightly increased or remained unchanged, which indicated a slight lipid oxidation effect due to the heating procedures applied. The same was observed for tocopherol levels, which remained almost stable and were not affected by the oxidation process. The sum of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) increased after the heating processes from 0.9 microg/g in the raw sample to 6.0, 4.0, 4.4, 3.3, and 9.9 microg/g extracted fat in pan-fried without oil, with olive oil, corn oil, partially hydrogenated plant oil, and steamed, respectively. A highly significant correlation was found between the fatty acid pattern and the total amount of COPs (r2 = 0.973, p < 0.001). No change has been determined in the n-3 fatty acids content and in the polyunsaturated/saturated-ratio of the cooked salmon fillets. Moderate pan-frying (6 min total) and steaming (12 min) of salmon did not accelerate lipid oxidation but significantly increased the content of COPs. The highest increase of COPs was found through steaming, mainly due to the longer heat exposure. The used frying oils did not influence the outcome; no significant difference between heat treatment with or without oil has been determined.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Impact of browning reactions and bran pigments on color of parboiled rice.

Rice color changes from white to amber during parboiling (soaking and steaming). Color parameters indicated that, during soaking, yellow bran pigments leached out in the water. The levels of the Maillard precursors (i.e., reducing sugars (RS) and free alpha-amino nitrogen (FAN)) depended on soaking temperature and time: leaching of RS was compensated by enzymic formation for long soaking times (>60 min), while proteolytic activity was too low to compensate for FAN leaching. Rice soaking under nitrogen, oxygen, or ambient conditions and determination of polyphenol oxidase activity allowed us to conclude that the effect of enzymic color changes on the soaked rice color was rather small. Color measurements of brown and milled mildly, intermediately, and severely parboiled rice samples showed that both brown and milled rice samples were darker and more red and yellow after parboiling and that the effect depended on the severity of parboiling conditions. Furthermore, steaming affected the rice color more and in a way opposite to that observed in soaking. The changes in RS and the loss of FAN during parboiling suggested that Maillard type reactions occur during brown rice steaming. Analyses of furosine levels confirmed Maillard browning of outer bran layers and endosperm during steaming. The level of this Maillard indicator increased with the severity of parboiling conditions in both brown and milled parboiled rice. Measurements of the levels of bran pigments indicated that bran pigments diffuse into the endosperm during parboiling and contribute to the parboiled rice color.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed2006

Effects of domestic processing on steroidal saponins in Taiwanese yam cultivar (Dioscorea pseudojaponica Yamamoto).

The effects of domestic processing on steroidal saponins and furostanol and spirostanol glycosides in Taiwanese yam cultivar (Dioscorea pseudojaponica Yamamoto) were studied. The baking or frying of yam slices was conducted at 150, 180, and 200 degrees C for 3, 5, and 10 min. Yam slices were steamed or microwave cooked at 2450 MHz with an output power of 850 W for 3, 5, and 10 min. The various saponins were quantified by HPLC with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). Results showed that the contents of saponins were decreased along with increasing cooking temperature and time except for the steaming treatment. None of the steamed yam slices significantly change their initial compositions or quantities of furostanol and spirostanol glycosides. Fried yam slices had the highest loss of saponins, especially at 200 degrees C for 10 min (93 and 97% reductions for total furostanol and spirostanol glycosides, respectively). After baking for 10 min at 200 degrees C, the total furostanol and spirostanol glycosides were reduced by 67 and 74%, respectively. There were 12, 44, and 84% decreases for total furostanol glycosides and 10, 35, and 75% reductions for total spirostanol glycosides in yam slices after microwave cooking for 3, 5, and 10 min, respectively. Diosgenin, the aglycone of these saponins, could be found in yams after microwave cooking and baking, but not in steamed and fried yams.

Dioscorea↗
PubMed2006

Comparative theoretical study of formaldehyde decomposition on PdZn, Cu, and Pd surfaces.

