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At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

A nationwide sampling of fast-food fried chicken: starch and moisture content.

A nationwide sampling plan was executed to estimate the nutrient composition of fast-food fried chicken in the United States. Ninety-four composite samples were selected from major chains in 10 cities. Starch contents were determined using a modified American Association of Cereal Chemists method. The amount of glucose formed during enzymatic hydrolysis was quantified either by a gas-liquid-chromatographic or a high-performance liquid chromatographic technique. The starch content ranged from 6% to 13% (wet weight basis). Moisture was determined by both microwave and vacuum oven methods; levels ranged from 38% to 49%. Analysis of variance for both starch and moisture indicated that starch was significantly (p less than .01) higher for light cuts than for dark cuts across all brands. Extra crispy recipes were significantly higher in starch than other recipes. Light cuts were significantly (p less than .01) lower in moisture than dark cuts. In addition, significant differences existed among brands. However, no significant difference was found between samples within a brand obtained from the five regions.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Pharmacodynamics and tolerability of low doses of tendamistate given with starch.

Six healthy male volunteers participated in a double-blind cross-over study in which 12,5 mg, 25 mg, or 50 mg tendamistate (HOE 467), an alpha-amylase inactivator, or placebo were administered with 100 g maize meal, which contains 85,5 g pure starch. Serial blood specimens for measurement of plasma glucose concentrations, which served as a criterion of starch absorption, were taken up to 3 hours after each starch meal, and side-effects were recorded. The administration of HOE 467 with a starch meal resulted in a significant inhibition of starch absorption. Side-effects were not severe. Flatulence occurred in the placebo phase as well as after administration of the active drug. Loose stools were reported by 1 subject after 25 mg tendamistate.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1982

[Effect of rumen ciliates on the digestion of different carbohydrates in sheep. I.--Utilization of cell wall carbohydrates (cellulose and hemicellulose) and of starch].

Two diets rich in cell-wall carbohydrates or starch were given to 10 rumen-fistulated sheep; two sheep were defaunated and the others were inoculated with Polyplastron multivesiculatum (P) or Entodinium sp. (E), or both (P + E), or with conventional fauna. Ciliate biomass was greater when the animals were fed a high starch diet than when the diet was rich in cell-wall carbohydrates (table 2). With both diets, the Entodinium genus in the mixed fauna sampling predominated. We showed that Polyplastron was directly involved in cell-wall carbohydrate breakdown, while Entodinium capacity to digest cellulose remained low. We noted that with a diet rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, bacterial cellulolytic activity was improved by the presence of ciliates in the rumen but was decreased with the "starch" diet (table 3). The greater VFA concentration observed in the faunated animals expressed ciliate effect on the fermentations as well as activation of bacterial metabolism. With a high starch diet, the Entodinium sp. ciliates may have a buffering effect on the pH values in the rumen by limiting bacterial fermentation after food intake and by prolonging starch digestion during the day (table 4). The composition of the VFA mixture was modified by ciliate inoculation. The molar proportion of butyric acid always increased, while that of acetic and propionic acids evolved differently according to the diets and the ciliates (table 4). The higher ammonia concentration in the rumen liquor observed in faunated animals (table 4) could be explained either by the breakdown of both feed and bacterial proteins ingested by ciliates or by a lower ammonia nitrogen incorporation by fewer bacteria. Statistical analyses were used to explain the specific effect of P and E and also the interactions between them and between each of them and the diets.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effects of blood, bile and starch in the peritoneal cavity of the rat.

The reaction of rat peritoneum to the intraperitoneal injection of rat blood, human bile, starch glove powder, and a suspension of starch in blood or bile was examined by histological section and en face microscopy of the peritoneal surface (Häutchen technique). Haemoperitoneum causes little destruction of the peritoneum, but bile produces some peritonitis with a purulent exudate and destruction of subperitoneal muscle. Starch granulomas form following intraperitoneal injection of glove powder, though 0.1 g is insufficient to produce adhesions. The addition of starch to blood or bile enhances the peritonitis and delays healing. These results indicate that bile and starch should not be left in the peritoneal cavity at the end of surgical procedure.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of adipate content of acetylated di-starch adipate.

