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PubMed1997

Respect redefined: focus group insights from Singapore.

This article re-examines the meaning of the concept of respect within the context of a fast modernizing Asian multicultural society-Singapore. Two key findings emerge. First, the meaning of respect both from the perspective of the aged and the middle-aged generation has shifted from obedience to courteous behavior. Second, in the majority of focus groups members concurred that the degree of respect accorded to elders has in general decreased. The focus group methodology was used in this research. Bearing in mind the limited sample size (88 participants) these findings alert us to the need for social scientists to monitor perceptual shifts in meaning of concepts critical in the sphere of interpersonal relationships. The findings throw light on the subjective views of intergenerational relations within the family as well as the community. As such, they would be valuable to counselors, social workers, and family therapists.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Urinary alpha1-microglobulin as a marker of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic Asian subjects in Singapore.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines urinary alpha(1)-microglobulin as a marker of early nephropathy in type 2 diabetic Chinese, Malays, and Asian Indians in Singapore. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on 590 consecutive type 2 diabetic patients (296 males, 294 females) who were on routine follow-up at a primary care clinic. Information was obtained from interviews, case notes, and blood and urine samples. Because the distribution of urinary alpha(1)-microglobulin levels was highly skewed, these levels were log-transformed, and geometric means were calculated. There was correction for variability in urine flow by dividing by urine creatinine levels, given as mg/mmol urine creatinine, and adjustment for confounding variables. RESULTS: Urinary alpha(1)-microglobulin was higher in men than in women and was directly related to age, but no ethnic differences were apparent. It was directly related to duration of diabetes, with adjusted geometric means of 1.19 and 1.43 mg/mmol urine creatinine for a duration of <10 and > or =10 years, respectively (P = 0.07). Urinary alpha(1)-microglobulin was highest in patients on insulin, followed by those on oral medication and then those on diet alone (adjusted geometric means: 1.47, 1.36, and 0.86 mg/mmol urine creatinine, respectively; P = 0.01). Levels were also higher in patients with poor glucose control, as measured by HbA(1c), fasting plasma glucose, and 2-h postprandial plasma glucose (P < 0.01 for each). Urinary alpha(1)-microglobulin was directly related to albuminuria, with adjusted geometric means for normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria of 1.06, 1.47, and 4.72 mg/mmol urine creatinine, respectively (P < 0.01). However, of patients with normoalbuminuria, 33.6% had raised urinary alpha(1)-microglobulin. Likewise, of patients with normal urinary alpha(1)-microglobulin, 27.6% had albuminuria. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary alpha(1)-microglobulin was related to duration, severity, and control of diabetes. Urinary alpha(1)-microglobulin and albumin were directly related, but in some patients, one was present in the absence of the other. Hence, in addition to albuminuria (which measures glomerular dysfunction), urinary alpha(1)-microglobulin (which measures proximal tubular dysfunction) is useful for the early detection of nephropathy in diabetic subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Female transsexualism in Singapore: a report on 20 cases.

Twenty female transsexuals were assessed for sexual reassignment surgery in Singapore. This gives a prevalence of 1 in 36,000 for females aged 15 and above. The age ranged from 18 to 31 with the mean at 24.9 years. Fifteen had received secondary education and 19 were employed. There was no history of serious anti-social behaviour. They were closer to their mothers, some of whom encouraged their cross dressing behaviour during childhood. Their behaviour became more masculine as they grew older. All were unmarried. Eighteen had girl friends and 10 indulged in sexual activities with their girl friends. They sought the sex change operation because they wanted to live as males so that they could marry their girl friends. Eight are at present undergoing the multi-stage operation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

A cross-cultural study of the possession-trance in Singapore.

Possession-trance is a common culture-bound syndrome in Singapore. The characteristic features as seen in 36 young men of the three different ethnic communities are described. At follow-up four to five years later, none of the 26 who could be contacted showed any evidence of mental illness. The psychopathology of the possession-trance is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Tardive dyskinesia in elderly psychiatric patients in Singapore.

The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia (TD) in 514 psychiatric patients who were 60 years and above in Singapore was found to be 27.6%. This is low compared with other studies done on elderly psychiatric patients in the West. Among the different ethnic groups, the Eurasians have the highest prevalence of 53.8% compared to the Chinese, Malays or Indians. Inpatients have a higher prevalence (31.5%) than outpatients (10.5%). Higher prevalence was also found in women, who were 2.2 times more common than men. 50% of the mentally retarded patients were found to have TD.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1992

Suicide in Singapore, 1986.

Three hundred and forty-two cases of suicide in Singapore (1986) were studied. The rates were highest among Indians males. Jumping from a height was the method used by 60% of the subjects, and the predominant associated factor as ascertained by the coroner was illness (51%), both physical and mental. About 40% had seen a doctor in the year prior to their death, and 20% had a history of a previous suicide attempt. The majority of cases killed themselves during the daylight hours.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Mortality of public mental health patients: a Singapore experience.

This study reports the Standardised Mortality Ratio (SMR) by age and sex among public mental health patients in Singapore. The authors also examine the differences between those who were classified as "inpatient deaths" and those who were classified as "outpatient deaths". Mortality was 5.1 times that of the general population and the SMR was most accentuated in the younger, female patients. Of the 217 deaths documented over two years, schizophrenia was the most common diagnosis. Inpatient deaths (N = 120) occurred in older patients with prior physical illness who died of natural causes. In contrast, outpatient deaths (N = 97) involved younger patients with no previous illness and the majority jumped to their deaths. Mortality studies are necessary in monitoring the efficacy of mental health provisions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody status in biopsy proven chronic hepatitis in Singapore.