Methanol steam reforming, catalyzed by Pd/ZnO (PdZn alloy), is a potential source of hydrogen for on-board fuel cells. CO has been reported to be a minor side product of methanol decomposition that occurs in parallel to methanol steam reforming on PdZn catalysts. However, fuel cells currently used in vehicles are very sensitive to CO poisoning. To contribute to the understanding of pertinent reaction mechanisms, we employed density functional slab model calculations to study the decomposition of formaldehyde, a key intermediate in methanol decomposition and steam reforming reactions, on planar surfaces of Pd, Cu, and PdZn as well as on a stepped surface of PdZn. The calculated activation energies indicate that dehydrogenation of formaldehyde is favorable on Pd(111), but unfavorable on Cu(111) and PdZn(111). On the stepped PdZn(221) surface, the dehydrogenation process was calculated to be more competitive to formaldehyde desorption than on PdZn(111). Thus, we ascribe the experimentally observed small amount of CO, formed during steam reforming of methanol on the Pd/ZnO catalyst, to occur at metallic Pd species of the catalyst or at defect sites of PdZn alloy.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

Effects of lactose and mode of sterilization of a lactose diet on mineral metabolism in germ-free and conventional rats.

Mineral balances of Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Zn, Mn, Cu were carried out on 6-week old Fisher rats for 14 consecutive days. Four lots of germfree (GF) and 4 lots of conventional (CV) rats were fed a semi-synthetic diet at weaning containing either 0 or 10 p. 100 of lactose (L). The diet was sterilized either by irradiation (I) or by autoclave (Au). Lactose, when added to the diet, caused very variable modifications of the mineral metabolism, depending on the mineral studied and the mode of sterilization. Thus, retention and apparent absorption of iron were hardly changed by the presence of lactose. On the other hand, those of Mn were strongly enhanced by the lactose. The action of the other minerals was complex; it was modulated either by the mode of diet sterilization, the flora, or by both factors simultaneously. The IL diet increased retention of most of the minerals; in some cases (Na, Zn, P, Ca) it was only evidenced in CV rats; in other cases (Mn, Mg, Cu) its action was visible in both CV and GF animals. Steam-sterilized lactose (AuL) considerably reduced this effect and even reversed it. This change in lactose action under the effect of steam sterilization especially affected absorption, which declined for all the minerals, except Zn and Mn. It was accompanied by a drop in the digestive efficiency ratio which was particularly pronounced in GF rats. The destruction of 1/3 of dietary lactose by steam sterilization could not alone explain the differences between the effects of IL and AuL. Other factors, such as the products of the Maillard reaction formed by steam sterilization of the diet, might be implicated.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effect of grain processing on in sacco digestibility and degradability in the rumen.

Effect on nylon-bag digestibility of rolling and steam-flaking as such or followed by grinding through a 1-mm screen was studied in wheat, barley and maize grains. Digestibilities of ground grains were not different, irrespective of rolling or steam-flaking, except flaked and ground barley, which was less digestible than ground barley. Rolled and flaked grains were less digestible than ground grains, except for rolled wheat which was not different from ground wheat. These results suggest that particle size due to grinding is more important than other methods of processing. Dry matter and protein degradabilities of steam-flaked grains were investigated by in sacco technique and compared with unprocessed grains. Dry matter degradability during incubation periods up to 24 h was reduced for steam-flaked wheat and barley, but increased for flaked maize. Protein degradability was lower for flaked grains.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

The effects of toasting canola meal on body weight, feed conversion efficiency, and mortality in broiler chickens.