A gas-liquid chromatographic method is described for rapid, quantitative determination of adipate content of acetylated di-starch adipate. The adipate group is very labile and, under mild alkaline conditions at ambient temperature, is easily hydrolyzed from the starch. Free adipic acid is formed by acidification of the solution with HCl, and then extracted with ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate is removed under vacuum distillation, and a silyl derivative of the adipic acid is formed. Glutaric acid internal standard is introduced into the original starch sample before hydrolysis. An aliquot of the silylated solution is injected into a gas chromatograph fitted with a column having silicone oil as the active phase. A flame ionization detector is also incorporated. Results correlate well the amount of adipylating reagent used. No adipic acid is detectable when a hydrolyzed, extracted sample of acetylated di-starch adipate is subjected to a second extraction. Recovery levels of adipic acid, from starches fortified with 100-500 ppm, are in the range of 97-102.5%.

Adipates↗
PubMed1995

Purification and characterization of a raw-starch digesting amylase from a soil bacterium--Cytophaga sp.

A newly isolated bacterium from soil, identified as Cytophaga sp. was found to produce raw-starch digesting amylase. The enzyme was purified from 24-hr cultured medium through ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-Sepharose CL 6B ion exchange chromatography and Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration. The preparation was proved to be homogeneous by SDS-PAGE. The subunit molecular weight determined by SDS-PAGE was 59 KD. The optimum temperature was 50 degrees C on soluble starch and 60 degrees C on raw starch. The optimum pH was in the range of 4.5 to 6.5 on soluble starch and 6.5 to 9.5 on raw starch. In the presence of Mn+2, Cu+2 or Zn+2, the enzyme activity on either substrate was inhibited. Dinitrofluorobenzene, N-bromosuccinimide and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid all showed inhibitory effect on the enzyme acting on both substrates.

Ammonium Sulfate↗
PubMed1995

Effect of an equal volume replacement with 500 mL 6% hydroxyethyl starch on the blood and plasma volume of healthy volunteers.

The effect of an equal volume replacement with 6% low molecular weight (200,000) hydroxyethyl starch (substitution ratio 0.60-0.66) (Elohaes) on the blood volume and plasma volume of eight healthy volunteers was investigated with special attention to volume overshooting. After replacement of 500 mL whole blood, blood volume was measured repeatedly for 8 1/2 h using chromium-51 labelled erythrocytes. Red cell volume and plasma volume were calculated from standard formulae. After replacement, blood and plasma volumes were unchanged from control (4754 +/- 630 mL and 2900 +/- 450 mL, respectively). The haematocrit decreased from 43.7 +/- 2.5% to 39.0 +/- 1.4% (1 h after starch infusion) and 41.1 +/- 1.9% (7.5 h after starch infusion). There were no significant changes in haemodynamic variables (systolic and diastolic blood pressure; heart rate), liver function (bilirubin; transaminases), renal function (serum creatinine; serum sodium) or coagulation (activated partial thromboplastin time). Alpha-amylase was significantly increased, which is a well known effect of starches. The replacement of 500 mL whole blood by hydroxyethyl starch maintains isovolaemia for at least 8 h in normal volunteers without any significant volume overshooting; this is not what was seen in earlier studies. This should increase safety in patients with cardiac disease.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and desmopressin infusion on von Willebrand factor: ristocetin cofactor activity.

Hydroxyethyl starch is commonly used as a plasma volume expander in the surgical patient. Although it is generally considered a safe plasma substitution, some reports of an acquired von Willebrand's disease-like syndrome have been documented. To examine this further, von Willebrand factor: ristocetin cofactor activity (RCoF) was measured in two groups of patients perioperatively, following hydroxyethyl starch infusion and at 30, 60, and 240 minutes following either deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) (group I, n = 12) or saline (group II, n = 11). Following hydroxyethyl starch infusion, ristocetin cofactor activity decreased to 58 percent (group I) and 55 percent (group II) of their respective baseline values. After infusion of DDAVP, mean ristocetin cofactor activity in group I increased significantly to 95 percent at 30 minutes and 100 percent of baseline at 60 minutes. Mean ristocetin cofactor activity levels in group II, however, remained decreased, 69 percent and 57 percent of baseline at the same time points. There was no statistical difference between groups before or immediately after hydroxyethyl starch administration or at 240 minutes post-DDAVP or saline infusion. It is our conclusion that DDAVP is a safe therapy for the mild coagulapathy infrequently associated with hydroxyethyl starch administration.

