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PubMed1990

Sharps disposal containers and their use.

Safe disposal of sharps in health care is more important than ever before especially with the risks of disease transmission. This paper reviews the fundamental issues of sharps containers including design features, container use and the future needs for safety. A simple solution meeting all requirements may never be available and further research to strive for the safest design is still needed. Although an ultimate design may emerge, the general education of all sharps users regarding safety will always be paramount.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed2004

Examining farmland applications of composted biosolid wastes depending on nutrient balance in soils.

This study emphasizes nutrient balance of soils in the farmland application of composted biosolid wastes. The loading rates of plant nutrients following the compost application to farmland in Japan were estimated and compared with the nutrient uptake of agricultural plants. Results show that the current compost application in Japan can meet the requirements of agricultural plants for plant nutrient Ca, except for K, Mg, P, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn. The compost application could realize the safe disposal of biosolid wastes and the effective recycling of plant nutrients in composts to soils without causing heavy metal accumulation. The application manner of composts affects the heavy metal accumulation in farmlands. Field examination indicates that the excessive compost application has led to the heavy metal accumulation in compost-amended farmlands. Measuring the nutrient balance in compost-amended farmlands is well suitable for explaining the accumulation of heavy metals, such as Cu and Zn.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

Recent trends and current practices for secondary processing of zinc and lead. Part II: zinc recovery from secondary sources.

Almost all metallurgical processes are associated with the generation of wastes and residues that may be hazardous or non-hazardous in nature depending upon the criteria specified by institutions such as the US Environment Protection Agency, etc. Wastes containing heavy and toxic metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, copper, mercury, zinc, etc., that are present beyond permissible limits deemed to be treated or disposed of, and non-hazardous wastes can be utilized for metal recovery or safe disposal. Zinc is in growing demand all over the world. In India, a major amount of zinc is imported and therefore processing of zinc secondaries will assist in satisfying the gap between demand and supply to some extent. This report mainly focuses on the current practices and recent trends on the secondary processing of zinc. Attempts made by various laboratories to develop ecofriendly processes for the recovery of zinc from secondary raw materials are also described and discussed.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1983

Legislative aspects of hazardous waste management.

In the fall of 1976 Congress enacted the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, commonly referred to as RCRA. The objective of the statute is to create an orderly system for the generation, handling and disposal of hazardous waste by means of a comprehensive tracking and record keeping mechanism. RCRA does not regulate directly by statute so much as it delegates rule making authority to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Pursuant to its mandate to develop regulations in accordance with the broad criteria of RCRA, EPA has published extensive regulations. These regulations address hazardous waste generation, transportation, treatment, storage and handling and its final disposal. The statute also offers remedies available to both EPA and the public at large to ensure enforcement of the provisions of RCRA and the EPA regulations. Additionally, it sets guidelines for states to implement their own hazardous waste management programs. This article is intended to introduce this complicated statutory/regulatory package to scientists and health professionals. It outlines the provisions of RCRA and the EPA regulations, abbreviates early judicial decisions interpreting these provisions and sets forth a brief description of various state approaches to hazardous waste management.

Government Agencies↗
PubMed1982

Hazardous waste management system; standards applicable to generators of hazardous waste; state program requirements. Environmental Protection Agency. Final rule.

On February 26, 1980 and May 19, 1980, under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published regulations establishing a system to manage hazardous waste. Those regulations allowed hazardous waste generators to accumulate hazardous waste on-site without obtaining a permit or meeting financial responsibility requirements if they shipped the waste off-site within 90 days. On November 19, 1980, the Agency published an interim final rule which expanded the scope of the provision to include generators who treat, store or dispose of hazardous waste on-site. The final rule published today retains this change. As a result of public comments, the Agency is making several changes to the interim final rule. These changes (1) Clarify that the provision is applicable to all generators, including those who accumulate hazardous waste for the purpose of use, reuse, recycling and reclamation, (2) remove the requirement for use of DOT containers, (3) revise the labelling and marking requirements for wastes accumulated in containers and tanks; and (4) allow an extension to the 90-day accumulation limit in certain circumstances.

