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PubMed1990

Development of the interferon system. I. In chicken cells development in ovo continues on time in vitro.

When confluent monolayers of cells derived from chicken embryos of different gestational age were cultured for several days without a medium change, a condition termed in vitro aging, the cells' developed an increased capacity to express the interferon (IFN) system. The capacity to both produce IFN and to respond to its antiviral action were enhanced up to 1000- and 100-fold, respectively. Remarkably, the programmed development of the IFN system in these cells seemed to continue virtually uninterrupted after monodispersion of the cells and seeding at high cell density. Cells prepared from young embryos required more time to develop the IFN system than cells from older embryos with the yield of IFN, and sensitivity to its action, related directly to the total in ovo and in vitro age of the cells in culture. For example, essentially the same yields of IFN were obtained from cell cultures made from 5-d-old embryos "aged" for 10 d in vitro, as were obtained from 10-d-old embryos whose cells were aged in vitro for 5 d. In contrast, inducibility of 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase by IFN and the induction of heat shock genes by elevated temperature are not enhanced with in vitro aging. The programmed development of the IFN system that starts in ovo seems to continue on schedule in vitro, making the development of the IFN system in chick embryo cells appear as a time-dependent process.

2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase↗

PubMed2005

Targeting angiogenesis with antibodies for the treatment of cancer.

The treatment of cancer by targeting angiogenesis and depriving growing tumors of their blood supply has been recognized as an interesting therapeutic possibility for several decades. A multitude of development programs investigating both low-molecular-weight substances and biologicals, in particular monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), have been instigated. The generation of human or human-like mAbs has led to the recent development of therapeutic antibodies that are potentially highly beneficial in the treatment of cancer. Avastin, which binds to the pro-angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor, is one of the most promising of these antibodies, and has proved beneficial in the treatment of colorectal, lung and breast cancer, with a potential to be used also in other types of cancer. However, as angiogenesis is a complex process controlled by both pro-angiogenic as well as anti-angiogenic factors, several research and development programs targeting different pro-angiogenic factors, receptors and antigens that are selectively expressed on cells in newly formed blood vessels are under way. At BioInvent International AB, research is focused on angiomotin, a newly discovered receptor for the anti-angiogenic factor angiostatin, and on the pro-angiogenic factor placenta growth factor.

Angiomotins↗

PubMed2005

Sustaining an Aboriginal mental health service partnership.

The Regional Aboriginal Integrated Social and Emotional (RAISE) Wellbeing program commenced in February 2003 as an Aboriginal mental health service partnership between one Aboriginal Health Service and three mainstream services: a community mental health team, a hospital mental health liaison, and an "outback" community counselling service. A case study method was used to describe the drivers (incentives for program development), linkage processes (structures and activities through which the partnership operated), and sustainability of the program. Program drivers were longstanding problems with Aboriginal peoples' access to mental health care, policy direction favouring shared service responsibility, and a relatively small amount of new funding for mental health that allowed the program to commence. Linkage processes were the important personal relationships between key individuals. Developing the program as a part of routine practice within and across the partner organisations is now needed through formal agreements, common care-management tools, and training. The program's sustainability will depend on this development occurring, as well as better collection and use of data to communicate the value of the program and support calls for adequate recurrent funds. The development of care-management tools, training and data systems will require a longer period of start-up funding as well as some external expertise.

Australia↗

PubMed1977

OSHA response to occupational health personnel needs and resources.

Because of the nonavailability of sufficient numbers of qualified industrial hygienists to assume roles as health compliance officers in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, a three - year career development program for trainee industrial hygienists has been initiated. The present and projected personnel needs in the occupational health field in the U.S. are presented, together with a general description of the OSHA career development program. The program is a response to current needs; it will be curtailed when university graduates are available to meet Agency needs.

Government Agencies↗

PubMed1997

Clinical training program for distributive pharmacists.

