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At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Lack of progress in labor as a reason for cesarean.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of lack of progress in labor as a reason for cesarean delivery and to compare published diagnostic criteria with the labor characteristics of women with this diagnosis. METHODS: We reviewed medical records and did a postpartum telephone survey to collect data from 733 women who delivered full-term, nonbreech infants by unplanned cesarean between March 1993 and February 1994. These were a subset of 2447 births sampled at delivery from 30 hospitals in Los Angeles County and Iowa. We measured the proportion of unplanned cesareans done for lack of progress in labor, the cervical dilatation at the time of cesarean, length of the second stage, and slope of the active phase among the women. We estimated the proportion of these cesareans that conformed to the ACOG criteria for the diagnosis of lack of progress. RESULTS: Lack of progress was a reason for 68% of unplanned, vertex cesareans. At least 16% of the subjects who had cesareans for lack of progress were in the latent phase of labor according to ACOG criteria. The second stage was not prolonged in 36% of the women who delivered at 10 cm. CONCLUSION: Lack of progress in labor is a dominant reason for cesarean delivery. Many cesareans are done during the latent phase of labor, and in the second stage of labor when it is not prolonged. These practices do not conform to published diagnostic criteria for lack of progress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer: enhanced prediction of progression after radical prostatectomy.

It is controversial whether neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in adenocarcinoma of the prostate is associated with more aggressive behavior. Most studies included patients with tumors of a wide range of grades and stages and an end point of disease-specific survival, a relatively insensitive marker of progression. The authors studied completely embedded radical prostatectomy specimens from 104 patients with clinically organ-confined carcinoma and no history of adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy. Progression was marked by a serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration greater than or equal to 0.2 ng/mL. Seventy-six men did not progress, with a mean follow-up period of 8.0 years (range = 7 to 10 years). Forty-eight men progressed at a mean time after surgery of 3.6 years (range = 1 to 8 years). Twenty-one percent of the tumors were organ confined: 79% had capsular penetration. Seminal vesicles and lymph nodes were negative in all cases. A representative section through the main tumor mass was stained for chromogranin A. Reactive neoplastic cells were counted subjectively as well as individually enumerated. Gleason grade, pathological stage, and degree of NE differentiation all correlated with progression. Only grade and extent of NE differentiation predicted progression in a multivariate analysis. NE differentiation did not correlate with stage or grade. Extent of NE differentiation separated patients (59 cases) with tumors of Gleason sum less than or equal to 6 into groups with high and low risks for progression (P < .008) independent of Gleason sum. Extent of NE differentiation provides prognostic information in addition to that provided by grade in cases of early prostate cancer treated by radical prostatectomy.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed1995

Influence of DNA ploidy and adjuvant treatment on progression and survival in patients with pathologic stage T3 (PT3) prostate cancer after radical retropubic prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether adjuvant treatment (AT: hormonal or radiation) affects outcome in pathologic Stage T3 (pT3) prostate cancer when analyzed according to DNA ploidy. METHODS: The predictive value of nuclear DNA ploidy and AT on clinical and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression and on overall and cause-specific survival after radical retropubic prostatectomy was assessed in 894 patients with pT3 prostate cancer. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 6.7 years (range, 0.3 to 20). Mean age was 66 years (range, 39 to 79). Six hundred sixty patients (74%) had no immediate AT, 131 (15%) had early adjuvant radiotherapy (ART), and 103 (12%) had early adjuvant orchiectomy (AHT). DNA diploid tumors were found in 445 patients (52%), tetraploid tumors in 346 (41%), and aneuploid tumors in 59 (7%). DNA ploidy was a significant (P < 0.05) prognostic indicator for clinical systemic progression-free survival. With PSA progression (more than 0.2 ng/mL) as an endpoint, ploidy was an even more powerful predictor for outcome (P = 0.004). Use of early AHT or ART was associated with decreased overall clinical progression for diploid and nondiploid tumors (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). With respect to PSA progression, ART and AHT were equally effective and superior to no AT only in patients with diploid tumors. However, in patients with nondiploid tumors, only AHT appeared to have improved PSA progression-free survival (P < 0.001) over ART or no AT, which are similar in outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In the present nonrandomized study, AHT was as effective as ART for all endpoints except for PSA more than 0.2 ng/mL progression, for which it appeared to be superior to ART for patients with nondiploid tumors.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Association between intraocular pressure peaks and progression of visual field loss.

