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PubMed1996

Determinants of the cephalic-phase insulin response in obese nondiabetic subjects.

Large interindividual variation is characteristic of the cephalic-phase insulin response (CPIR). Our aim was to examine the largely unknown determinants of CPIR in obese nondiabetic subjects before and after weight reduction. After a 12-hour overnight fast, 20 healthy, obese (body mass index, 31.1 to 41.4 kg/m2) subjects were individually exposed to food without being allowed to eat it. Levels of insulin, glucose, C-peptide, free fatty acids, and salivation, together with assessments of feeling of hunger and desire to eat, were measured during the experiment. Subjects were divided into three groups according to CPIR before the weight reduction: positive (PR), intermediate (IR), and negative (NR) responders. CPIR measurements before and after weight reduction correlated significantly with each other (r = .61, P < . 01,n=18). At the beginning of the study, NR had higher fasting plasma glucose and insulin values, as well as higher postload plasma glucose values, as compared with PR and IR. These differences disappeared after weight reduction. In an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) performed 9 to 12 months afterward, first-phase insulin secretion was significantly lower in NR. Thus, the negative CPIR during visual and olfactory exposure to food-related stimuli may be related to the attenuated first-phase insulin secretion and mildly impaired glucose metabolism, possibly related to insulin resistance.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Influence of cholinergic modifiers on phencyclidine-induced acute toxicity.

The effects of pretreatment with mecamylamine (ME), hexamethonium (C-6), d-tubocurarine (DTC), atropine (AT), muscarinic agents 5-methylfurmethide (5-MFT) and O-ethylcholine (EtCh), physostigmine (PH) and cholineacetyltransferase inhibitors 2-benzoyl ethyltrimethylammonium (BETA) and N-naphthylvinylpyridine (NVP) were studied on the lethal action of phencyclidine (PCP) in male Swiss mice. The LD50 of PCP (237 mumol/kg, i.p.) significantly increased by 19% and 10% in ME (14.9 mumol/kg) and PH (0.08 mumol/kg) pretreated groups, respectively. The combined ME and PH pretreatment potentiated the survival of the mice. C-6 (7.3 mumol/kg), DTC (0.11 mumol/kg), AT (14.4 mumol/kg), 5-MFT (1.4 mumol/kg), EtCh (1.7 mumol/kg), BETA (88 mumol/kg) or NVP (74.7 mumol/kg) pretreatment had no significant effect on the LD50 of PCP. However, peripheral parasympathetic effects (defecation, urination, salivation, and lacrimation) of 5-MFT and EtCH in mice were abolished by PCP. Furthermore, low doses of PCP potentiated the peripheral signs in animals pretreated with 5-MFT or EtCh which, however, were abolished by higher doses of PCP. In vivo, administration of PCP was found to have no effect on brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity. These observations have indicated the possibility of central cholinergic mediation during acute toxicity of PCP.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[What's useful in maxillo-facial surgery imaging: advantages and disavantages of examination modalities (first part)].

Widespread use of multislice volumic CT and rapid 3D reconstructions as well as MR sequences allowing high-resolution tissue characterization have greatly improved the efficiency of face and neck imaging. Panoramic radiography nevertheless remains highly contributive. Sonography has now replaced the standard sialography for the diagnosis of salivary lithiasis. The quality of MR sialography remains subject to sufficiently salivation into the salivary ducts, but without long-lasting retention increasing protein content. Plain radiographs of the face are now out of date.

Bone Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Abnormal respiratory patterns in childhood cerebral malaria.

Of 295 children with cerebral malaria, 117 (40%) had an abnormal respiratory pattern; 15 children exhibited more than one pattern during their clinical course. Four distinct patterns were seen. (i) Deep breathing (80 children); this was associated with severe metabolic acidosis, and resolved following treatment with intravenous fluids and/or blood. (ii) Hypoventilation with nystagmus and salivation (18 children); simultaneous electroencephalographic recording revealed continuous electrical seizure activity, demonstrating that these children were in subtle status epilepticus; anticonvulsant treatment resulted in return to normal of blood gases and recovery of consciousness. (iii) Hyperventilation with extensor posturing (20 children), which was associated with varying degrees of intracranial hypertension. (iv) Periodic respiration (14 children); all had clinical features suggestive of transtentorial herniation, and died following a respiratory arrest. Abnormal respiratory patterns can alert the clinician to complications of cerebral malaria that require treatment. Recognition of these patterns and rapid initiation of appropriate supportive therapy may help to reduce the high mortality rate of this disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Behavioral effects of type II pyrethroid cyhalothrin in rats.