It is hypothesized that the moisture incorporated into canola meal (CM) during desolventization, as sparge steam, promotes toasting. Elimination of toasting of CM would result in higher digestible amino acid content, but it is not known if it is required to reduce anti-nutritional factors. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine if suspending the use of sparge steam would prevent toasting and to study the effects of toasting on broiler chicken performance. Conventional toasted CM (TCM) and a hexane laden, nontoasted CM (NTCM) were collected from a commercial crushing plant. NTCM was desolventized in a research desolventizer/toaster without the use of sparge steam, producing a yellow-colored meal. The meals were fed to broiler chickens from 0 to 39 d and replaced 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of the soybean meal (SBM) in wheat-based diets. Elimination of toasting increased broiler weight from 0.606 and 2.148 to 0.618 and 2.181 kg at 19 and 39 d of age, respectively. The feed ratio (0 to 19 d) increased from 0.637 to 0.642, but toasting did not affect mortality. Total mortality and chronic heart failure between 19 and 39 d increased with level of CM addition from 5.2 to 13.9% and 1.9 to 9.6%, respectively. Chronic heart failure in males, but not females, was increased from 3.3 to 17.4% with increasing CM level. In conclusion, desolventization without sparge steam produced a nontoasted meal and improved broiler growth and feed efficiency in comparison to TCM. Therefore, NTCM could be fed to broiler chickens.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

Analysis of the systemic colonization of cucumber plants by Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus.

Systemic movement of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) in cucumber plants was shown to be from photoassimilate source to sink, thus indicating phloem transport. Nevertheless, CGMMV was not detected by immunocytochemical procedures in the intermediary cell-sieve element complex in inoculated cotyledons, where photoassimilate loading occurs. In stem internodes, CGMMV was first localized in the companion cells of the external phloem and subsequently in all tissues except the medulla, therefore suggesting leakage of the virus from, and reloading into, the transport phloem during systemic movement. In systemically infected sink leaves, CGMMV was simultaneously detected in the xylem and phloem. Interestingly, CGMMV accumulated to high levels in the differentiating tracheids of young leaves implying that the xylem could be involved in the systemic movement of CGMMV. This possibility was tested using plants in which cell death was induced in a portion of the stem by steam treatment. At 24 degrees C, steam treatment effectively prevented the systemic movement of CGMMV, even though viral RNA was detected in washes of the xylem above the steamed internode suggesting that xylem circulation occurred. At 29 degrees C, CGMMV systemically infected steam-treated cucumber plants, indicating that CGMMV can move systemically via the xylem. Xylem transport of CGMMV was, however, less efficient than phloem transport in terms of the time required for systemic infection and the percentage of plants infected.

Cotyledon↗
PubMed2004

Effects of corn processing on the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in horses.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different corn processing techniques on the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in horses. It was hypothesized that the changes in pre-caecal starch digestibility caused by various types of corn processing would alter the post-prandial glycaemic and/or insulinaemic response. Six horses were fed in random order: untreated, finely ground, steamed, micronized, steam-flaked and popped corn. The total corn intake was adjusted to 630 g starch/horse/day (1.2-1.5 g starch/kg BW/day). During a stabilization period of 10 days, horses also received 6 kg grass hay/horse/day. At blood collection day horses were fed their test diet (exclusively corn), and blood samples were taken at defined times. Corn feeding resulted in a significant increase in mean plasma glucose and insulin concentration, but glucose and insulin peaks as well as areas under the curve (AUC) were not clearly influenced by corn processing. The glycaemic index (in which each test diet's plasma glucose AUC was expressed relative to untreated corn) varied between 91.4 +/- 9.4% (steamed corn) and 108.4 +/- 11.8% (popped corn, treatment n.s.), the insulinaemic index (in which each test diet's plasma insulin AUC was expressed relative to untreated corn) ranged between 98.2 +/- 12.6% (steamed corn) and 121.0 +/- 29.9% (micronized corn, treatment n.s.). However, the well-established improvement in pre-caecal starch digestibility was not reflected by differences in the glucose or insulin responses.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1976

Microbiological hazard from the exhaust of a high-vacuum sterilizer.