Little is known about the relation between diurnal variations of intraocular pressure (IOP) and prognosis for glaucomatous visual field damage. The association between apparent progressive loss of visual field and the occurrence of IOP peaks was studied. Pressure peaks were detected by a self-tonometer in the natural environment of patients with glaucoma. The study groups consisted of patients with and without a strong indication of progressive visual field losses, all with IOPs of 22 mm Hg or less obtained in the ophthalmologist's office. Patients apparently undergoing progressive visual field loss were found to have significantly more frequent IOP peaks than patients with stable visual fields. A statistical evaluation indicated that, in a population with a 30% prevalence of progressive loss of visual field, 75% of the patients with peaks have progressive loss and 75% of those without peaks do not have visual field progression. Intraocular pressure peaks were thus shown to have an association with the apparent progression of vision loss independent of the mean IOP. Home tonometry appeared to be a promising tool for identifying patients at increased risk of developing visual field loss who may require intensified follow-up and an alteration in clinical management. However, the present study must be complemented by a prospective study.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Progressive and static nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy treated by optic nerve sheath decompression.

PURPOSE: Optic nerve sheath fenestration has been advocated as an effective treatment for progressive nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and anecdotally effective for selected patients with NAION who have not had progressive visual loss. To determine whether optic nerve sheath decompression is of any benefit in patients with NAION, the authors reviewed their experience, surgically treating 23 patients with progressive NAION and 15 patients with static or nonprogressive NAION. RESULTS: Patients with progressive NAION had a significant improvement in visual function as measured by Snellen visual acuity after optic nerve sheath decompression (P = 0.0005). There was no statistically significant improvement in visual field mean deviation (P = 0.11). The 15 patients undergoing optic nerve sheath decompression for static NAION failed to demonstrate significant improvement in either visual acuity (P = 0.90) or visual field mean deviation (P = 0.87). Preoperative standardized echography was used to measure the optic nerve sheath diameter and ascertain its compressibility (30 degrees test). There was a significant difference in compressibility between eyes with static NAION and eyes with progressive NAION (P = 0.001). Accumulation of optic nerve sheath fluid was documented in three eyes initially presenting with NAION and then with development of progressive visual dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Optic nerve sheath decompression improves visual acuity but has little effect on overall visual function in patients with progressive NAION. Optic nerve sheath decompression does not improve visual field or acuity in patients with static NAION. Detection of significant intrasheath fluid by standardized echography helps to objectively differentiate patients with NAION who may benefit from optic nerve sheath decompression.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Errors in the diagnosis of visual field progression in normal-tension glaucoma.

BACKGROUND: Despite strictly defined criteria for visual field progression in the ongoing Normal-tension Glaucoma Study, the authors noted a surprisingly large number of patients reaching the endpoint. Traditional methods could not be used to check the diagnostic accuracy of their criteria, because no "gold standard" was established for distinguishing true change from physiologic long-term fluctuation. METHODS: The authors developed a statistical method based on the results of duplicate tests for progression in their subjects. This method allowed the authors to assess the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of their diagnostic criterion. It also estimated the true incidence of progression and provided standard errors for the estimates. RESULTS: The authors found that their original strict criteria for progression, based on duplicate testing, produced false calls of progression 57% of the time. By raising the requirement for deterioration and by repeating the entire sequence of duplicate testing once more, the authors have successfully reduced the rate of false calls to 2%. CONCLUSION: Accuracy in recognizing progression is improved by not accepting small changes as evidence of progression and by confirming the findings on repeat testing.

Diagnostic Errors↗
PubMed1996

The requirements for G1 checkpoint progression of Trypanosoma brucei S 427 clone 1.