Synthetic pyrethroids such as cyhalothrin are extensively used in agriculture for the control of a broad range of ectoparasites in farm animals. It has been suggested that type II pyrethroids might induce anxiogenic-like effects in laboratory animals. The present study was undertaken to investigate a possible anxiogenic-like outcome of cyhalothrin in rats. Adult male rats were orally dosed for 7 days with 1.0, 3.0, or 7.0 mg/kg/day of cyhalothrin, present in a commercial formulation (Grenade Coopers do Brazil S.A.). The neurobehavioral changes induced by cyhalothrin as well as those produced on corticosterone serum levels were measured 24 h after the last treatment. Picrotoxin (1.0 mg/kg) was also acutely used as a positive control for anxiety. Results showed that cyhalothrin: (1) induced some signs and symptoms of intoxication that included salivation, tremors, and liquid feces; (2) reduced total locomotor activity in the open-field; (3) reduced the percentage of time spent in open-field central zones; (4) increased immobility time in the open-field; (5) reduced the percentage of time spent in plus-maze open arms exploration; (6) reduced the time spent in social interactions, and (7) increased the levels of serum corticosterone. The behavioral changes reported for cyhalothrin (3.0 mg/kg/day) were similar of those induced by picrotoxin. The no effect level dose obtained for cyhalothrin in this study was 1.0 mg/kg/day. These results provide experimental evidence that cyhalothrin induces anxiety-like symptoms, with this effect being dose-related. Thus, anxiety must be included among the several signs and symptoms of pesticide intoxication.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

Clinical symptoms observed in children envenomated by scorpion stings, at the children's hospital from the State of Morelos, Mexico.

Scorpion sting is a public health problem in Mexico (Toxicon, 32 (1994) 1015). Since the most severe cases occur in children, cases treated at the Hospital del Niño Morelense, Cuernavaca, during the entire year of 1997 were registered and studied. During this 12-month period, 163 cases required medical attention, with the following results: 45% were mild, 25% moderate and 30% were severe cases of envenoming. Thanks to anti-venom therapy none of the children died. The most frequently observed clinical symptoms were: local pain and redness, salivation, dysphagia, tachycardia, irritability, odynophagia, paresthesia, nasal pruritus and emesis. The mild cases had one or two symptoms, moderate envenoming was characterized by several of the symptoms, whereas severe cases had most of the clinical symptoms listed. The moderate and severe cases were all treated with horse F(ab)2-anti-venom, while the mild cases were kept only for observation. Male children constituted 63% of the cases. The mean time that elapsed between sting and first medical attention was 54min.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Investigation of the haemodynamic effects of Phoneutria nigriventer venom in anaesthetised rabbits.

The haemodynamic alterations induced by the central and peripheral administration of the armed spider (Phoneutria nigriventer) venom (PNV) were investigated in anaesthetised rabbits. The intracerebroventricular injection of increasing doses of PNV (30 and 100 microg/kg) elicited a biphasic cardiovascular response characterised by a brief hypotension (1-3 min) followed by a marked and sustained (more than 30 min) increase in mean arterial pressure (61 +/- 5 and 61 +/- 10%, respectively) and in systemic vascular resistance (135 +/- 21 and 161 +/- 37%) accompanied by mild increases in cardiac contractility. Systemic alterations such as salivation and muscular fasciculation were also observed. At the opposite, the dose of 100 microg/kg of PNV injected intravenously produced only a hypotensive effect (29 +/- 4% decrease in mean arterial pressure) and a decrease in vascular resistance (38 +/- 5%). Nevertheless, a much higher dose of PNV (1 mg/kg) injected intravenously produced a hypertensive response analogous to the one observed upon central administration. The central hypertensive response induced by PNV was not affected by preteating the animals with selective antagonists of receptors of different neurotransmitters or endogenous mediators such as: acethylcoline muscarinic, bradykinin B2, angiotensin II AT1 receptors and also antagonists of the excitatory amino acid receptors of the central nervous system. Nevertheless, the intravenous pretreatment with the selective alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin significantly blunted the excitatory cardiovascular response evoked by the central injection of PNV. It is concluded that PNV can induce central as well as peripheral haemodynamic effects. The central component seems to be mediated by the activation of cardiovascular centres which in turn lead to an increase in the sympathetic outflow to the periphery, whereas the peripheral component can be accounted for either by direct activation of the vascular alpha1-adrenergic receptors or by catecholamine release from the sympathetic nerve endings.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed1981

Chronic cerebellar stimulation in cerebral palsy.