A training program to enable staff pharmacists in a state correctional system to shift their practice from distributive to clinical is described. Under a contract with the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ), the University of Houston College of Pharmacy provides pharmaceutical services to 145,000 patients in 100 correctional facilities. An automated centralized distribution site was built in 1993 and four regional pharmacies were subsequently closed, resulting in the reallocation of eight distributive pharmacists positions to clinical services. Four of the eight pharmacists who would be displaced began a retraining program in preparation for decentralized clinical positions. The 18-month program, developed by university staff on contract to TDCJ and college faculty members, included 34 home-study modules, case studies, case presentations, seminars, and supervised practice experience. Three of the pharmacists completed the program, passed competency tests, and were certified for clinical practice privileges, including drug therapy assessment and written consultations. The three pharmacists now operate ambulatory care clinics at prison units. A clinical skills training program developed by a college of pharmacy correctional services division in cooperation with faculty members enabled staff pharmacists to convert their roles from distributive to clinical.

Education, Pharmacy, Continuing↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Does leadership training make a difference? The CDC/UC Public Health Leadership Institute: 1991-1999.

Public health leadership development programs have proliferated since the release of the Institute of Medicine's call for strengthened public health leadership. Little has been documented, however, about the impact of these programs. This article presents results of an eight-year retrospective evaluation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/University of California Public Health Leadership Institute, the nation's first year-long leadership development program serving senior public health leaders. Results show that this program has had a positive impact on participants' leadership effectiveness at the personal, organizational, and community levels as well as on the field of public health.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Evolution of a cardiac transplantation program: role of the clinical nurse specialist.

The evolution of our cardiac transplantation program necessitated learning new information and adding new personnel to keep pace with the needs of our patient population. As the program developed, the role of the clinical nurse specialist also changed. The clinical component remains important, but is now shared with additional nursing personnel. Therefore, the CNS is able to devote more time to new program development, which includes devising policies and procedures, nurse orientation, and research. The CNS assigns a high priority to these duties, which are vital in planning for excellence in patient care and contributing to the growing scientific knowledge about heart transplantation.

Heart Transplantation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Rural case management for stroke: the development of a community-based screening and education program.

This article describes the evolution of a Community-Based Stroke Risk Screening and Education Program at a 400-bed regional medical center located in southeastern Alabama. The author outlines the implementation of a case management-oriented program developed to target the specific high-risk populations residing in this rural area. Retrospective chart reviews were used to identify a large discrepancy between patient-recognized onset of stroke symptoms and the actual time it took for the patient to present to the Emergency Department (ED). A performance improvement goal was initiated to increase community awareness of stroke warning signs, stroke risk, and prevention. Summaries of the research process, design, and outcome data overwhelmingly indicated a positive correlation between stroke education and ED presentation time.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Education to improve stroke awareness and emergent response. The NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study Group.

Patients delay in responding to stroke as an emergency in part because they have deficient information about the disease and treatment. Healthcare providers may also have a lack of information about stroke assessment and management, which could attribute to delays in patient care. In order to provide early, rapid stroke treatment in eligible persons, the public and the healthcare community must be informed. Information on stroke risk, symptoms and treatment should be provided to those likely to experience stroke, the general public and the emergency and medical communities who may witness and intervene when stroke occurs. Programs developed at the eight centers of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) rt-PA stroke trial provide a sampling of approaches that increase awareness in these groups. Lessons learned include: 1. Program planning should start with a community needs assessment. 2. A variety of strategies can be applied to meet the community needs and resources. 3. Educational principles and models should be utilized in planning effective programs. 4. The message must be simple: "Stroke is an emergency. Time is brain".

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗

PubMed1984

Evaluation of professional nursing practices in a community hospital cancer program: the methodology.