Trypanosoma brucei S 427 clone 1 accumulated in G1 when incubated under growth-limiting conditions. Further incubation of the G1-restricted organisms in medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 2 mM hydroxyurea resulted in their reversible arrest after a G1 checkpoint beyond which serum was not required for progress into and through S. Progress of the G1-restricted T. brucei through the G1 checkpoint was linear and required continuous incubation with exogenous serum growth factors. These were principally low and high density lipoproteins; both lipoproteins triggered G1 progression in a dose- and time-dependent manner whilst their removal by immunoaffinity chromatography severely reduced the capacity of FBS to stimulate G1 progression. Serum-induced progress of T. brucei through G1 was Ca(2+)-independent, but required gene transcription, protein synthesis, and continuous kinase activity that was inhibited by tyrphostin 51 and DAPH 1 which typically inhibit epidermal growth factor receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity. The tyrphostin 51-sensitive catalytic activity was not required for T. brucei protein synthesis, glycolysis, or S phase progression but was required for tyrosine phosphorylation of several polypeptides, none of which was specifically associated with serum-induced G1 progression.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Rates and risk factors of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis c.

BACKGROUND AIMS: In hepatitis C there is controversy over the linearity of the rate of progression and the significance of gender, mode of infection and viral factors. METHODS: 2313 untreated patients with a reliable estimated duration of infection and liver fibrosis were included. Fibrosis progression was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the rate of fibrosis progression using the hazard function. Seven risk factors were assessed: age at biopsy, gender, alcohol consumption, mode of infection, activity grade, hepatitis C virus genotype and RNA level. RESULTS: The percentage of patients without cirrhosis was 91% after 20 years of infection (95% CI:90-92%) and 56% after 40 years (95% CI:48-64%). Three independent factors were associated (P < 0.001) with a faster progression rate: age at infection, alcohol consumption of 50 g or more per day, and male gender. The mode of infection, histologic activity, genotype and viral load were not independently associated with fibrosis. Fibrosis progression was mainly dependent on age and the duration of infection and can be divided into four successive periods with very slow, slow, intermediate and rapid progression rates. CONCLUSION: In patients infected with hepatitis C, the majority of fibrosis progression occurred in those aged fifty years or older.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Long-term outcome of treatment for Ann Arbor Stage I Hodgkin's disease: prognostic factors for survival and freedom from progression.