This report summarizes the experience with chronic cerebellar stimulation in cerebral palsy patients at the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario. From July, 1977, to September, 1978, 12 patients suffering from cerebral palsy underwent cerebellar implant for chronic cerebellar stimulation. Postoperative evaluation was made approximately 1 week, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery by a group of specialists using speech, respiration, muscle tone, involuntary movements, salivation, and activities of daily living as parameters, and these findings were compared with the findings prior to surgery. Chronic cerebellar stimulation did not noticeably alleviate symptoms and signs of cerebral palsy nor did it improve activities of daily living in a significant number of patients.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

Increased drinking in mutant mice with truncated M5 muscarinic receptor genes.

The rarest and least understood of the muscarinic receptors is the M5 subtype. Recombinant methods were used to create mutant mice with a deletion in the third intracellular loop of the M5 receptor gene. Salivation induced by the nonselective muscarinic agonist pilocarpine (1 mg/kg s.c.) was reduced in homozygous mutants from 15 to 60 min after injection as compared with wild-type mice. After 18-h food and water deprivation, drinking was increased in homozygous mutants, but feeding was not increased. The mutant and wild-type mice had similar responses in tests of open-field exploration, seizures induced by pilocarpine (300 mg/kg) or hypothermia induced by pilocarpine (1-3 mg/kg). These results indicate that M5 muscarinic receptors are important for fluid intake and suggest that M5 receptors are involved in slow secretory processes.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor function in acetylcholinesterase knockout mice.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) hydrolyzes acetylcholine to terminate cholinergic neurotransmission. Overstimulation of cholinergic receptors by excess acetylcholine is known to be lethal. However, AChE knockout mice live to adulthood, although they have weak muscles, do not eat solid food, and die early from seizures. We wanted to know what compensatory factors allowed these mice to survive. We had previously shown that their butyrylcholinesterase activity was normal and had not increased. In this report, we tested the hypothesis that AChE-/- mice adapted to the absence of AChE by downregulating cholinergic receptors. Receptor downregulation is expected to reduce sensitivity to agonists and to increase sensitivity to antagonists. Physiological response to the muscarinic agonists, oxotremorine (OXO) and pilocarpine, showed that AChE-/- mice were resistant to OXO-induced hypothermia, tremor, salivation, and analgesia, and to pilocarpine-induced seizures. AChE+/- mice had an intermediate response. The muscarinic receptor binding sites measured with [3H]quinuclinyl benzilate, as well as the protein levels of M1, M2, and M4 receptors measured with specific antibodies on Western blots, were reduced to be approximately 50% in AChE-/- brain. However, mRNA levels for muscarinic receptors were unchanged. These results indicate that one adaptation to the absence of AChE is downregulation of muscarinic receptors, thus reducing response to cholinergic stimulation.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1984

Reassessing morphine effects in cats: I. Specific behavioral responses in intact and unilaterally brain-lesioned animals.

Behavioral responses to single low doses of morphine (0.5-3.0 mg/kg IP) were measured in intact cats and in cats with removal of one cerebral hemisphere or one caudate nucleus. Responses were dose-dependent and formed 3 stages: (1) autonomic stage (0-15 min postdrug): with vocalization, salivation, licking, swallowing, retching and vomiting; (2) quiet stage (15-60 min postdrug): sitting, fixed gaze, mydriasis, and pricked pinnae; (3) head movement stage (from 30-60 min postdrug and decreasing by the 5th hr): fully aroused but mostly sitting; showing discrete, complex head movements of a visual-tracking type with pouncing/avoidance paw movements, and with irregular, dose-dependent bouts of rocking, pivoting, and backing. Sleep, grooming, micturition and defecation were suppressed. In hemispherectomized cats the frequency of head movements was increased only towards the side of the ablation, and there was a strong bias for body turning to that side together with a significant bias to move the ispilateral paw. None of these biases were significant in cats with a unilateral caudate ablation. We conclude that the cat is an excellent model for behavioral morphine studies when dose levels below those inducing "feline mania" are used. CNS sites underlying these responses are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Studies on the pathogenicity of bovine herpesvirus type 5 in sheep.