In summary, this evaluation plan is designed to assess current oncology nursing practices in a community setting. The focus of the plan is on patient problems identified in the CHCP Cancer Nursing Guidelines and the Hospice Nursing Guidelines. Critical decisions regarding which patient problems to focus on and the implementation of the evaluation plan remain with the CHCP committees. Technical assistance is provided by a CHCP Evaluation Specialist. Finally, summary reports will be generated at regular intervals so as to maximize the impact on current program development. There are several implications for this nursing evaluation plan, both immediate and long range. In the immediate, we hope that the results will help CHCP committees and individual hospitals make informed decisions about future program development. More importantly perhaps, we are for the first time in our local community identifying services central to nursing and developing base line data on the frequency of the delivery of these services. Looking into the future, we see additional implications for these studies. Currently, our evaluation system is a paper system, and paper systems are by their very nature time consuming and somewhat awkward. It is our hope that in the future information about nursing services will be registered on a computerized information system. Then, reports about the types of nursing services and amount of time spend with cancer patients could be automatically generated on a weekly basis, if so desired. However, if we are to attain this goal, we need to systematically identify common patient problems central to oncology nursing care that can be documented and studied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Hospitals, Community↗

PubMed2001

Disseminating effective health promotion programs from prevention research to community organizations.

Promising programs developed through health promotion and disease prevention research are not always disseminated to the agencies, organizations, and individuals that can benefit from them most. Systematic and practical approaches to dissemination are needed to ensure that effective programs more often reach end users in communities. This article describes six steps used in translation and dissemination of the ABC Immunization Calendar program to public health centers in St. Louis, Missouri. The authors discuss how one health center successfully adopted this program and provide recommendations for other researchers seeking to disseminate innovative, effective health promotion programs.

Community Health Services↗

PubMed1989

Measuring and tracking education program implementation: the Minnesota Heart Health Program experience.

In an overall framework uniting program planning and evaluation, process evaluation can assist community-based health promotion programs in establishing participation objectives, monitoring their achievement and the quality of interventions used, and translating these into useful information for managing and developing programs. This research reports on efforts by the Minnesota Heart Health Program to develop a system that permitted tracking educational program contacts, its implementation, and its use to make management decisions about program activities. The system was developed as part of a planning and evaluation framework with specific criteria for developing and tracking educational programs drawn from the social-learning literature. Overall, the system helped to make participation objectives more concrete, aided decision making about allocation of personnel and material resources, and encouraged the development of innovative programs.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

PubMed1978

Training objectives of a well developed geriatrics program.

The Department of Family Practice and Community Health of the University of Minnesota Medical School is composed of six affiliated units. Each unit is allied with a hospital complex and operates an independent family practice clinic. Since each unit has unique demographic characteristics, general objectives for training residents in geriatric medicine have been developed. Cognitive, attitudinal and skill objectives also have been identified. The unit director implements the general objectives by using the special strengths of that particular unit.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

[Cloning and reprogramming of the nucleus in the preimplantation embryo].

In mammals, nuclear transfer (or cloning) consists of introducing the nucleus which is generally transcriptionally active into a new cytoplasmic environment, usually that of a transcriptionally inactive metaphase II oocyte. Following the transfer, intense nucleocytoplasmic exchange takes place, and is responsible for remodeling of the nuclear structure and gene reprogramming. The original development program of the donor nucleus is effaced, and the reconstructed embryo adopts that of the recipient oocyte. Both remodeling and reprogramming are regulated by maternal cytoplasmic factors. Overall transcriptional activity, splicing and translational functions as well as the specific expression of certain genes are fairly similar to corresponding activity in normal embryos. However, the development program seems to be read some hours in advance by the reconstructed embryos, and some basic information is lacking. It is particularly important to study these reprogramming abnormalities during the early stages of development in the context of specific abnormalities in fetal and neonatal development observed after transfer of somatic cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Homelessness in the United States. An ecological perspective.

This article presents an ecological perspective on homelessness that emphasizes the context in which homeless people live and the complex interactions between personal, social, economic, and service system resources that affect their well-being. The ecological perspective encourages researchers and program developers to assess the problems of homelessness at multiple levels of analysis, to view homelessness as a result of contextual factors that interact with individual and family vulnerabilities, and to assess carefully the social contexts in which researchers and program developers operate. Four ecological principles are described as a heuristic for research, intervention, and policy development. The implications of an ecological perspective for psychologists who wish to get involved in dealing with homelessness are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Perinatal programming, renal development, and adult renal function.