Data are presented which show the potential for release of viable microorganisms into the atmosphere from high-vacuum steam sterilizers during the evacuation cycle preceding application of steam under pressure. Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores, Serratia marcescens cells, and T1 coliphage disseminated into the sterilizer chamber as small particles from liquid suspensions, and dried spores of B. subtilis var. niger distributed on bulk discard materials were recovered from the atmosphere around pipes venting steam from the steam ejectors used to create chamber vacuum. Evaluation of the hazard involved is discussed, and the design, fabrication, and installation of a valved filter system for preventing release of viable microorganisms are presented. The filtration system utilized an F-700 water-resistant filter and was shown to eliminate the release of viable airborne microorganisms from a high-vacuum sterilizer. A method is presented for determining size requirements for an atmospheric vent filter in relation to the volume of a sterilizer.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed2001

Effects of physical interventions on house dust mite allergen levels in carpet, bed, and upholstery dust in low-income, urban homes.

House dust mite allergen exposure is a postulated risk factor for allergic sensitization, asthma development, and asthma morbidity; however, practical and effective methods to mitigate these allergens from low-income, urban home environments remain elusive. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of physical interventions to mitigate house dust mite allergens in this setting. Homes with high levels of house dust mite allergen (Der f 1 + Der p 1 > or = 10 microg/g dust by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in the bed, bedroom carpet, and/or upholstered furniture were enrolled in the study. Carpets and upholstered furniture were subjected to a single treatment of either dry steam cleaning plus vacuuming (carpet only) or intensive vacuuming alone. Bed interventions consisted of complete encasement of the mattress, box spring, and pillows plus either weekly professional or in-home laundering of nonencased bedding. Dust samples were collected at baseline and again at 3 days (carpet and upholstery only) and 2, 4, and 8 weeks posttreatment. We compared pretreatment mean allergen concentrations and loads to posttreatment values and performed between-group analyses after adjusting for differences in the pretreatment means. Both dry steam cleaning plus vacuuming and vacuuming alone resulted in a significant reduction in carpet house dust mite allergen concentration and load (p < 0.05). Levels approached pretreatment values by 4 weeks posttreatment in the intensive vacuuming group, whereas steam cleaning plus vacuuming effected a decrease that persisted for up to 8 weeks. Significant decreases in bed house dust mite allergen concentration and load were obtained in response to encasement and either professional or in-home laundering (p < 0.001). Between-group analysis revealed significantly less postintervention house dust mite allergen load in professionally laundered compared to home-laundered beds (p < 0.05). Intensive vacuuming and dry steam cleaning both caused a significant reduction in allergen concentration and load in upholstered furniture samples (p < 0.005). Based on these data, we conclude that physical interventions offer practical, effective means of reducing house dust mite allergen levels in low-income, urban home environments.

Allergens↗
PubMed1993

Influence of processing on the feeding value of oats for feedlot cattle.

Ninety-six crossbred steers (312 kg) were used in a 118-d feedlot growth performance trial to determine the relative effects of degree of steam processing on the feeding value of oats in a 90% concentrate finishing diet. Treatments were 1) steam-flaked corn (SFC, density = .28 kg/L); 2) dry-rolled oats (DRO, density = .36 kg/L); 3) steam-rolled oats, coarse flake (SRO-C, density = .33 kg/L); and 4) steam-rolled oats, thin flake (SRO-T density = .17 kg/L). Feed intake was similar (P > .10) across oats treatments. However, ADG was lower (13.2%, P < .01) and feed/gain was higher (11.1%, P < .05) for SRO-T than for SRO-C diets. Diet NEm was 7.2% lower (P < .10) for SRO-T than for SRO-C diets. Daily weight gain was greater (9.3%, P < .01) and feed intake and feed/gain were lower (13.1 and 20.8%, respectively; P < .01) for SFC than for oats treatments. Diet NEm and NEg were higher (20.0 and 26.5%, respectively; P < .01) for SFC than for oats treatments. Dressing percentage was 2.5% lower (P < .01) in steers fed the oats diets than in those fed the SFC diet. Four Holstein steers (232 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment to evaluate treatment effects on characteristics of digestion. Ruminal digestibility of OM, starch, and ADF were similar (P > .10) for oats treatments, averaging 58.2, 93.5, and 9.6%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

Effects of planting density and processing method on laboratory characteristics of grain sorghum for ruminants.