Blood Coagulation Disorders↗
PubMed1995

Rice starch low sodium oral rehydration solution (ORS) in infantile diarrhoea.

The relative efficacy and incidence of hypernatremia of a rice starch based low sodium (sodium of 60 mmol/L) oral electrolyte solution was compared to the standard WHO oral rehydration solution (ORS; sodium 90 mmol/L) in 60 infants with non choleragenic acute diarrhoea. Both solutions were found to be equally effective in correcting dehydration as determined by the respective post hydration weight gain which was 150 +/- 175 gms in the rice starch low sodium ORS group and 164 +/- 125 gms in the standard WHO ORS group. However, the mean frequency of stools was greater and the duration of stay longer in the WHO ORS group compared to the rice starch low sodium group. There were 5 cases of hypernatremia in the WHO ORS group as opposed to only one in the rice starch low sodium ORS group. The present study shows that a rice starch low sodium ORS was as effective as the standard WHO ORS and had a lower incidence of hypernatremia in the fluid and electrolyte management of infants with non choleragenic diarrhoea.

Diarrhea, Infantile↗
PubMed1995

Effect of protein and starch degradation rates on rumen metabolism in Taiwan native goat.

Six ruminal and duodenal cannulated Taiwan native goats (body weight = 20 kg) were fed 35% roughage, 65% concentrate diet (crude protein = 9.5%) in a 6 x 6 Latin square design to study the effect of the combination of 3 varying starch (corn) and 2 varying protein (soybeans) ruminal degradation rates on ruminal microbial density and ruminal nutrient digestibilities. Goats in treatment consisting of both rapid starch and protein ruminal degradation rates had higher total bacterial and protozoal numbers than did those in other treatments (p < 0.05). The combination of rapid starch degradation rate and slow protein degradation rate supported the highest numbers of Holotrichs whereas the combination of both rapid starch and protein degradation rate supported the highest numbers of Entodiniomorphs. Ruminal starch digestibilities were higher for treatment diets with autoclaved corn than for those with raw corn whereas ruminal digestibility of protein was greater in diets with raw soybeans than in those with heated ones. Higher neutral detergent fiber digestibilities in the rumen were found with the raw corn rations and the raw soybean rations.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Peritoneal reactions caused by starch used regularly for lubricating surgical gloves. Review of the literature].

The contamination of the operating field by a number of substances including the starch used to lubricate surgical gloves is one of the causes of foreign body granuloma formation. The role of starch is particularly clearly documented in the peritoneal cavity where it may provide the basis of a well defined nosological phenomenon, "starch peritonitis", but it has also been reported in most other anatomical districts. The most logical solution to this problem is to use starch-free surgical gloves prepared using another type of lubricant without the aforesaid drawbacks. This paper analyses international clinical and experimental literature focusing on the damaging effects resulting from the introduction of starch into the peritoneal cavity.

Gloves, Surgical↗
PubMed1994

The impact of starch-powdered gloves on the formation of adhesions in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of starch powdered surgical gloves on the postoperative formation of adhesions in a standard rat model. DESIGN: Prospective, randomised, double-blind study. MATERIAL: 197 rats. INTERVENTIONS: Abdominal cavity was exposed to gloves during the induction of adhesions and for an additional two minutes. Animals were operated on with the operator wearing either starch-powdered or powder-free gloves. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Formation of adhesions and starch particles present in the adhesions after one, three, 12, or 24 weeks. RESULTS: When powdered gloves were worn the percentage of adhesions formed was significantly greater (n = 197, p < 0.01) than when powder-free gloves were worn. Starch particles were found in biopsy specimens from rats operated on with powdered gloves, but not when powder-free gloves were used. CONCLUSION: Even the small amount of starch that settles in the abdominal cavity during an operation increases the amount of adhesions formed.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1997

13C-starch breath test--comparative clinical evaluation of an indirect pancreatic function test.