Four Merino lambs were intranasally inoculated with bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) reference strain N569. Two lambs were mock-inoculated as negative controls. The virus-inoculated animals developed apathy, inappetence, rhinitis, nasal, ocular and genital discharge, slight diarrhea and neurological disorders, like tremor and salivation. BHV-5 was isolated from the nasal discharge in two of the animals, while the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected the virus in all the infected lambs. Two lambs died on post infection day (PID) 13, while the other two infected animals were euthanized on PID 15 and 30. Gross pathological changes were not observed, however, histopathological examinations revealed diffuse nonsuppurative meningo-encephalitis in all infected animals. Viral antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry and viral nucleic acid was revealed by in situ hybridization in the brain of the two lambs, which died on PID 13. The virus was demonstrated by virus isolation and by PCR from different organs of all the infected animals. Slight rise of antibodies was observed in the infected animals from PID 15. The results show that BHV-5 is able to cross the species barrier and may establish infection in sheep.

Alphaherpesvirinae↗
PubMed1982

Miotics: side effects and ways to avoid them.

Pilocarpine, a parasympathomimetic drug used in the treatment of glaucoma, produces a variety of ocular and systemic adverse reactions. Ocular side effects include miosis, accommodative spasm, frontal headaches, twitching lids, conjunctival injection, cataractous changes, allergic reactions, iris cysts, retinal detachment, increased permeability of the blood-aqueous barrier, anterior chamber narrowing, and the potential for inducing an acute angle-closure attack. Systemic side effects include nausea, vomiting, tenesmus, abdominal spasm, salivation, lacrimation, sweating, pulmonary edema, and bronchial spasm. The systemic side effects can best be minimized initially through proper use of the medication and nasolacrimal occlusion. The Ocusert, a long-acting pilocarpine-incorporated ocular insert, is a recent advance in delivery technique that offers an adequate hypotensive action with fewer side effects. Pilopex is a promising new experimental pilocarpine polymer salt presently being studied in Israel. Photomydriasis, a process involving the use of a laser to enlarge miotic pupils also offers help for these patients. N-demethylated carbachol is a new parasympathomimetic drug currently under study for glaucoma therapy. Initial results show that it may have considerable ocular hypotensive action with fewer adverse effects.

Carbachol↗
PubMed1989

Early (preweanling) recognition of alcohol's orosensory cues resulting from acute ethanol intoxication.

Three experiments were conducted in order to analyze the possibility that during acute alcohol intoxication, preweanling rats process ethanol's orosensory cues. Intragastric administration of an ethanol dose equivalent to 3.0 g/kg resulted in peak blood alcohol levels greater than 250 mg% (Experiment 1). Twenty-four hours after receiving this dose, 11-day-old pups expressed an ethanol odor aversion in a locational test. This aversion response was not observed when pups were previously administered an ethanol dose resulting in blood alcohol levels lower than 150 mg% (Experiment 2). Nevertheless when subjects received such a lower dose and 30 to 60 min after administration suffered nociceptive stimulation, alcohol aversions were also detected in terms of alcohol ingestion patterns and ethanol odor aversions (Experiment 3). These results appear to indicate that orosensory ethanol processing takes place during acute ethanol intoxication probably due to ethanol elimination via respiration, salivation, and/or hematogenic olfaction processes.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1989

Acute alcohol intoxication paired with appetitive reinforcement: effects upon ethanol intake in infant rats.

A recent study suggested that infant rats process alcohol odor and/or taste during acute ethanol intoxication probably due to ethanol elimination via respiration and salivation. The present set of experiments was meant to analyze the possibility that this orosensory processing may act as a conditioned stimulus when an appetitive reinforcer is paired with the state of intoxication. In the first experiment it was observed that intragastric administration of a mildly intoxicating ethanol dose (1.5 g/kg), paired during postabsorptive time intervals with oral infusion of sucrose, was sufficient to promote a significant preference to ethanol. In Experiment 2 different doses of ethanol were either paired or explicitly unpaired with sucrose administration. The result reported in Experiment 1 was replicated and it was observed that a higher dose (3.0 g/kg) unpaired with the reinforcer resulted in alcohol aversions in terms of alcohol consumption patterns. However, when the reinforcer was paired with this dose, the aversion was inhibited. Finally, in the third experiment results indicated that preexposure to alcohol odor eliminates sucrose-conditioned alcohol preferences. These results indicate that, in physiologically immature rats, alcohol preference can be regulated by prior associative experiences involving the state of intoxication and consequences internal and/or inherent to this state.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2004

The brain stem but not forebrain independently supports morphine tolerance and withdrawal effects in cats.