Substantial data indicate that maternal diet during gestation, as well as perinatal events, affect organogenesis and, furthermore, may affect organ function at maturity, thus determining whether an individual is prone or resistant to a variety of health problems such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, or renal dysfunction. This concept is called perinatal programming, or the fetal origins of adult disease (FOAD), a concept that arose after the publication of epidemiologic observations by Barker and colleagues that birth weight among apparently normal individuals studied in midlife was inversely associated with the presence of cardiovascular disease and hypertension. We now review evidence from studies in experimental animal models that have used nutritional and pharmacologic manipulation to extend epidemiologic observations.

Aging↗

PubMed2004

Effects of acid sphingomyelinase deficiency on male germ cell development and programmed cell death.

Deficiency of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), an enzyme responsible for producing a pro-apoptotic second messenger ceramide, has previously been shown to promote the survival of fetal mouse oocytes in vivo and to protect oocytes from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in vitro. Here we investigated the effects of ASM deficiency on testicular germ cell development and on the ability of germ cells to undergo apoptosis. At the age of 20 weeks, ASM knock-out (ASMKO) sperm concentrations were comparable with wild-type (WT) sperm concentrations, whereas sperm motility was seriously affected. ASMKO testes contained significantly elevated levels of sphingomyelin at the age of 8 weeks as detected by high-performance, thin-layer chromatography. Electron microscopy revealed that the testes started to accumulate pathological vesicles in Sertoli cells and in the interstitium at the age of 21 days. Irradiation of WT and ASMKO mice did not elevate intratesticular ceramide levels at 16 h after irradiation. In situ end labeling of apoptotic cells also showed a similar degree of cell death in both groups. After a 21-day recovery period, the numbers of primary spermatocytes and spermatogonia at G2 as well as spermatids were essentially the same in the WT and ASMKO testes, as detected by flow cytometry. In serum-free cultures both ASMKO and WT germ cells showed a significant increase in the level of ceramide, as well as massive apoptosis. In conclusion, ASM is required for maintenance of normal sphingomyelin levels in the testis and for normal sperm motility, but not for testicular ceramide production or for the ability of the germ cells to undergo apoptosis.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Development of robotic program: an Asian experience.

Robotic surgery was started in the Department of Urology, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, in April 2004. We present our experience in developing the program and report the results of our first 50 cases of robotic radical prostatectomy. A three-arm da Vinci robotic system was installed in our hospital in March 2004. Prior to installation, the surgeons underwent training at various centers in the United States and Paris. The operating theatre was renovated to house the system. Subsequently, the initial few cases were done with the help of proctors. Data were prospectively collected on all patients who underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy for localized carcinoma of the prostate. Fifty patients underwent robot assisted radical prostatectomy from March 2004 to June 2005. Their ages ranged from 52 to 75 years, (average age 60.2 years). PSA levels ranged from 2.5 to 35 ng/ml (mean 10.6 ng/ml). Prostate volume ranged from 18 to 130 cc (average 32.4 cc). Average operating time for the first 20 cases was 4 h and for the next 30 cases was 2.5 h. Patients were discharged 1-3 days post-operatively. Catheters were removed on the fifth day following a cystogram. The positive margin rate as defined by the presence of cancer cells at the inked margin was 30%. Twenty-one patients had T1c disease and one had T1b on clinical staging. Of these, two were apical margin positive. Twenty-six patients had T2 disease and eight of them were apical margin positive. Two patients had T3 disease, one of whom was apical margin positive. Five patients (10%) had PSA recurrence. Five patients had a poorly differentiated carcinoma and the rest had Gleason 6 or 7. Eighty percent of the patients were continent on follow-up at 3 months. Of those who were potent before the surgery, 50% were potent at 3-6 months. The robotic surgery program was successfully implemented at our center on the lines of a structured program, developed at Vattikuti Urology Institute (VUI). We succeeded in creating a team and safely implemented the robotic program in our system. Adequate funding and extensive training followed by a short term proctoring are essential for this implementation.

Aged↗