The clinical relevance of the 13C-starch breath test was evaluated in comparison to the secretin-caerulein test as the "gold standard" of pancreatic function testing, fecal elastase concentration, and fecal chymotrypsin activity in 30 patients with mild (n = 15) or severe (n = 15) exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. 23 patients with gastrointestinal diseases of non-pancreatic origin and 31 healthy volunteers served as controls. 50 g of natural starch of maize were orally administered after a 12-h fast and breath samples were taken before and in 30 min intervals for five hours after oral ingestion and the increase of 13C/12C-isotopic ratio was analyzed by mass spectrometry. Specificity of fecal elastase (93%) and fecal chymotrypsin (93%) for impaired pancreatic function were much higher compared to the various parameters of the 13C-starch breath test (69-74%). Sensitivities of the 13C-starch breath test for all and separately for mild and severe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency were higher (total 70-77%) compared to fecal chymotrypsin (total 60%), but lower compared to fecal elastase (total 93%). With regard to the higher sensitivity and specificity, the higher practicability, and the lower costs determination of fecal elastase concentrations is superior to the 13C-starch breath test and therefore remains to be the most reliable indirect pancreatic function test available today.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Value of the "amylose number" in determination of starch damage].

The author demonstrated column and paper chromatographically that no or very little amylose is extracted when using HAMPEL's method for the colorimetric determination of starch damage ("amylose number"). The actually extracted substances are mainly other starch components which form a violet colour on addition of a dilute iodine solution. Further starch components which form a violet colour on addition of a dilute iodine solution are extracted by rewashing with the different components of HAMPEL's solvent mixture. The most distinct results were obtained with distilled water. It is suggested to rewash the filter residue with distilled water to extract all the damaged starch and to use the combined extracts for the determination. In consideration of the fact that HAMPEL's solvent mixture extracts not only amylose from the damaged starch, the term of "amylose number" should be rejected and replaced by the term of formamide ammonium sulphate sulphosalicylic acid (FAS) method or formamide sodium sulphate sulphosalicylic acid (FNS) method.

Amylose↗
PubMed1996

The use of a low starch diet in the treatment of patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis.

The majority of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients not only possess HLA-B27, but during active phases of the disease have elevated levels of total serum IgA, suggesting that a microbe from the bowel flora is acting across the gut mucosa. Biochemical studies have revealed that Klebsiella bacteria, not only possess 2 molecules carrying sequences resembling HLA-B27 but increased quantities of such microbes are found in fecal samples obtained from AS patients and such patients have Crohn's like lesions in the ileo-caecal regions of the gut. Furthermore AS patients from 10 different countries have been found to have elevated levels of specific antibodies against Klebsiella bacteria. It has been suggested that these Klebsiella microbes, found in the bowel flora, might be the trigger factors in this disease and therefore reduction in the size of the bowel flora could be of benefit in the treatment of AS patients. Microbes from the bowel flora depend on dietary starch for their growth and therefore a reduction in starch intake might be beneficial in AS patients. A "low starch diet" involving a reduced intake of "bread, potatoes, cakes and pasta" has been devised and tested in healthy control subjects and AS patients. The "low starch diet" leads to a reduction of total serum IgA in both healthy controls as well as patients, and furthermore to a decrease in inflammation and symptoms in the AS patients. The role of a "low starch diet" in the management of AS requires further evaluation.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1999

Orotate leads to a specific increase in uridine nucleotide levels and a stimulation of sucrose degradation and starch synthesis in discs from growing potato tubers