During the period between January 1975 and August 1976, 203 liver biopsies were received at the Singapore General Hospital from patients with a variety of liver diseases. A histological diagnosis of chronic hepatitis was made in 29 patients: 13 cases of Chronic Aggressive Hepatitis (C.A.H.). 10 cases Chronic Persistent Hepatitis (C.P.H.) and 6 of Chronic Lobular Hepatitis (C.L.H.). C.P.H. and C.L.H. were found mainly in the third and fourth decades. C.A.H. was more common in the fifth to seventh decades and occurred principally in females. Hepatitis B antigenaemia was detected in 48.3% of these cases using the immunoelectroosmophoresis (EOP) technique and showed an even scatter in all histological sub-types. Using the reverse passive haemagglutination (rPHA) method for detection by HBs antigen and the radioelectrocomplexing (REC) method for anti-HBs, an immune sub-group (HBs Ag+/anti-HBs+) was identified in greater proportions in C.A.H. and C.P.H. compared to normal controls. This was interpreted to mean that these patients suffered from a primary immunodeficiency characterized by failure of production of high avidity anti-HBs with resulting failure to clear HBsAg leading to perpetuation of liver damage due to circulating immune complexes. It is also suggested that patients with C.P.H. belonging to this immune sub-group may progress to C.A.H. with its more ominous prognosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Muscle diseases in Singapore.

This study aims to establish the pattern of muscle diseases in Singapore. Two hundred consecutive muscle biopsies collected prospectively over a period of 7 yr (1978-1984) were studied using light microscopy, histochemistry and electron microscopy. Muscle diseases were not uncommon. There was no racial predilection. The common muscle diseases were polymyositis, spinal muscular atrophies and muscular dystrophies. Less common ones included congenital myopathies and storage diseases due to disorders of glycogen and lipid metabolism. Other muscle diseases were uncommon. Polymyositis was the commonest muscular disorder in adults and spinal muscular atrophy in childhood. This finding is encouraging as polymyositis is a treatable condition. The common occurrence of spinal muscular atrophies in this country was not fully appreciated. They were often misdiagnosed clinically as muscular dystrophies. It is hoped that this finding will result in greater awareness of this condition which is necessary for proper genetic counselling and management.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Human papillomavirus in dysplasia and carcinoma of the cervix in Singapore.

A prospective study was conducted in Singapore in 1985 where 107 women with abnormal cervical smears were studied for cervical neoplasia and its association with the human papillomaviruses (HPV), using HPV 11, 16 and 18 DNA as probes. Cervical biopsies were performed for histology as well as for DNA Southern Blot hybridization studies to detect the presence of HPV 11, 16 or 18 genome. The prevalence of the various types of papillomavirus DNA in cervical tissue samples from cervical carcinoma and dysplasias is presented. HPV types 16 and 18 were found in 5 of 8 (63%) cases of invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), in 12 of 41 (29%) cases of squamous carcinoma-in-situ (CIN 3) and in 3 of 48 (6%) cases of lower grade dysplasia. None of our cases of SCC were associated with unknown HPV types detected using a mixture of HPV 16 or 18 DNA under conditions of low stringency. These unknown HPV types were present in approximately one quarter of our cases of dysplasia of all grades.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Using role-play to teach consultation skills--the Singapore experience.

Role-play by students has been adopted as a teaching method for learning consultational skills during a primary health care posting for fourth year medical students in the National University of Singapore. This article describes the construction of the framework used, and reports on its evaluation by both the students and their teachers. The overall response to the session by the students was positive. Suggestions were then solicited to make refinements to enhance its efficacy as a teaching tool.

Communication↗
PubMed1990

Religious values and beliefs and place of residence as predictors of alcohol use among Chinese college students in Singapore.

Data drawn from a detailed study of alcohol use among Chinese undergraduate college students in Singapore (N = 767) show identification with religious values and beliefs not to be a significant factor in terms of students' alcohol use. Students' place of residence (i.e., on campus in a hostel or off campus) was found to predict alcohol use but in a way opposite to the pattern commonly predicted - that is, students on campus tend to drink less than their off-campus counterparts. When religious values and beliefs identification as well as place of residence were examined together, it appears that these two factors have no influence on students' alcohol use.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Seroepidemiology of human enterovirus 71, Singapore.

Human enterovirus 71 has caused outbreaks in many parts of the world, especially Southeast Asia, with some fatal cases. The epidemiology of this viral infection is not well understood. We conducted a serologic survey in Singapore children, and the results indicate that infection occurs largely in preschool settings.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Epidemic hand, foot and mouth disease caused by human enterovirus 71, Singapore.

Singapore experienced a large epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in 2000. After reviewing HFMD notifications from doctors and child-care centers, we found that the incidence of HFMD rose in September and declined at the end of October. During this period, 3,790 cases were reported. We performed enteroviral cultures on 311 and 157 specimens from 175 HFMD patients and 107 non-HFMD patients, respectively; human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) was the most frequently isolated virus from both groups. Most of the HFMD patients were </=4 years of age. Three HFMD and two non-HFMD patients died. Specimens from two HFMD and both non-HFMD patients were culture positive for HEV71; a third patient was possibly associated with the virus. Autopsies performed on all three HFMD and one of the non-HFMD case-patients showed encephalitis, interstitial pneumonitis, and myocarditis. A preparedness plan for severe HFMD outbreaks provided for the prompt, coordinated actions needed to control the epidemic.

Age Distribution↗