Grain sorghum grown in 38-cm (high-density) or 76-cm rows (normal-density) was steam-flaked, harvested as high-moisture grain followed by rolling and ensiling, or dry-rolled. Chemical composition, enzymatic starch availability, CP insolubility, and IVDMD in a reduced-strength buffer were evaluated. High-density planting increased (P < .10) OM and starch concentration and decreased (P < .0001) CP concentration but did not affect (P > .10) P concentration, enzymatic starch availability, or CP insolubility. High-density planting resulted in lower (P < .10) in vitro ruminal culture pH at 6, 12, and 18 h of incubation when grain sorghum was processed by steam flaking, and lower (P < .10) IVDMD at 6, 12, and 18 h of digestion when grain sorghum was processed by dry rolling. Steam flaking decreased (P < .10) CP concentration and solubility and increased (P < .10) OM concentration. High-moisture ensiling decreased (P < .10) the insolubility of CP but did not otherwise seem to alter the chemical composition of grain sorghum relative to dry rolling. Starch was more available (P < .10), and DM was digested more rapidly and extensively (P < .10) in vitro, in steam-flaked sorghum followed by high-moisture sorghum. Based on these data, it seems that planting density primarily affected chemical composition of grain sorghum, whereas processing primarily affected CP insolubility and rate and extent of starch fermentation.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2003

Combinations of alfalfa hay and wet corn gluten feed in limit-fed growing diets for beef cattle.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of alfalfa hay (AH) and wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) combinations on ADG and gain efficiency of cattle limit-fed growing diets. In Exp. 1, crossbred beef steers (n = 220; initial BW = 262 kg) were limit-fed diets consisting of steam-flaked corn and 40% WCGF (DM basis) with 0, 10, or 20% ground AH (0AH, 10AH, and 20AH, respectively). A fourth diet containing 20% ground AH and steam-flaked corn served as a control. All diets were fed once daily at 1.8% of BW (DM basis). Growing period ADG, gain efficiency, and dietary NE calculated from performance data decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with addition of AH to diets containing WCGF. Rate of DMI increased linearly (P < 0.05) with AH addition to diets containing WCGF. Following the growing period, steers were finished on a common diet offered ad libitum. Gain efficiencies during the finishing period were higher (P < 0.05) for steers fed the 20AH diet than for steers fed the control diet. In Exp. 2, crossbred beef heifers (n = 339; initial BW = 277 kg) were limit-fed diets containing steam-flaked corn with 10, 20, or 30% ground AH and 0, 40, or 68% WCGF in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement, fed once daily at 1.6% of BW (DM basis). An AH x WCGF interaction occurred (P < 0.05) for growing period ADG and gain efficiency. Increasing AH or WCGF decreased cattle ADG, gain efficiency, and dietary NE with the exception of heifers fed 30AH/40WCGF, which had ADG that did not differ (P > 0.10) from that of heifers fed 20AH/0WCGF or 30AH/0WCGF, and which had greater gain efficiencies (P < 0.05) than heifers fed 30AH/0WCGF. Rate of DMI increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing AH and decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing WCGF. Heifers were finished on diets containing 33% WCGF with 0 or 0.5% added urea (DM basis) offered ad libitum. Increasing WCGF in growing diets tended (linear, P < 0.10) to increase finishing ADG and gain efficiency, whereas increasing AH decreased (linear, P < 0.05) kidney, pelvic, and heart fat, and the percentage of carcasses grading USDA Prime. Urea tended to increase ADG (P < 0.10), but decreased (P < 0.04) the percentage of carcasses grading USDA Choice. Results suggest that the value of WCGF relative to steam-flaked corn in limit-fed growing diets might be improved in diets containing 30% AH relative to diets containing 10 or 20% AH.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

Effects of corn processing and supplemental hay on rumen environment and lactation performance of dairy cows grazing grass-legume pasture.

