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At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

A double-blind, randomized, clinical trial of the effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on diarrheal disease and respiratory tract infections in children in Mexico City, Mexico.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of micronutrient supplementation in improving childhood health and survival in developing countries may be specific to the micronutrient used and health outcome measured. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on overall rates of childhood diarrheal disease and respiratory tract infections and rates stratified by household and personal characteristics. DESIGN: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was carried out in which 736 children aged 6-15 mo living in a periurban area of Mexico City were assigned to receive vitamin A every 2 mo, zinc daily, vitamin A and zinc together, or placebo. Children were followed for 12 mo to determine overall counts of diarrheal episodes and respiratory tract infections. RESULTS: Vitamin A supplementation was associated with a 27% increase in diarrheal disease [risk ratio (RR): 1.27; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.45; P < 0.001] and a 23% increase in cough with fever (RR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.47; P = 0.02), whereas zinc had no effect on these outcomes. Vitamin A supplementation decreased diarrhea in children from households with dirt floors but increased diarrhea in children from households with nondirt floors, piped water, and indoor bathrooms. Zinc supplementation decreased diarrhea in children from households with dirt floors and whose mothers were more educated. Vitamin A supplementation increased cough with fever in children from less-crowded households that lacked indoor bathrooms and in children of less-educated mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin A increases diarrheal disease and respiratory tract infections in young children in periurban areas of Mexico City. Vitamin A and zinc have more heterogeneous effects in different subgroups of children.

Confidence Intervals↗
PubMed2001

Airway biofilm disease.

This paper describes the formation of biofilm, its characteristics, its effect on the host cells and treatment of the condition. The airway biofilm diseases are known to be intractable and persistent; also, auto-immune factors play a role in the development of the symptoms. The characteristic of airway biofilm diseases is of a harmful auto-immune reaction occurring along with the symptoms which are different from the simple acute infection interaction between microorganism and host in an acute airway infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Arterial blood gas and acid-base values in dogs with various diseases and signs of disease.

Results of arterial blood gas and acid-base analysis on initial samples prior to therapy were reviewed for 220 dogs admitted to the University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Acidemia or alkalemia was detected in 61 of 220 dogs (28%). The most common acid-base abnormality was metabolic acidosis (79 of 220 dogs--36%). Primary metabolic acidosis was the acid-base category associated most frequently with the combination of vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration, and the combination of polydipsia and polyuria, whereas normal mean arterial PCO2 and [HCO3-] values and primary metabolic acidosis were detected with equal frequency in vomiting, diarrhea, and cyanosis. Arterial hypoxemia was found most frequently in patients with restrictive respiratory tract disease (restricted lung expansion), lower respiratory tract disease, heartworm disease, and circulatory system disease. Significantly lower (P less than or equal to 0.05) arterial pH and PO2 were detected initially in dogs that eventually died, as compared with dogs that were improved at the time of discharge from the hospital. Mean [HCO3-] values also were lower initially in dogs that eventually died, as compared with those that improved, but the differences were not statistically significant.

Acid-Base Imbalance↗
PubMed1988

Respiratory diseases in pregnancy.

Pregnant women with respiratory problems pose a special challenge. Pregnancy alters lung function and the natural history of common pulmonary disorders. Respiratory problems in pregnancy must be approached with an understanding of the unique, inter-dependent physiologic and psychological status of mother and fetus.

Asthma↗
PubMed2002

Effects of environmental tobacco smoke on the respiratory health of children.

This review synthesizes current knowledge of the effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke on the respiratory health of children. A Medline database search was conducted for 1966 through October 2000. Limited evidence was found that exposure in pregnancy influences fetal growth, increases the risk of preterm delivery, and predicts the development of asthma and reduced lung function later in life. Both occupational and home environments contribute to the exposure of pregnant women and thus indirectly to adverse effects on children. There is strong and consistent evidence that exposure in childhood causes chronic respiratory symptoms (eg, cough, phlegm, and wheezing) and induces asthma. Limited evidence supports the role of childhood exposure in the poor overall control of established disease. Postnatal exposure is likely to have a small adverse impact on lung function growth. Prenatal and postnatal exposures have an important impact on children's respiratory health. These effects are preventable if pregnant women and children are protected from exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.

Asthma↗
PubMed2000

Effects of tilmicosin phosphate, administered prior to transport or at time of arrival, and feeding of chlortetracycline, after arrival in a feedlot, on Mannheimia haemolytica in nasal secretions of transported steers.

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of time of administration of tilmicosin and feeding of chlortetracycline on colonization of the nasopharynx of transported cattle by Mannheimia haemolytica (MH). ANIMALS: 454 steers (body weight, 200 kg). PROCEDURE: 3 studies included 4 truckloads of steers assembled and processed in the southeastern United States. For each truckload of steers, a third received tilmicosin before transportation (PRIOR), then all were transported to a feedlot in New Mexico (23 hours). At arrival (day 0), another third received tilmicosin (ARR). The remaining third did not receive tilmicosin (control steers [CTR]). Steers in studies 1 and 2 were housed in a feedlot, and steers in study 3 were housed on wheat pasture. One half of the steers from each group in studies 2 and 3 were fed chlortetracycline on days 5 to 9. Steer with signs of respiratory tract disease were treated. Nasal swab specimens were examined for MH to determine colonization. RESULTS: PRIOR and ARR steers had a lower incidence of respiratory tract disease and MH colonization than CTR steers, but PRIOR and ARR steers did not differ. Feeding chlortetracycline did not have an effect. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Tilmicosin can inhibit MH from colonizing the nasopharynx of cattle. Because tilmicosin inhibits the growth of MH in the respiratory tract, medication with tilmicosin prior to transport should reduce the incidence of acute respiratory tract disease during the first week at the feedlot when calves are most susceptible to infectious organisms.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

Studies of the community and family: acute respiratory illness and infection.