PURPOSE: The earliest stages of Hodgkin's disease are associated with excellent short-term survival with radiation therapy. This has led to controversies regarding pretreatment evaluation, the extent of irradiation, the role of chemotherapy, and the relative importance of prognostic factors. Long-term results were sought to address these controversies. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A retrospective study was conducted of patients with Stage I Hodgkin's disease treated at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1967 through 1987. The median age at presentation of 145 patients was 31 years, and the male-to-female ratio was 1.8. Pretreatment evaluation included lymphangiography and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy in all patients. Laparotomy was performed in 101 of the 145 patients (70%). There were 133 patients with supradiaphragmatic presentations; 12 patients had infradiaphragmatic adenopathy. Only five patients had B symptoms (3.5%). Histologic subtypes of the disease included lymphocyte predominance 17.9%, nodular sclerosis 40.7%, mixed cellularity 40.7%, and one unclassified Hodgkin's disease with primary splenic involvement. All patients were treated with radiotherapy, and 16 (11%) also received combination chemotherapy as part of their initial treatment. Radiotherapy techniques included involved/regional field in 49%, extended field in 42.7% (mantle or inverted Y), and subtotal nodal irradiation in 8.3%. Follow-up extended from a minimum of 30-339 months, with a median period of observation of 16.5 years. RESULTS: The median survival was 13.7 years. The 10- and 20-year survival rates were 83% and 66%, respectively. The only factor important for decreased survival was age >40 years at diagnosis (p < 0.0001). Out of 43 deaths, 11 were the result of Hodgkin's disease and the remaining 32 resulted from intercurrent disease, including treatment-related causes. Median freedom from progression was 10.5 years, and the 10- and 20-year freedom from progression were 76% and 69%, respectively. Out of 39 relapses, 5 (13%) occurred beyond 10 years. Women had higher freedom from progression (p = 0.0534) than men. Age, histology, bulk of disease, site of involvement including the mediastinal presentations, and the addition of chemotherapy did not influence the freedom of progression. Although very few patients (12 of 145) received subtotal nodal irradiation, the freedom from progression at 10 years was 91.7% for this group versus 64.7% for the group of patients who were treated with more limited techniques. CONCLUSION: Treatment with radiation therapy for patients with Stage I Hodgkin's disease leads to an excellent outcome, but patients require long-term surveillance as late relapses are not rare. Age is the only factor that affects survival, and gender marginally affects freedom from progression. Subtotal nodal irradiation may improve freedom from progression; further investigation of this treatment is justified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Progression to established smoking: the influence of tobacco marketing.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that tobacco advertising leads to the onset of smoking among adolescents. However, much more still remains to be learned about the impact of tobacco advertising in the later transitions, mainly from experimentation to established smoking. In this study, we focused on the influence of tobacco advertising and promotions on the transition from experimentation to established smoking. METHODS: Data were derived from a longitudinal survey of adolescents in California. Adolescents who were classified as experimenters at baseline were included in the analyses (N=965). Receptivity to tobacco advertising and promotions refers to the development of a positive affective response to the communication (e.g., having a favorite tobacco advertisement or being willing to use a promotional item). RESULTS: Approximately 32% of adolescents who were experimenters at baseline in 1993, progressed to established smoking by follow-up in 1996. Progression was higher among Caucasian (37.3%) than Hispanic (21.9%) or African-American (17.6%) adolescents. Adolescents who perceived that most of their peers smoked, had poor relationships with family members, and were exposed to smoking friends and family members were more likely to progress to established smoking at follow-up in 1996. In addition, adolescents who were receptive to advertising and believed that they could quit anytime were more likely to progress to established smoking than those who did not think they could quit anytime. Adolescents who were willing to use a promotional item and who believed that they could quit anytime had the highest rate of progression to established smoking (52%). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that receptivity to tobacco advertising and promotions is an important factor in progressing from experimentation to established smoking among adolescents. Because perceived ability to quit made adolescents more likely to progress, counter-tobacco marketing campaigns should incorporate messages about addiction and difficulties associated with quitting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Relationship between changes of active oxygen metabolism and blood flow and formation, progression, and recovery of lesions is gastric mucosa of rats with a single treatment of compound 48/80, a mast cell degranulator.

The relationship between the changes of active oxygen metabolism and blood flow and the formation, progression, and recovery of lesions was examined in the gastric mucosa of rats treated once with compound 48/80, a mast cell degranulator. Gastric mucosal lesions appeared 0.5 hr after compound 48/80 treatment, became worst at 3 hr, and recovered fairly well at 12 hr. Increases in gastric mucosal lipid peroxide content and xanthine oxidase and myeloperoxidase activities and decreases in gastric mucosal vitamin E and hexosamine contents and Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity occurred with the formation and progression of gastric mucosal lesions. These changes were attenuated with the recovery of the lesion. Gastric mucosal nonprotein SH content decreased with the formation of gastric mucosal lesions, and this decreased SH content returned to near the original level with lesion progression. No changes in gastric mucosal superoxide dismutase and catalase activities occurred with the formation, progression, and recovery of gastric mucosal lesions. Gastric mucosal blood flow decreased with the formation of gastric mucosal lesions, and this decreased blood flow recovered with lesion progression. Serum serotonin concentration, an index of mast cell degranulation, increased with the formation of gastric mucosal lesions, and this increased serotonin level was attenuated with lesion progression and recovery. Pretreatment with ketotifen, a connective tissue mast cell stabilizer, prevented the formation of gastric mucosal lesions, the increases of gastric mucosal lipid peroxide content, xanthine oxidase and myeloperoxidase activities, and serum serotonin level; and the decreases of gastric mucosal nonprotein SH content, glutathione peroxidase activity, and blood flow found at 0.5 hr after compound 48/80 treatment. These results indicate that the changes of gastric mucosal active oxygen metabolism and blood flow are closely related to the formation, progression, and recovery of gastric mucosal lesions in rats with a single compound 48/80 treatment. The present results also suggest that this compound 48/80-induced gastric mucosal injury could be a kind of ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury occurring through degranulation of connective tissue mast cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Increased serum levels of soluble Fas in progressive B-CLL.

