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PubMed2002

Radio-ulnar deviation of the primate carpus: an X-ray study.

The lack of contact between the ulna and first row of carpals characterizes the wrist morphology of hominoids as compared to other primates. This distinctive feature--generally interpreted as a significant synapomorphy between humans and other hominoids--was a priori considered to be an indication of an increased capacity for ulnar deviation, allowing a greater diversity of hand movements. This X-ray study aimed to test this hypothesis by comparing the shifting of the carpals throughout radioulnar deviation in eight extant genera endowed with ulno-carpal contact or lacking it. The results show that the amplitude of ulnar deviation is not directly correlated with the presence or absence of an ulno-carpal contact: most ulnar deviation takes place at the antebrachio-carpal joint in those primates that lack an ulno-carpal contact (hominoids), instead of at the mid-carpal joint in primates whose ulna articulates with the triquetral (cercopithecoids, platyrrhines, most strepsirrhines). Analysis of the X-ray suggests that the loss of ulno-carpal contact improved the ability to supinate at the radio-ulnar joints, with correlated unfitness for palmigrade/semidigitigrade walking. This evolutive change, associated with a considerable reduction of the share of body weight carried on the forelimbs, likely cleared the way for either knuckle walking or bipedalism and handiness.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

[Histomorphometric study of bone microstructure of primates and domestic animal with the goal of species identification with reference to the effects of domestication].

Functional bone microstructure of long limb bones is a function of species-specific biomechanical properties such as locomotion and weight. Histomorphometry and statistics were used to identify various primate species (Hylobates moloch, Pongo satyrus borneensis, Pan tr. troglodytes, Gorilla g. gorilla, Homo sapiens), equid species (Equus caballus, Equus asinus, Equus mulus, Equus hemionus kulan, Equus ferus przewalskii) and also extinct horses e.g. iron age, medieval and neolithic forms on the microstructural level. Furthermore, bones from domesticated cattle, their Neolithic forms, pigs, sheep and goats (Bos taurus, Sus scrofa, Ovis aries, Capra hircus) were examined. Thin sections from proximal metacarpi or radii per species were taken in case of the domesticated animals and from distal humeri in case of the primates. Areas, perimeters, minimal and maximal axis of Haversian canals and secondary osteons were measured on digital images. Canonical discriminant analysis permits a differentiation of the species by these parameters of bone microstructure. Thus it is possible to distinguish between the different primate species, sheep and goats, horses, extinct horses, donkeys, mules and kulans on the microstructural level, however not between cattle and pig, E. f. przewalskii and Equus caballus, medieval and iron age horses. Neolithic cattle and horses do overlap, yet they are different from the modern forms.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1992

[The sexual behavior of the primates].

The article presents the review of modern data of the field and laboratory investigations of primate sexual behavior, cyclicity, reproductive strategies and copulation in different primates taxa: strepsirrhini, platyrrhyni, catarrhini. The specific character, progressiveness and adaptation of some reproductive models are discussed by the authors. A problem of connection between dominance and reproductive success is also discussed, the role of sexual teaching in postnatal ontogenesis, age and hormonal status for expression of sexual behavior are analysed. Some forms of sexual declinations in primates are considered.

Aging↗

PubMed1992

[Study of equivalents of rhesus antigens in non-human primates].

Human alloantibodies specific of some Rh antigens cross-react with non human primates red blood cells. These crossreactions demonstrated that only African apes express equivalents of Rho (D) and hr' (c). The antigenic resemblance between these two human antigens and their primate homologues is confirmed by the reactivities of human anti-D and anti-c monoclonal antibodies. The use of a human Rh cDNA probe allowed to confirm by Southern blot hybridization that nonhuman primates possess Rh-like genes. The number of Rh-like genes per haploid genome was deduced from the results obtained with exon-specific probes.

Animals↗

PubMed1965

PALEOGENESIS AND PALEO-EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PRIMATE MALARIA.

The Haemosporidia, which comprise the malaria parasites, have probably evolved from Coccidia of the intestinal epithelium of the vertebrate host by adaptation first to some tissues of the internal organs and then to life in the circulating cells of the blood.The present opinion is that, among the malaria parasites of primates, the genus Hepatocystis and the "quartan group" of plasmodia are the most ancestral, followed by the "tertian group"; from the evolutionary viewpoint the subgenus Laverania is probably the most recent.Studies recently completed and research in hand on malaria parasites of apes and monkeys, combined with the possibility of assessing the infectivity of new simian parasites to Anopheles and to man, will be of great importance for a better understanding of the probable evolution of primate malarias. The fact that several genera of the Anthropoidea evolved in an ecological area where the association with the existing insect vectors of various plasmodia was close is suggestive of Africa as the original home of primate malaria. It is probable that the disease spread up the Nile valley to the Mediterranean shores and Mesopotamia, to the Indian peninsula and to China. From these main centres malaria invaded a large part of the globe.It is also probable (though not proved) that malaria existed in the Americas before the Spanish conquest, and there is some likelihood that sea-going peoples brought it to the New World long before Columbus's voyages. Modern immunological methods applied to the study of the mummified remains of ancient inhabitants of America may help to solve this question.