The effect of corn processing (9 kg of dry matter/d of ground dry shelled or 9 kg of dry matter/d of steam rolled) and supplemental hay (0 or 3.2 kg of dry matter/d of alfalfa hay) on milk yield and composition, rumen environment, and starch utilization by lactating cows grazing grass-legume pasture was studied. Twelve rumen cannulated, multiparous Holstein cows in early lactation (95 d in milk), were assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square design replicated three times. Treatments were ground shelled corn-based concentrate, ground shelled corn-based concentrate plus alfalfa hay, steam-rolled, corn-based concentrate, or steam-rolled, corn-based concentrate plus alfalfa hay. Supplements were fed in equal proportions twice daily. Cows fed steam-rolled corn tended to have higher percentage of milk protein and lower milk urea nitrogen concentrations than cows fed shelled corn. Milk yield was not affected by corn processing or hay supplementation. Intake of pasture forage but not total dry matter intake was reduced by hay supplementation. Starch plus free glucose digestibility in the total tract was not affected by grain processing; however, starch plus free glucose digestibility tended to increase with hay supplementation. Supplemental hay increased starch plus free glucose digestibility through changes in rumen digestion kinetics. Hay supplementation reduced the liquid rate of passage, and tended to reduce particulate turnover. Rumen degradability of pasture forage organic matter tended to be higher for cows fed supplemental hay. Supplemental hay in these diets had a greater impact on starch utilization than corn processing.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

Effects on nutrient digestion of wheat processing and methods of tallow addition to the diets of lactating dairy cows.

Five multiparous Holstein cows in midlactation that were fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 3 x 5 incomplete Latin square. The objective of this study was to examine the effects on nutrient digestion of wheat processing and method of tallow addition to the diets of lactating dairy cows. Diets consisted of 45% forage and 55% concentrate, and each diet contained 20% wheat and 2% tallow (as-fed basis). Treatments were dry-rolled wheat with tallow added to the concentrate, steam-rolled wheat with tallow added to the concentrate, and steam-rolled wheat with tallow added first to the wheat. The dry matter intake; digestion of starch, fiber, and fatty acids; ammonia N concentration; and molar proportions of volatile fatty acids in ruminal fluid were not affected by treatments. The apparent digestibility in the total tract of organic matter and nitrogenous compounds was significantly higher for the steam-rolled treatment with tallow added first to the wheat. Mean ruminal fluid pH was similar across treatments; however, cows fed the diet containing steam-rolled wheat with tallow added first to the wheat had the smallest pH change from 0 to 2 h postfeeding. Milk yield did not differ, regardless of cow diet. Method of tallow addition had marked effects on the apparent digestibility of organic matter and N in the total tract of lactating dairy cows.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1997

Influence of fat source and sorghum grain treatment on performance and digestibilities of high yielding dairy cows.

Forty-eight lactating Holstein cows averaging 81 d in milk were allotted to eight blocks based on milk yield during the 14-d pretreatment period and randomly assigned to six treatment groups in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments for 64 d. Factors were type of sorghum grain processing [dry-rolled vs. steam-flaked; fed at 34% of dry matter (DM) in a total mixed ration (TMR) based on alfalfa] and type of supplemental fat (2.5% of DM as cottonseed oil, tallow, or prilled fatty acids). Compared with dry-rolled sorghum, steam-flaked sorghum did not affect milk yield, fat percentage, or fat yield but did increase milk protein percentage, body weight gains, and estimated net energy for lactation (22%). Fat source did not affect lactational response, but, compared with tallow, prilled fatty acids tended to decrease DM intake. Steam-flaked sorghum, compared with dry-rolled sorghum, increased digestibilities of DM, organic matter, crude protein, and starch, regardless of fat source. The TMR containing prilled fat had lower digestibilities of DM and organic matter than did TMR containing cottonseed oil or tallow; and TMR containing prilled fat had lower digestibilities of crude protein and total fatty acids than did TMR containing tallow. This study showed that steam-flaking of sorghum grain increased milk protein content, body weight gains, and estimated net energy for lactation, regardless of dietary fat source.

Animal Feed↗