Clinical progression of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) depends on survival and accumulation of leukemic cells, regulated in part by physical cell contact and soluble molecules. Here we have studied the Fas/FasL system in relation to clinical progression in B-CLL. Serum levels of soluble Fas (sFas) and FasL (sFasL) were determined by ELISA in 43 progressive and 40 non-progressive B-CLL patients and in 21 control individuals. Correlation between sFas serum levels and clinical progression, stage and survival were statistically analyzed. We found high levels of sFas in B-CLL sera correlated with disease progression (p<0.01). In addition, higher sFas levels were found in patients in stages II, III and IV in comparison to patients in stage 0 (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.03, respectively). Survival was significantly shorter for patients with > or =6 ng/ml sFas serum levels, although a multivariate analysis did not show sFas to be a significant independent prognostic factor. Fresh B-CLL cells showed only low levels of membrane expression, which were not correlated to sFas levels in serum. In vitro activation of B-CLL cells increased Fas expression, as reported earlier, and induced cells to release sFas into the supernatant. In conclusion, our results indicate that sFas in serum may be a useful parameter for the prediction of clinical progression in B-CLL.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Clonal expansion of p53 mutant cells is associated with brain tumour progression.

Tumour progression is a fundamental feature of the biology of cancer. Cancers do not arise de novo in their final form, but begin as small, indolent growths, which gradually acquire characteristics associated with malignancy. In the brain, for example, low-grade tumours (astrocytomas) evolve into faster growing, more dysplastic and invasive high-grade tumours (glioblastomas). To define the genetic events underlying brain tumour progression, we analysed the p53 gene in ten primary brain tumour pairs. Seven pairs consisted of tumours that were high grade both at presentation and recurrence (group A) and three pairs consisted of low-grade tumours that had progressed to higher grade tumours (group B). In group A pairs, four of the recurrent tumours contained a p53 gene mutation; in three of them, the same mutation was found in the primary tumour. In group B pairs, progression to high grade was associated with a p53 gene mutation. A subpopulation of cells were present in the low-grade tumours that contained the same p53 gene mutation predominant in the cells of the recurrent tumours that had progressed to glioblastoma. Thus, the histological progression of brain tumours was associated with a clonal expansion of cells that had previously acquired a mutation in the p53 gene, endowing them with a selective growth advantage. These experimental observations strongly support Nowell's clonal evolution model of tumour progression.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Progression of chronic renal failure in patients given ketoacids following amino acids.

Twelve patients with chronic renal failure who exhibited a progressive decline in 24-hour creatinine clearance, despite being given for 2 to 10 months a diet containing 0.3 g per kg ideal weight of protein and 7 to 9 g mg per kg ideal weight of phosphorus, supplemented with vitamins, CaCO3, and 10 g per day of essential amino acids, were changed to a supplement containing predominantly ketoacids. In six patients whose serum creatinine was 7.5 mg/dl or greater at changeover, progression continued unabated. In six patients with serum creatinine levels at changeover of 6.6 to 7.4 mg/dl, one was non-compliant with the diet and progressed to dialysis. In the other five, progression, measured as the rate of change of a bimonthly radioisotope clearance, has been undetectable during the ensuing one to two years. There has been no change in urea appearance, blood pressure, phosphaturia or proteinuria. Nutrition has been maintained. Thus this ketoacid supplemented regimen apparently halted the progression of moderately-severe chronic renal failure for at least a year in a small group of patients in whom restriction of protein and phosphate intake without ketoacids failed to halt progression. In more severe renal failure, no effect on progression was seen.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Computerized morphometry as an aid in determining the grade of dysplasia and progression to adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus.