Refuse Disposal↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of dry and wet digestion for solid waste.

To reduce the amount of MSW going to landfills a number of technologies have been developed. Two main types of anaerobic digestion processes are distinguished for MSW organic waste, which are generally referred to as "wet" (10-15% DM) and "dry" (24-40% DM) anaerobic digestion processes. The input is conditioned to the appropriate DM content by adding process water as required. This article compares a full-scale dry process, Valorga in La Coruña, Spain and a wet process, Vagron in Groningen, The Netherlands. A crucial difference is that the Vagron facility applies a washing step prior to the AD process to remove inert materials for re-use and to prevent damage of the installation. In the Valorga facility the organic fraction of the mechanical separation process is fed directly to the AD process. Both processes can be considered proven technology. Specific gas production is practically identical. Waste water production is higher in the wet process, as is to be expected, but this is compensated by a smaller amount of digestate to be disposed of and the separation of inert materials suitable for recycling. The organic loading rate for the Vagron process appears to be higher and the required reactor volume smaller in comparison to the dry Valorga process. The applicability of AD processes is strongly determined by the environmental standards set for the products from digestion. The German standards for digestate result in a lower potential for recycling of inert material separated from organic MSW.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed2004

Characterization and management of municipal solid waste of Srinagar-Garhwal.

Characterization and physico-chemical composition of municipal solid waste of Srinagar-Garhwal, a hill town of Uttaranchal were carried out to know the composition of solid waste for its efficient management. A total of 28,56,500 kg (2,856.5 tonnes) of solid waste was produced per annum. A disposal site away from the open bank of Alaknanda has been suggested. 1,500 m3 volume of land will be required for the land filling of half of the solid waste generated in Srinagar town. In addition to it, 60 numbers of trenches (size 10 m x 3 m x 1 m) with clear spacing of 2.0 m will be required for the composting of remaining half of the solid waste. A list of suggestions has also been made for reducing the waste generation at source.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2005

Influence of mechanical-biological waste pre-treatment methods on the gas formation in landfills.

In order to minimise emissions and environmental impacts, only pre-treated waste should be disposed of. For the last six years, a series of continuous experiments has been conducted at the Institute WAR, TU Darmstadt, in order to determine the emissions from pre-treated waste. Different kinds of pre-treated waste were incubated in several reactors and various data, including production and composition of the gas and the leachate, were collected. In this paper, the interim results of gas production and the gas composition from different types of waste after a running time of six years are presented and discussed.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2001

Recovery of dredged material for beneficial use: the future role of physical separation processes.

Sediments dredged from navigational waterways have historically been disposed in confined disposal facilities (CDFs) or in open water. When sediments are contaminated, open water disposal is typically not an alternative, and sediments are placed in CDFs. Many CDFs are nearing capacity, and siting and constructing new facilities is both difficult and expensive. In many cases, CDFs contain both clean and contaminated dredged material. Removal of materials suitable for beneficial use (BU) is one alternative under consideration to extend the life of existing CDFs, as is separation of recoverable materials at the time of disposal. Several technologies for recovery of clean materials or treatment of contaminated materials for beneficial use are presently under evaluation. Physical separation technologies have been demonstrated to have potential in reducing the volume of sediment that must be managed with confined disposal, but there are several technical issues that remain to be addressed. Determination of beneficial use specifications, physical and chemical characterization of dredged material, overall site characterization, selection of suitable unit operations, management of liquid and solid residuals, and cost/benefit analysis, are all important aspects to successful implementation of separation processes. Several of these elements are presently being evaluated in research conducted by the US Army Corps of Engineers, at the ERDC Waterways Experiment Station (WES).

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1994

Recovery and disposal of discarded tires in the Taiwan area.