Studies of acute respiratory illnesses in families and their communities have been carried out for most of this century. The initial studies established the importance of these illnesses in terms of their frequency and severity. Age-specific illness rates and principles concerning disease transmission were documented in the period before identification of the etiologic agents. Since that time, the knowledge base has been expanded dramatically. Of all the viruses, rhinoviruses cause more illness of any severity than any other in all age groups. As a result, rates of rhinovirus-specific illnesses resemble those of all-cause respiratory illnesses. The greatest advantage of community-based studies is their ability to study transmission. Since control of infection for most of the agents has been difficult to achieve by conventional means, interruption of transmission should be examined as a possible alternative (97).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Common variable immune deficiency: respiratory manifestations, pulmonary function and high-resolution CT scan findings.

BACKGROUND: Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is prone to under-diagnosis and may not reach relevant specialists until late in life. Morbidity is most commonly due to acute-on-chronic respiratory infections leading to respiratory failure. AIM: To investigate respiratory complications, lung function and high-resolution computerized tomography scan (HRCT) findings and mortality in 47 patients with CVID. SETTING: A regional immunology unit (Birmingham Heartlands Hospital). DESIGN: Retrospective observational case-note study following the introduction of shared care between immunology and respiratory medicine. RESULTS: Age at diagnosis ranged from 5 to 72 years, with a median time from development of first symptoms to diagnosis of 4.0 years. There was delay in referral between chest physicians and immunologists, (median referral time between specialities >5 years). Forty-two patients had respiratory complications, due to bronchiectasis (n=32), asthma (n=7), recurrent chest infections (n=9) without concomitant evidence of structural lung damage, and granulomatous lung disease (n=2). Spirometry was abnormal in 10/39 patients (7 obstructive, 3 restrictive). Bronchiectasis was confirmed on chest radiograph (n=9) and HRCT (n=24). Despite the high prevalence of bronchiectasis, few patients had received instruction in physiotherapy and sputum culture results were sparse. DISCUSSION: To reduce the morbidity associated with CVID, there needs to be greater awareness of respiratory complications, particularly amongst physicians caring for such patients. Emphasis has been placed on adequate dosage of immunoglobulin, but early involvement by a respiratory physician is essential to monitor lung function and initiate optimal therapy, to minimize the occurrence and progression of lung damage.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Respiratory problems in renal transplant recipients admitted to intensive care during long-term follow-up.

Cardiovascular disease, malignancies, and infectious complications are major causes of morbidity and mortality of renal transplant recipients. Mortality rates vary between 16% and 40% in an intensive care unit (ICU). The aims of this study were to identify the types incidences of respiratory problems that affected renal transplant recipients admitted to the ICU during long-term follow-up thereby determining the impact of respiratory problems on mortality. We reviewed the data for 34 recipients who had 39 ICU admissions from January 2000 through December 2003. Twenty-four admissions (61.5%) had at least one respiratory problem at admission or developed at least one during the ICU stay. The most frequent problem was pneumonia (n=18, 46.2% of the 39 readmissions), followed by acute respiratory failure (n=10, 25.6%), atelectasis (n=9, 23.1%), pleural effusion (n=8, 20.5%), and pulmonary edema (n=2, 5.1%). The patients who had respiratory problems showed a significantly higher mortality rate than those who did not have respiratory problems (66.6% versus 26.6%, respectively; P<.05). The overall mortality rate was 58.8% (20 patients). Thus, infectious and respiratory problems are the most frequent indications for admission and the most common problems during an ICU stay. The prognosis for patients who either have a respiratory problem upon admission to the ICU or develop one during the ICU stay is poor.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Clinical and physiological manifestations of bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Outcome of respiratory syncytial virus.

The physiological abnormalities and clinical correlates of 32 infants consecutively hospitalized with lower respiratory tract disease from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were studied in an attempt to characterized the infant most at risk for the acute and long-term complications of RSV infection. Arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2) determinations were obtained daily by means of an ear oximeter. On admission all infants were hypoxemic with a mean Sao2 of 87% (range, 74% to 95%). The mean of the lowest Soa2 recorded during their hospitalization was 85.5% (range, 53% to 96%). The hypoxemia improved little during hospitalization but showed improvement three to seven weeks later. The severity of the hypoxemia correlated significantly with the duration of viral shedding, occurrence of apnea, respiratory rate, age, and percentage of immature neutrophils. Clinical severity did not correlate with the degree of hypoxemia.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Illnesses in infants born to women with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. A prospective study.

Chlamydia trachomatis is known to cause infant pneumonitis and conjunctivitis and is a suspected cause of otitis media and gastroenteritis. To identify infections associated with exposure to C trachomatis, infant illnesses were studied through a "blinded" review of medical records of 244 infants born to women cultured antenatally for cervical C trachomatis, 25% of whom had C trachomatis-positive cultures. Compared with unexposed infants, infants exposed to C trachomatis had twice the rate of both pneumonitis and recurrent otitis media in the first six months. Infants who were exposed to C trachomatis and who had pneumonitis had higher subsequent rates of gastroenteritis than either unexposed infants or exposed infants without pneumonitis. These results suggest that appreciable outpatient infant morbidity may be associated with maternal infection with C trachomatis, and that it may either cause or promote the occurrence of early, recurrent otitis media and gastroenteritis.

Bronchitis↗