We employed polygraphic recordings and behavioral measures to study the effects of chronic morphine use upon the isolated forebrain and the decerebrate animal in cats with a midbrain transection. Cats received morphine for 12 days, and 24 h recording sessions were conducted on days 1 and 11. For the decerebrate cat, the percent time of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was reduced during the 24 h period on both days 1 and 11. However, the values on day 11 were consistently higher than the values on day 1. Other tolerance indicators were decreases in the number of early behavioral signs and in the onset delay for REM sleep, together with an increase in onset time for motor activation. After naloxone (day 12) all cats displayed "wet shakes," tachypnea and eye squinting, as well as either pyloerection, elevated tail, salivation, licking, micturition, and yawning. In the isolated forebrain, the percent time for waking increased through the first 18 h post-morphine on both days 1 and 11. Conversely, the duration of non-REM (NREM) sleep and of drowsiness decreased. But importantly, the duration of sleep-waking states did not vary between days 11 and 1, indicating absence of tolerance. Additionally, after naloxone, the isolated forebrain entered NREM sleep, contrasting with opposite findings in intact cats. Therefore, while we could not demonstrate chronic use effects in the isolated forebrain, the decerebrate cat still displayed typical tolerance/withdrawal manifestations. This suggests that the effects of chronic opiate use are deeply seated in the brain stem, which might help understanding the ingrained nature of physical dependence.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Craving for alcohol and pre-attentive processing of alcohol stimuli.

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis of unconscious attending to alcohol-related information in alcoholics experiencing a high level of craving for alcohol. Subjects included a group of alcoholics (n=34) divided by a median split on a craving measure into two groups labeled as 'high craving' (n=18) and 'low craving' (n=16) alcoholics, and a non-alcoholic control group (n=39). The cardiovascular reactions of these groups were compared after their exposure to masked and unmasked alcohol and control stimuli. As expected the 'high craving' alcoholics showed an immediate heart rate deceleration after exposure to masked and non-consciously accessible alcohol pictures. The 'high craving' alcoholics reported a small but significant increase in difficulty resisting a drink after exposure to masked alcohol pictures. When the alcohol pictures were presented unmasked a significant increase was found in both high and low craving alcoholics on consciously expressed urges, fidgeting and reduced coping with temptation to drink. The 'high craving' alcoholics had lower tonic heart rate variability compared to the control group and the level of craving was positively associated with salivation during the exposure to all picture types. The findings generally support the psychobiological theory of craving, which suggests that the uncontrollability of the craving experience is rooted in unconscious processing of drug-related information.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Sialorrhea, hyperhidrosis and botulinum toxin].

OBJECTIVE: The first clinical studies indicate that Botox provides effective treatment for hyperhidrosis and sialorrhea. The aim of this work is to sum up current evaluation of this use. METHOD: A systematic literature search was conducted on the Pub Med database, along with on chapters in other publications. The most interesting articles in relation to our own personal experience were chosen. RESULTS: Despite recent use of BT to treat focal hyperhidrosis, there have been numerous publications since 1997. However, the injected areas have not been listed so frequently. Axillary hyperhidrosis has been studied most; it is also in this case and in the case of gustatory sweating that the best results have been obtained. Publications about palmar and especially plantar hyperhidrosis are much rarer, almost anecdotic. It has been demonstrated to a lesser extent that BT injections are effective in these cases. Literature about sialorrhea is just beginning. However, the reduction of the production of saliva following intra parenchymatic injection of toxin into the parotid and submandibular glands, thus rarifying drooling, has been demonstrated. For each of the pathological indications, both the injection techniques and the optimal doses remain to be determined. DISCUSSION: Because BT blocks all cholinergic transmission, including the autonomous nervous system, it was plausible to expect a reduction in sweating and salivation on local injection of the product. In fact, the first publications indicated such efficiency without serious side effects. For hyperhidrosis, there has developed a consensus for making intracutaneous injections only. Of the injections in axillary areas, the palms of the hands, the plantar regions, the face or other cutaneous areas, palmoplantar hyperhidrosis is the least accessible, in any case causes the most technical problems, because of difficulty in pain management. For sialorrhea and the drooling that accompanies certain chronical neurological diseases, BT seems to have very promising effects. However, it has not been precisely determined whether to inject the parotid gland, the submandibular gland, or both. Necessary and sufficient means of targeting are still imprecise. It also remains to be determined the number of sites per gland and the doses to be injected.

Anti-Dyskinesia Agents↗