Urbanization and industrialization has resulted in a vast amount of artificial water containers in Taiwan, especially discarded automobile tires. 3.5 million automobile tires and several million motorcycle tires are discarded annually. The discarded tires contaminate the environment and also become a substantial number of breeding sites for the dengue vector mosquitoes. In order to establish a sound system for the recovery and disposal of discarded tires and to control dengue fever through source reduction, it has been emphasized that users must pay for their waste. It is necessary to recover and properly dispose of these discarded tired. The commercial firms which sell or manufacture tires are therefore advised to cooperate with the Environmental Protection Administration of the Executive Yuan, R.O.C. and follow the "Regulations of Recovery and Disposal of Discarded Tires". They are requested to establish foundations for the recovery of discarded tires. Those who are willing to join should prepay a deposit or related charge by the size of tire, which is imported or locally manufactured. The foundation utilizes the deposits for the recovery and disposal of discarded tires. From 1991 to 1993 the commercial tire firms had already achieved the 80% recovery rates declared by the authorities concerned. Some of the tires, after having been recovered, were recycled in the original form and the rest were cut into small pieces for recycling after physical treatment. It should be mentioned that the Department of Environmental Protection of Kaohsiung City has collected 80 thousand discarded automobile tires to be used as ocean jetty.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aedes↗
PubMed2005

Participatory management of waste disposal.

The general objective of this study was to develop a sustainable waste disposal management model in Yom riverside communities by creating a sense of ownership in the project among the villagers and encourage the community to identify problems based on their socio-cultural background. The participatory approach was applied in developing a continual learning process between the researcher and stakeholders. The Tub Phueng community of Si Samrong, Sukhothai Province was selected as the location for this study. From the population of 240 households in the area, 40 stakeholders were selected to be on the research team. The team found that the waste in this community was comprised of 4 categories: 1. Occupation: discarded insecticide containers used for farming activities; 2. Consumption: plastic bags and wrappers form pre-packed foods; 3. Traditional activities: after holding ceremonies and festivities, the waste was dumped in the river; and 4. Environmental hygiene: waste water from washing, bathing, toileting, cooking and cleaning was directly drained into the Yom River. The sustainable waste disposal model developed to manage these problems included building simple waste-water treatment wells, digging garbage holes, prosecuting people who throw garbage into the river, withdrawing privileges from people who throw garbage into the river, and establishing a garbage center. Most of the villagers were satisfied with the proposed model, looked forward to the expected positive changes, and thought this kind of solution would be easy to put into practice.

Community Health Planning↗
PubMed1978

Hazardous solid waste from agriculture.

Large quantities of food processing, crop, forestry, and animal solid wastes are generated in the United States each year. The major components of these wastes are biodegradable. However, they also contain components such as nitrogen, human and animal pathogens, medicinals, feed additives, salts, and certain metals, that under uncontrolled conditions can be detrimental to aquatic, plant, animal, or human life. The most common method of disposal of these wastes is application to the land. Thus the major pathways for transmission of hazards are from and through the soil. Use of these wastes as animal feed also can be a pathway. While at this time there are no crises associated with hazardous materials in agricultural solid wastes, the potential for problems should not be underestimated. Manpower and financial support should be provided to obtain more detailed information in this area, esepcially to better delineate transport and dispersal and to determine and evaluate risks.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2003

Spent ion exchange resin-its treatment from the point of view of safe disposal.

Ion exchange process is one of the treatment methods for radioactive waste. The resin becomes no longer useful after number of cycles of usage. At the same time the regenerated resin cannot be considered as non active waste for disposal. Hence it is felt necessary that the regenerated resin is treated in a fashion so as to result in a form which can be considered as inactive material. It is possible to convert this spent resin into multivalent ionic form which are generally non leachable, thus providing the necessary properties for meeting the disposal criteria. Studies were carried out for the exchange of radioactive ions on these resins with ions like Al3+, Sn4+, Pb2+ and Fe3+ etc. The studies included leachability aspects, exchange with other active ions, thermal characteristics, compressive strength of the cement blocks loaded with the resin etc. Our studies indicated that the order of the stability of the resin with respect to properties like leachability, exchange properties etc. follow the trend as follows: Sn4+ > Pb2+ > Al3+ > Fe3+.

Compressive Strength↗
PubMed1989

Measurements of air pollutants at two disposal sites in Cairo.