Africa↗

PubMed2004

Proactive compliance-the team program approach to revitalizing primate enrichment.

The Division of Laboratory Animal Resources (DLAR) at the University of Pittsburgh proactively instituted a nonhuman enrichment plan that is founded on the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Final Report on the Environmental Enhancement to Promote the Psychological Well-being of Nonhuman Primates (July 1999). This document is a draft policy of the USDA that has not yet been enacted. In anticipation of the these standards becoming policy, the DLAR, and our Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), primate user groups, and Enrichment Specialist compared these new standards to our previous IACUC-approved plan. Our goal was to be "proactively compliant" to anticipated policy changes described in The Final Report. We established a program that was consistent with the five "critical" elements of The Final Report and our goal to have a revitalized enrichment plan that applied internal evaluation for continued improvement. A task force was implemented to review current literature and regulations on enrichment. Then a subcommittee consisting of veterinarians, investigators whose research would be affected by the anticipated policy changes, and IACUC members was formed. They established criteria for dispensation from plan elements, brought current protocols into compliance, shared enrichment and documentation techniques, and considered research methods in decision-making. In addition, a primate Enrichment Specialist position was developed and recruited. The Enrichment Specialist worked with investigators to evaluate enrichment and documentation needs and organized and implemented plan structure. The DLAR staff provided animal care and veterinary insight and reported to the IACUC. Investigators discussed how research and enrichment affected each other. The IACUC considered these issues before approving the plan. Our revitalized plan is running smoothly. The Enrichment Specialist oversees plan implementation and documentation. The DLAR assists enrichment and animal assessment. Investigators assist with assessment, provide enhanced enrichment, and document their progress. The IACUC addresses dispensation requests through designated review on the large-animal subcommittee.

Animal Care Committees↗

PubMed2006

[Campylobacter in the etiology of acute intestinal infections in primates].

The subjects of the study were 1,249 primates of different species, kept in a nursery in the city of Adler. The subjects varied in age, were either clinically healthy, diseased, or dead (the death had been caused by an acute intestinal disease). Biological, molecular-genetic (PCR), and immunological (coagglutination reaction) methods were used in diagnostics of campilobacter infections. The study found campilobacter in 20.9% of healthy animals on the average; this number varied depending on the species and age. The frequency of campilobacter infection in diseased and dead animals was higher than that in healthy ones (40.1% and 20.9%, respectively.) Two types of Campilobacter were identified: C. jejuni (73.4% of cases), and C. coli (14.2%). Clinical and pathomorphological manifestations of campilobacteriosis in primates and humans are similar. The portion of campilobacteriosis in acute intestinal diseases of primates is 40.1%.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Summary of the evolution studies on primate major histocompatibility complex class I].

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a gene cluster directly related to immune response. The highly polymorphic nature of the MHC class I genes corresponds to variations of the pathogens and are crucial for individual survival during infection. During primate evolution, the diverse forms of MHC class I genes came to existence due to different time of divergence and survival pressure. Over time, this led to changes in the number as well as the function of these genes, and even the emergence of species-specific genes. In this paper we describe the overall features of primate MHC class I genes, with an emphasis on the characteristics of six classical MHC class I genes in the typical primate species and their interrelationships.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Muscle fibre and tendon lengths in the distal limb segments of primates.

The dimensions of the distal leg muscles in ten different primate species were examined in order to determine whether locomotor specialization is reflected in the fibre and tendon lengths of these muscles. For comparative purposes a non-primate was also included in the study. The locomotor specializations displayed by the investigated species were leaping, quadrupedal walking or running on the ground, quadrupedal climbing, and brachiation. After removal of the muscles and measurement of their free tendon lengths, fibres were isolated from several locations in the muscle and their lengths measured. Statistical tests revealed some differences between the species in fibre and tendon lengths. These did not show a consistent correlation with the locomotor specialization. It was concluded that every primate species has the potential to perform a variety of movements and to specialize in any locomotor mode.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Battelle Primate Facility.

The Battelle Primate Facility houses one of the largest collections of neotropical primates in the United States. The facility is a research resource for undergraduate and graduate students. Battelle staff, as well as staff and faculty from U.S. and international institutions. Researchers have access to the animals for a variety of studies encompassing several disciplines, a large collection of preserved tissues, and an extensive biomedical database. The facility is a World Health Organization Collaborative Center for Clinical Pathology of Neotropical Primates and is involved with the Peruvian Primatological Project in Iquitos, Peru, which provides opportunities for research in primatology and conservation.

Academies and Institutes↗

PubMed1990

[Primates as a model for the study of lentiviruses and AIDS].

Neither vaccine nor therapy are, to date, available against human HIV infections. Because few is known on human pathogenesis, a standardized animal model is urgently required. Today, different models have been available: 1) "partial models" of the human infection (murine retrovirus, infection of SCID or transgenic mice with HIV, sheep infection with Visna, rabbits infected with HIV1, etc.). These models cannot be used in testing vaccine strategies, but may help in evaluating some particular stages of the pathogenesis of the disease, and the targets of antiretroviral drugs. 2) Disease models, such as cats infected with FIV, and, above, primates infected with HIV or SIV (SIV infected macaques, and, perhaps, HIV2 rhesus monkeys). Primate models are the only possibility to day in testing vaccine procedures before screening among a large population of seronegative humans, and determining drug combination which might be useful in HIV specific therapy. The best primate model is today the SIVMAC251 infected rhesus monkey model, which standardization is now on progress.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1990

Primate viral diseases in perspective.