The aims of this study were to use computerized morphometry in order to differentiate between the degree of dysplasia and to predict progression to invasive adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus (BE). Biopsies from 97 patients with BE graded by a consensus forum of expert gastrointestinal pathologists were available for morphometrical analysis. The study group included 36 biopsies negative for dysplasia (ND), none of which progressed to carcinoma; 16 indefinite for dysplasia (IND) and 21 low-grade dysplasia (LGD), of which three progressed in each group and 24 high-grade dysplasia (HGD), of which 15 progressed to invasive carcinoma. Computerized morphometry was used for measuring indices of size, shape, texture, symmetry and architectural distribution of the epithelial nuclei. Low-grade dysplasia was best differentiated from the ND group by nuclear pseudostratification (P=0.036), pleomorphism (P<0.01), and chromatin texture (margination, P<0.01) and from the HGD group by nuclear area (P<0.01), pleomorphism (P<0.01), chromatin texture (margination, P<0.01), symmetry (P<0.01), and orientation (P=0.027). These results were validated on a new set of cases (n=55) using a neural network model, resulting in an accuracy of 89% for differentiating between the ND and LGD groups and 86% for differentiating between the LGD and HGD groups. Within the HGD group, univariate significant predictors of the progression interval to carcinoma were: indices of nuclear texture (heterogeneity: P=0.0019, s.d.-OD: P=0.005) and orientation: P=0.022. Nuclear texture (heterogeneity) was the only independent predictor of progression (P=0.004, hazard=11.54) by Cox's multivariate test. This study proposes that computerized morphometry is a valid tool for determining the grade of dysplasia in BE. Moreover, histomorphometric quantification of nuclear texture is a powerful tool for predicting progression to invasive adenocarcinoma in patients with HGD.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2001

Predicting cancer progression in patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma: the importance of depth of invasion and vascular invasion.

The ability to predict cancer progression may help the clinical management of patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma. We studied 22 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis diagnosed between 1989 and 1998. The depth of invasion was measured from the basement membrane of the squamous epithelium to the deepest invasive cancer cells. Cancer progression was defined as the development of lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis. The mean patient age was 63 years and the mean follow-up was 28 months. Ten patients developed cancer progression. The mean depth of invasion among patients with cancer progression was 9.8 mM, as compared to the mean depth of invasion of 4.0 mM among those patients without cancer progression (P =.02). Vascular invasion was also predictive of cancer progression (P =.02). Metastases developed in the majority (6 out of 7) of cases invading more than 6 mM, but developed only in a minority (4 out of 15) of cases invading 6 mM or less. We conclude that depth of invasion and vascular invasion are significant predictors of cancer progression for penile squamous cell carcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Progressive hearing loss in children: hearing aids and other factors.

A sample of 20 children monitored for progressive hearing loss combined with 25 progressive loss cases were obtained. The effects of hearing aid use on progressive loss were examined in the context of etiology and other factors, particularly the time relations between hearing aid application and the period of progression. Results indicate a limited role played by hearing aids in progressive hearing loss. Hearing aid use was not implicate in 30 (69%) of the progressive loss subjects, questionably implicated in nine (20%), and probably implicated in five (11%). In the identification and monitoring of progressive hearing loss, it is unwise to conclude that hearing aid use is the cause of the deterioration without considering all other plausible factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Radiotherapy for local progression in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of radiotherapy on the local progression of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. METHODS: From 1986 to 1995, 38 patients were diagnosed with local progression without distant progression after hormonal therapy at Chiba University Hospital. Eleven cases were treated with irradiation for local progression. External beam irradiation was delivered to the prostate at a dose of 50-66.6 Gy. RESULTS: In patients treated with radiotherapy, the duration from initial treatment to local recurrence was 6-80 months (mean +/- SD: 33.9 +/- 22.9 months). The follow-up period after irradiation was 7-64 months (mean +/- SD; 25.4 +/- 18.8 months). Three and 5 year cause-specific survival rates from radiotherapy were 46.2 and 23.1%, respectively. Radiotherapy had a marked effect on symptoms associated with local progression and no patients suffered from the symptoms after the radiotherapy. Complications of radiotherapy were limited. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with hormone refractory local progression without distant progression, low morbidity, low mortality radiotherapy offers a variable therapy to other palliative treatments because radiotherapy is able to control local symptoms for a long period of time.

Aged↗