40,000 people live on the periphery of Cairo. They dispose of the city's entire waste. A complete recycling of the waste is carried out (up to 90%). The rest is burnt. Enormous fume emissions result form the incomplete burning process of their constituents of rest wastes (plastic, paper rests, tins cloth rests, org. material). The daily burning process lasts from midday to approximately 11 p.m. The main pollutants measured were: Carbon monoxide, hydrochloric acid and sulphur dioxide. As the results demonstrate, high amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrochloric acid are emitted from the burning process.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2006

Impact assessment of waste management options in Singapore.

This paper describes the application of life cycle assessment for evaluating various waste management options in Singapore, a small-island city state. The impact assessment method by SimaPro is carried out for comparing the potential environmental impacts of waste treatment options including landfilling, incineration, recycling, and composting. The inventory data include gases and leachate from landfills, air emissions and energy recovery from incinerators, energy (and emission) savings from recycling, composting gases, and transport pollution. The impact assessment results for climate change, acidification, and ecotoxicity show that the incineration of materials imposes considerable harm to both human health and the environment, especially for the burning of plastics, paper/cardboard, and ferrous metals. The results also show that, although some amount of energy can be derived from the incineration of wastes, these benefits are outweighed by the air pollution (heavy metals and dioxins/furans) that incinerators produce. For Singapore, landfill gases and leachate generate minimal environmental damage because of the nation's policy to landfill only 10% of the total disposed wastes. Land transportation and separation of waste materials also pose minimal environmental damage. However, sea transportation to the landfill could contribute significantly to acidification because of the emissions of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides from barges. The composting of horticultural wastes hardly imposes any environmental damage. Out of all the waste strategies, the recycling of wastes offers the best solution for environmental protection and improved human health for the nation. Significant emission savings can be realized through recycling.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2004

Industrial sludge solidification by using clinoptilolite.

The sludge from metal plating industry is generally considered as "hazardous waste" due to its toxic heavy metal content. Solidification/stabilization techniques which are applied as prior to landfill give good results for the disposal of especially inorganic sludges into the landfill in a safe manner. The research is aimed to investigate an effective and low cost solidification technique for the sludge of a metal plating factory by using different particle sizes of clinoptilolite. Clinoptilolite is a kind of natural zeolite and it was used due to its good pozzolanic characteristic and its abundant reserves in Turkey. According to the results, clinoptilolite was found as a successful solidification additive yielding products with high unconfined compressive strength and low leaching.

Compressive Strength↗
PubMed2006

Research on leachate recirculation from different types of landfills.

Landfills can produce a great amount of leachate containing highly concentrated organic matter. This is especially true for the initial leachate from landfilled municipal solid wastes (MSW) that generally has concentrations of COD(Cr) and BOD(5) up to 80,000 and 50,000mg/L, respectively. The leachate could be disposed by means of recirculating technique, which decomposes the organics through the action of proliferating microorganisms and thereby purifies the leachate, and simultaneously accelerates organic decomposition through water saturation control. Data from experimental results indicated that leachate recirculating could reduce the organic concentration considerably, with a maximum reduction rate of COD(Cr) over 95%; and, using a semi-aerobic process, NH(3)-N concentration of treated leachate could be under 10mg/L. In addition, the organic concentration in MSW decreased greatly.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed2000

Influence of the size reduction of organic waste on their anaerobic digestion.

The rate-limiting step in anaerobic digestion of organic solid waste is generally their hydrolysis. A size reduction of the particles and the resulting enlargement of the available specific surface can support the biological process in two ways. Firstly, in case of substrates with a high content of fibres and a low xegradability, their comminution yields to an improved digester gas production. This leads to a decreased amount of residues to be disposed of and to an increased quantity of useful digester gas. The second effect of the particle size reduction observed with all the substrates but particularly with those of low degradability is a reduction of the technical digestion time. Furthermore, the particle size of organic waste has an influence on the dewaterability after codigestion with sewage sludge. The presence of organic waste residues improves the dewaterability measured as specific resistance to filtration but this positive effect is attenuated if the particle size of the solids is reduced.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