Freshly cut discs from growing potato tubers were incubated for 3 h with 10 mM orotate or 10 mM uridine. Control discs incubated without precursors showed a 30-40% decrease of uridine nucleotides, but not of adenine nucleotides. Orotate- and uridine-feeding led to a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in the levels of uridine nucleotides compared with control discs, and a 15-30% increase compared with the original values in intact tubers, but did not alter the levels of adenine nucleotides. Between 70-80% of the uridine nucleotides were present as UDPglucose, 15-25% as UTP, and 2-3% as UDP. The increase of uridine nucleotides involved a similar relative increase of UDPglucose, UTP and UDP. It was accompanied by a slight stimulation of the rate of [(14)C]sucrose uptake, a 2-fold stimulation of the rate at which the [(14)C]sucrose was subsequently metabolised, a small increase in the levels of hexose phosphates, glycerate-3-phospate and ADPglucose, and a 30% shift in the allocation of the metabolised label in favour of starch synthesis, resulting in a 2.4-fold stimulation of the rate of starch synthesis. Orotate led to a similar increase of uridine nucleotide levels in the presence of [(14)C]glucose, but did not significantly alter the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism to starch, nor did it increase the rate of sucrose resynthesis. The levels of uridine nucleotides were high in tubers on 6 to 10-week-old potato plants, and declined in tubers on 12 to 15-week-old plants. Comparison with the effect of the uridine nucleotide level in discs shows that the high levels of uridine nucleotides in tubers on young plants will play an important role in determining the rate at which sucrose can be converted to starch, and that the level of uridine nucleotides is probably co-limiting for sucrose-starch conversions in tubers on older plants.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Determination of the amylose-amylopectin ratio of starches by iodine-affinity capillary electrophoresis.

This paper describes the application of capillary electrophoresis to separate and quantify the main polysaccharide components, amylose and amylopectin, present in starch samples. The separation is based on the well-known affinity of these compounds to iodine. The starch components could be effectively separated in less than 7 min using an uncoated fused-silica 'bubble cell' capillary. The proposed method has been applied for the quantitative determination of the soluble amylose content and the ratio amylose-amylopectin in commercial starches. It is shown that the present method is reliable, gives detection limits in the order of 0.1 mg mL(-1), is faster than other methodologies reported in the literature, and can be easily applied to the analysis of different starches. In spite of differences in solubility of amylopectin from different sources, a reasonable estimate of the amylose-amylopectin ratio could be made. Additionally, it was shown that the resulting profiles obtained after hydrolysis with isoamylase and alpha-amylase can provide information on the structure of the starches studied.

Amylopectin↗
PubMed1998

Cross-linked high amylose starch for controlled release of drugs: recent advances.

Cross-linked high amylose starches have been developed as excipients for the formulation of controlled-release solid dosage forms for the oral delivery of drugs. Advantages of this new class of excipients include cost-effectiveness, readily accessible industrial manufacturing technology, high active ingredient core loading and the possibility of achieving a quasi zero-order release for most drugs. In addition to the latter, other features distinguish cross-linked high amylose starches from other excipients used to prepare hydrophilic matrices. Among these are the absence of erosion, the limited swelling and the fact that increasing cross-linking degrees results in increased water uptake rate, drug release rate and equilibrium swelling. Thus the goal of the present study was to gain some insights into the mechanism of drug release control by matrices of cross-linked high amylose starch. Water transport kinetics and dimensional changes were studied in matrices placed in water at 37 degrees C by an image analysis technique. The results show that in the first 5 min, a gel layer is formed at the surface of the tablet, after which the gel front seems to halt its progression toward the center of the tablet. Water continues to diffuse through the front and to invade the core. As a consequence, this latter swells, with a predominance for radial swelling. Equilibrium swelling is reached over 3 days, when the water concentration in the tablet becomes homogeneous and the whole tablet gelifies. Solid-state 13C-NMR were acquired on cross-linked high amylose starch powders, tablets and hydrated tablets with varying cross-linking degrees. They show a predominance of the V-type single helix arrangement of amylose in the dry state irrespective of the cross-linking degree. Upon hydration, the homologues with a low cross-linking degrees show a transition from the V to the B-type double helix arrangement. It is therefore hypothesized that the capacity of amylose to undergo the V to B transition is an important factor in controlling water transport and drug release rate. Finally applications to different drugs are reviewed briefly. They illustrate the versatility of this technology as generic versions of zero order OROS drug (Efidac) and Fickian release conventional matrices (Voltaren SR) were developed and successfully tested in pilot clinical studies to be bioequivalent to the references. These studies further showed that cross-linked high amylose starch matrices have the lowest inter-subject variability among the systems tested and show a total absence of food effect.

Administration, Oral↗