The recent occurrence of fatal Herpesvirus simiae (B virus) infection in human subjects has again focused the attention of primatologists on this virus. B virus, however, is only one of a number of viral diseases that plays a role in primate colony management. This report is to emphasize to the primatologist a number of viruses other than H. simiae, with high morbidity and mortality rates, of importance for health management of nonhuman primate animal colonies. This concept is supported by the recent occurrence in colonies of nonhuman primates of simian hemorrhagic fever virus, SA8, herpesvirus, respiratory syncytial virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, Ebola virus, and simian immunodeficiency viruses.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[Primates in studies on the safety of drugs].

Primates are more and more frequently used in the evaluation of the safety aspects of drugs. Because of their similar phylogenic profile, these animals appear to be more predictive than other species (rat, mouse, rabbit or dog) used in toxicological studies. This relationship is confirmed by anatomical, metabolic and physiological observations. Primates are rarely used in teratogenesis studies, because the methods and materials involved are too complex. However, even in these studies, primates appear to be the most predictive species.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Diabetes mellitus in nonhuman primates: recent research advances and current husbandry practices.

Primates can be utilized for a variety of studies to give insight into the mechanisms of the onset and progression of diabetes mellitus and obesity, and into the development of secondary manifestations. Results can be used to understand the etiologies and effects of diabetes in human beings. Investigators and animal care personnel should be continually aware of the potential for development of diabetes among primates and should seek to identify the earlier stages before the appearance of overt diabetes. In addition to updating recent research in which nonhuman primates have been used in studies on the different forms of diabetes, this review also furnishes some information about therapeutic management and husbandry of monkeys with predispositions toward diabetes or with overt diabetes.

Amyloidosis↗

PubMed1989

Studies of MDMA-induced neurotoxicity in nonhuman primates: a basis for evaluating long-term effects in humans.

The results of the studies reviewed here show that the neurotoxic effects of MDMA generalize to the primate. Further, they indicate that monkeys are considerably more sensitive than rats to the serotonin-depleting effects of MDMA, and that the dose-response curve of MDMA in the monkey is much steeper than in the rat. Perhaps as a consequence of this, the toxic effects of MDMA in the monkey involve serotonergic nerve fibers as well as cell bodies, whereas in the rat, only nerve fibers are affected. The present studies also show that the toxic dose of MDMA in the monkey (5 mg/kg) closely approaches the dose typically used by humans (1.7 to 2.7 mg/kg). This finding heightens concern that MDMA may be neurotoxic in humans, particularly since the steepness of the dose-response curve of MDMA in the primate suggests a narrow margin of safety. Finally, preclinical studies in monkeys have shown that CSF 5-HIAA can be used to detect MDMA-induced serotonergic damage in the primate CNS. Studies now underway in MDMA-exposed humans should help determine if MDMA exerts long-term toxic effects on serotonergic neurons in the human brain.

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Restraint and anaesthesia of primates.

The methods available for the restraint and anaesthesia of captive primates are discussed, emphasising the differences between the techniques for primates and those for other mammals; the importance of humane methods of physical restraint is emphasised. The agents available for chemical restraint and surgical anaesthesia are considered in terms of their ease of administration, the dose rate required, speed of induction and recovery, analgesic properties, muscle relaxation and side effects. New agents are available which are potentially useful in primates.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed1986

Varicella-like herpesvirus infections of nonhuman primates.

At least three distinct herpesviruses cause varicella like exanthematous diseases among nonhuman primates. Spontaneous epizootics have resulted in high morbidity and mortality rates among Cercopithecus aethiops, Erythrocebus patas and Macaca species in research colonies. Mild infections have been observed in infant chimpanzees and a gorilla. This group of diseases is of interest not only because they are a threat to primate colonies, but also because their pathologic similarity to progressive human varicella makes them a potentially valuable animal model of this disease. The nonhuman primate varicella-like exanthematous diseases are reviewed and compared to varicella in man.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Comparative study of the femoral articular facies of knees of the primates.

In this article, on the basis of the characteristics of the moiré contour fringes of Nycticebus coucany, Macaca assamensis M'clelland, Presbytis phayrei, Phinopithecus roxellanae, Hylobates concolor leucogenys, Gorilla gorilla. Anthropopithecus troglodytes. Simia satyrus and modern human beings we divide the Primates into two types. The two types of the new classification may be two groups of the evolution moving state. For comparison with each other, the angle gamma between the approximately elliptical major axis of the moiré contour fringes on the medial condyle and the horizontal plane is taken as the criterion. We suggest that the Primates evolution to the state of erect walking is the process of the angle gamma evolution approaching 90 degrees, regarding the gamma of the moiré contour fringes of the medial condyle as the evolution angle on the knees of the Primates.

Animals↗